Scielo RSS http://www.scielo.org.co/rss.php?pid=0121-326120260001&lang=es vol. 34 num. 1 lang. es http://www.scielo.org.co/img/en/fbpelogp.gif http://www.scielo.org.co http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objective: The following article presents the views and perspectives that leaders of community organizations in the city of Medellin have on mental health. Although the issue of mental health impacts various areas of human life and development, it has traditionally been studied through an individualistic and often pathological lens, focusing mainly on internal psychological processes. In this framework, the biomedical approach-with its medicalizing, institutional and socially detached methods-has been the predominant and hegemonic model, which consequently tends to underestimate and distance it self from the community's own production of knowledge and wisdom. Based on the previous discussion about different conceptions of mental health, the main purpose of the present study was to comprehend the perspectives and actions of community leaders in the city of Medellin. This was achieved through the recognition of social representations that individuals have built on the subject, going beyond the prevailing institutional and academic discourse. Additionally, the study aims to shed light on the ways in which leading community actors organize and manage mental health within their territories, evaluating their strategies and discourses in relation to their socio-historical context. Method: Community-based research on the subject of mental health requires strategies and approaches that broaden the quantitative focus centered only on the biological and inner psychological aspects, and instead delve in the exploration of feelings and senses in communities, as well as in their practices or ways of dealing with situations that generate emotional and psychological distress. The phenomenological approach and ethnographic strategies of qualitative research were considered the most appropriate for this research. The previously mentioned approach was operationalized through the conducting of focus groups and the use of interactive and participatory tools such as group discussions, the collective creation of posters and other collaborative e knowledge-building activities. The data collection process was carried out through a focus group with IS leaders from the Picacho Con futuro Corporation, who have experience in social participation, environmentalism, feminism, and social development. Participatory tools such as discussions, posters, and collective knowledge-building exercises were used. The information collected has been subjected to a hermeneutic analysis of intertextual content. Through summarization and cross-analysis, it was possible to identify codes and categories that emerged for the formulation of the results. Results: The gathered information allowed for the establishment of five main social representations about mental health. First, idealistic and theoretical social representations, which are based in academic and scientific terminology, coming from the leaders' own academic background and their interactions with the institutionalized world. Second, individualistic social representations of self-care and balance emerge, in which mental health is understood as a process of self-regulation based on emotion control and personal well-being. This perspective can lead to an excessive sense of individual responsibility, without taking into account the structural factors that also affect mental health. Subsequently, collective or interaction-based social representations appear, in which the role of the community and relationships networks plays a major part in the construction of mental well-being. In this perspective mental health is understood as a relational process, grounded in accompaniment and mutual support within the community. Finally, dignity-based and political rights-oriented social representations emerge, in which mental health is assumed as a fundamental right linked to human dignity and social justice. The representations emphasize the need for structural conditions that guarantee access to mental health as a collective good. Moreover, afinal category appears: critical and negotiation-based social representations. In this view, community leaders adopt a skeptical stance or one of rejection towards the concept of mental health itself, arguing that it has been used by the state, academia, and the private sector as a tool for social control and the categorization of individuals. Conclusions: The research revealed various ways of understanding and managing mental health from the perspective of local leaders, taking into account their social representations. These approaches range from academic and biomedical-centered views to more collective and politically grounded ones that emphasize social interaction, the defense of human rights and transformation of living conditions. A critical stance also emerged, questioning the validity and use of the concept of mental health itself. In this sense, the complexity and diversity of the social representation networks surrounding mental health in the social and community context becomes evident. The findings reflect the complexity of the existing social representations of mental health in community contexts. The tension between individual and collective discourse is evident, as well as the contrast between institutional and critical postures regarding the conceptualization of mental health. These social representations can be understood as coping strategies in the absence of governmental presence and resources in these areas. Moreover, these discourses are influenced by the well-being market and the self-management of community care. Additionally, it is observed that the definition of mental health is strongly shaped by historical and sociopolitical processes, highlighting the need for an integrated and contextual approach. The results suggest that academic and health institutions should broaden their approach to incorporate community knowledge in the development of public mental health policies. Furthermore, the research contributes to redefining the concept of mental health from a participatory and decolonized perspective, emphasizing the importance of bridging academic knowledge and community wisdom. It is suggested that intervention strategies be developed that consider the diverse social representations of mental health, promoting the recognition of self-managed practices and encouraging active community participation in shaping their own well-being. This entails a shift in the models used to address and intervene in mental health, moving forward from pathological and individualistic approaches toward community-centered, interconnected and social justice-based frameworks. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100038&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objective: This article critically examines the configuration of anonymous digital political agency in Latin America with the objective of proposing apost-representational theoretical model that integrates three constitutive dimensions of contemporary symbolic power: anonymous performativity, affective circulation, and humorous counter-conduct. Specifically, the study situates itself at the intersection of political theory, digital sociology, and affect studies to address how anonymity, irony, and emotional resonance operate as mechanisms of political legitimacy and symbolic authority in networked environments. Methods: The study adopts a qualitative and theoretical-analytical design, combining critical discourse analysis with a genealogical and performative reading of digital practices. To this end, it integrates insights from three major theoretical lineages. First, the theory of performativity (Butler, 1990;2004) provides an understanding of political agency as an iterative process that materializes through acts of enunciation rather than through stable identities. Second, affect theory (Ahmed, 2004;Berlant, 2011;Papacharissi, 2015) informs the analysis of how emotions, rather than deliberation, sustain collective cohesion and symbolic legitimacy within online publics. Third, the sociology of symbolic power (Bourdieu, 1986) grounds the study's approach to authority as a relational and circulatory dynamic, produced through recognition and resonance rather than institutional structure. The methodology applies these frameworks to Latin American digital cultures, employing situated epistemology (Walsh, 2012;Mignolo, 2000) to account for the political creativity born from conditions of precariousness, informality, and subaltern communication. For instance, empirical illustration is drawn from a close reading of the Dibujitos phenomenon in Peru, an anonymous online community that evolved from ironic self-parody into a form of participatory political expression. Through a textual and cultural analysis of their digital artifacts and practices, the study interprets how humor, anonymity, and affect converge into an alternative mode of political participation. Results: The findings reveal that anonymity in digital political practices does not signify the absence of agency but the reconfiguration of its visibility. Anonymous performativity operates as a political technology that redistributes power by dissolving the primacy of identity and replacing it with the efficacy of symbolic intervention. In Latin American contexts marked by institutional fragility and distrust of formal representation, anonymity emerges as both a protective and productive force, enabling participation without exposure. Within these dynamics, affective circulation functions as the infrastructure of political legitimacy. Emotional resonance, rather than rational consensus, becomes the primary medium through which recognition and cohesion are achieved. The intensity of shared affects replaces traditional notions of political representation, forming ephemeral yet potent collectives bound by empathy, irony, and shared humor. Furthermore, the research identifies humor as a central mechanism of counter-conduct in digital political expression. Drawing on the notion of the carnivales que (Bakhtin, 1984) and the concept of counter-conduct (Foucault, 2007), humor operates as a subversive tactic that destabilizes hierarchies and exposes the performative nature of authority. In the Dibujitos case, parody and absurdity function as strategies of disobedience that challenge institutional discourse through laughter rather than confrontation. The creation of fictitious institutions, such as the mock university "Sideral Carrion',' exemplifies how irony transforms bureaucratic symbols into sites of collective critique. The humor embedded in these practices not only dismantles solemnity but also produces legitimacy through play, reaffirming the capacity of the popular imagination to generate political meaning from precariousness. The analysis also demonstrates that symbolic power in digital environments is structured by the interaction of technical, affective, and memetic capitals. Authority is no longer anchored in charisma or legality, but in the ability to generate attention, resonance, and replication. The interplay between anonymity and visibility creates a paradoxical regime where invisibility becomes a form of sovereignty over one's own representation. This "politics of opacity' resists the neoliberal imperative of transparency, which has transformed visibility into a moral duty and surveillance into a norm. In this sense, Latin American digital cultures exemplify how opacity can be reclaimed as an ethical and political stance, allowing for collective agency within the constraints of the surveillance economy. Notably, the Dibujitos movement embodies this new configuration of power. Originating as a form of shit posting and parody directed at the public figure Jesús Andrés Luján Carrión, known as La Beba, the community evolved from online mockery into a collective practice of symbolic resistance. Their anonymous humor became a mode of political commentary that bridged popular culture and civic engagement. As their presence expanded, members began interacting with elected officials and producing satirical reinterpretations of institutional authority. The movement's trajectory illustrates how anonymous collectives can achieve symbolic power without institutional mediation, transforming ridicule into charisma and parody into participatory critique. Conclusion: This study concludes that the contemporary reconfiguration of political agency in Latin America is inseparable from the interrelation between anonymity, affect, and humor. These dimensions articulate a post-representational regime of power, where action precedes representation and legitimacy derives from the resonance of collective expression rather than from identifiable actors. In detail, the proposed model elucidates three interdependent dimensions of digital agency: performative, affective, and humorous. The performative dimension highlights that political power is enacted in the moment of doing, not in the possession of authority. The affective dimension emphasizes that emotion operates as the connective tissue of political life, transforming empathy and resonance into forms of legitimacy. The humorous dimension, finally, reveals how parody functions as a critical technology that subverts the language of power while preserving the freedom of anonymity. Consequently, by articulating these dimensions, the article contributes to contemporary political theory by reframing the notion of agency under conditions of hyperconnectivity and surveillance. The post-representational model offers a situated framework for understanding how symbolic power circulates in digital environments, especially within contexts of structural inequality and epistemic dependence. It argues that Latin American digital cultures transform precariousness into creativity, opacity into sovereignty, and humor into critique. Rather than conceiving anonymity as withdrawal, the study positions it as a productive site of resistance and collective invention. Ultimately, the findings suggest that democracy in the digital era must be reimagined as a politics of circulation, grounded in the shared affective and humorous practices that enable solidarity without visibility. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100074&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar las dinámicas laborales que surgen a partir de la ocupación de mujeres rurales del municipio de Sahagún (Córdoba) para la realización de trabajo doméstico remunerado en el centro urbano de este mismo municipio. Para la siguiente investigación se utilizó la metodología cualitativa desde la técnica de etnografía feminista, la cual se llevó a cabo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres provenientes de cuatro veredas del municipio de Sahagún, las cuales se encuentran entre 27 y 53 años. Otro instrumento con el que nos apoyamos fue el diario de campo, el cual utilizamos para el registro sistemático de observaciones realizadas en la visita a la zona rural, donde no solo se observó el contexto familiar de las participantes, sino también el contexto comunitario y social de las comunidades. Los resultados muestran que el trabajo doméstico remunerado se encuentra estrechamente ligado a condiciones de pobreza y precariedad. Asimismo, se evidencia que muchas de las mujeres rurales se vinculan al trabajo doméstico remunerado desde edades muy tempranas a través de redes familiares o vecinales que normalizan esta práctica como parte del ciclo de vida de las niñas del campo ante la falta de oportunidades en sus territorios de origen. Se evidencia, de igual forma, que esta inserción temprana y sostenida en el tiempo no se traduce en mejoras sustanciales en sus condiciones de vida ni ayuda a romper con los ciclos de pobreza en los que crecieron. Las conclusiones permiten afirmar que esta forma de trabajo continúa siendo un espacio de explotación, sostenido por relaciones de poder marcadas por el género y el origen, lo que evidencia la urgencia de reivindicar a estas mujeres como sujetos de derechos laborales promoviendo la erradicación de las barreras estructurales que perpetúan su marginalización.<hr/>ABSTRACT The general objective of this article is to characterize the labor dynamics that emerge from the employment of rural women from Sahagún, Córdoba, who perform paid domestic work in the urban center of the same locality. Among the specific objectives, the study firstly seeks to identify the causes that led these rural women to engage in domestic work; secondly, to determine the different modalities of domestic work recognized in their environment; and finally, to assess the knowledge these women possess regarding the labor rights to which they are entitled. A qualitative methodology was employed for this research, specifically using the technique of feminist ethnography. This technique aimed at conducting non-obstructive observation, prioritizing on the full observation of participants while eliminating hierarchical distinctions between the researcher and the subject of study, thereby avoiding the treatment of the latter merely as a data source. Through these methodological approaches, we explored the life experiences of a group of women from their own perspective and through the lens of their womanhood, detailing the gender dynamics and inequalities they face within their specific context. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with women fromfour (4) rural villages of Sahagún, Córdoba, aged between 27 and 53. The selection of participants was based ongeographic location criteria, aiming to capture a diversity of experiences and life stories. Furthermore, the women chosen had migrated from their communities driven by the search for paid domestic work in Sahagún's urban sector. Another tool used in the study was a field diary, used to systematically record observations made during visits to the rural areas. These visits provided insight into both the family and broader community and social contexts of the women studied. The findings indicate that paid domestic work is closely linked to conditions of poverty and precariousness. It was observed that many rural women enter the paid domestic labor market at very early ages through family or neighborhood networks that normalize this practice as part of the life cycle of rural girls, particularly given the lack of opportunities in their places of origin. Furthermore, this early and sustained entry into domestic work does not translate into substantial improvements in their living conditions, nor does it help break the cycles of poverty in which they were raised. The results are presented in three stages. The first stage, titled "From the Bahareque House to the Big House" compiles the early life experiences of the participants, as well as core information that provides context about the socioeconomic conditions that preceded their entry into domestic work. Additionally, the motivations behind their initial employment and migration to the urban sector are also included. Among the reasons expressed by the participants were the lack of access to educational institutions-which led many to live in the homes of families in the municipal center-as well as cases of child abuse and the absence of a father figure, which often resulted in complex economic situations. The second stage focused on identifying the modalities of domestic work, as well as the labor conditions and rights applicable to these women. In this regard, five types of domestic work were categorized, identified by the women based on their personal experiences and those observed in the lives of women close to them. Concerning labor conditions and the full identification of the labor rights that protect them, it was found that the lack of knowledge among domestic workers about their rights-as well as the mechanisms available to safeguard those rights-significantly deepens the precariousness of domestic work. Despite the existence of a legal framework, in towns like Sahagún, the hiring process, salary payment, and provision of social benefits for domestic workers are still handled arbitrarily. At the same time, the effort involved in domestic labor is often rendered invisible and diminished. Labor law provisions seem to fade away as informality prevails as the norm. The final stage, titled "This Life of Mine: The Impact of Domestic Work on Women's Lives" depicts the various obstacles these women faced before and during their employment as domestic workers. In this stage, it became clear that for many, domestic work was a gateway to new opportunities and access to services such as healthcare and education, which were difficult to obtain in their communities of origin. On the other hand, some women described these experiences as significant barriers to the development of their life projects, as long working hours, inadequate pay, excessive workloads, and social isolation hindered any real improvement in their quality of life. In many cases, cycles of poverty persisted, and attempts to access education were disrupted by work overload and a lack of time and space for academic activities. Overall, the conclusions suggest that, from an early age, women from the rural areas of the municipality of Sahagún view domestic service as a pathway to accessing essential public services. However, this early entry creates bonds of gratitude that translate into precarious working conditions, characterized by low wages, task overload, in-kind payments, and the silent acceptance of these conditions-ultimately normalizing a labor relationship that fails to fully recognize the value and effort of their work. Furthermore, it is evident that this form of labor continues to be a space of exploitation, upheld by power relations shaped by gender, class, and place of origin. This highlights the urgent need to recognize these women as subjects of labor rights and to promote the eradication of structural barriers that perpetuate their marginalization. Thus, government support from early and middle childhood to adolescence is essential for the protection and development of girls. Consequently, proactive measures are needed to ensure that domestic work does not become, from an early age, the only pathway available to achieve life goals or escape poverty. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100101&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the dynamics of job creation and job destruction within the municipality of Arauca, Colombia, over the period from March to May 2025. Specifically, the focus is on identifying and understanding the mechanisms that explain the persistent high unemployment rates in the region, which are theorized to stem from structural causes and are reinforced by hysteresis effects in the labor market. Hysteresis, in this context, refers to the phenomenon in which unemployment remains elevated long after the original economic shock has subsided, due to entrenched institutional, structural, and behavioral barriers. In particular, the research aims to identify key obstacles faced by employers and job seekers, assess the degree to which local institutions and public policies are addressing these challenges, and explore the informal strategies adopted by the population to survive in a labor market characterized by exclusion and informality. Additionally, a secondary objective is to contribute empirical evidence to policy discussions on labor market interventions in peripheral regions of Colombia. Materials and methods: A comprehensive mixed-methods approach was employed in this research. The methodology was designed to capture both numerical trends in employment and the lived experiences of economic agents in Arauca. Regarding the quantitative aspect, the study drew on a longitudinal panel of 97 firms that had renewed their commercial registration with the Arauca Chamber of Commerce in 2024 and 2025. These firms were categorized according to economic sector- primary (agriculture, mining), secondary (industry, construction), and tertiary (services)-and by size, primarily micro and small enterprises. Monthly structured surveys were administered to collect data on workforce size, hiring, dismissals, expectations for the near future, and perceived economic challenges. The statistical analysis focused on net employment flows and sectoral distribution. Concerning the qualitative component, it comprised nine semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of stakeholders, including five unemployed persons (some with long-term unemployment trajectories), three small business owners from key sectors, and one government official from the Departmental Secretariat of Economic Development. The interviews explored themes such as institutional trust, experiences with hiring processes, barriers to formal employment, coping strategies, and opinions on current public policies. Data from the interviews were transcribed, coded using open coding techniques, and analyzed through the ATLAS.TI© software to identify recurring patterns, discourses, and perceptions. Results: The data collected revealed a stagnant labor market in Arauca, with a net employment variation near zero across the three months of observation. Although a minority of businesses reported hiring one or two workers, others reported layoffs of similar magnitude, resulting in a neutral net effect. This pattern held true especially in the tertiary sector, which dominated the local economy. These businesses were mostly characterized by small scale, short planning horizons, limited access to capital, and high exposure to external shocks. In this regard, descriptive statistics showed that the average number of workers perfirm was four, with the most frequent value being one. More than 95% of firms operated in services such as retail, hospitality, informal transport, and food sales. The secondary and primary sectors were largely underrepresented in the sample and in the formal business registry itself, reflecting the structure of the local economy. Consequently, these characteristics point to a fragile economic base with limited capacity to create stable and quality jobs. Moreover, most firms indicated they had no plans to hire in the short term and expressed uncertainty about their economic prospects. Furthermore, qualitative interviews revealed that jobseekers, particularly those without strong social networks or political connections, perceived access to employment as being mediated by favoritism and clientelist practices. Many reported submitting applications without ever receiving replies or being told that positions were already assigned. Long-term unemployed individuals described feelings of frustration, resignation, and exclusion. Several resorted to selling homemade goods, food, or offering informal services such as cleaning or transport. Simultaneously, business owners cited a lack of security, weak infrastructure, and administrative instability as major deterrents to investment and hiring. Finally, the interviewed official acknowledged the limitations of employment programs, which were described as sporadic and poorly funded. Interviewees across all groups emphasized the absence of a coherent long-term economic development plan. Conclusions: The research findings support the hypothesis that unemployment in Arauca is not only cyclical but deeply structural. Hysteresis is evident in the way unemployment persists beyond specific shocks, such as the COVID-19pandemic, and becomes embedded in the functioning of the local economy. The predominance of informal, low-productivity activities and the limited presence of dynamic economic sectors contribute to labor market exclusion. The segmentation between a small formal sector-largely dependent on public administration and extractive activities-and a large informal sector perpetuates inequality and restricts social mobility. Therefore, without policy interventions, this condition is likely to remain. To break the cycle, public policy must adopt a dual approach. On the one hand, in the short term, the region needs targeted employment programs, including public works initiatives, subsidies for hiring vulnerable populations, and improved job-matching systems. On the other hand, in the long term, structural transformation is essential. This involves promoting productive diversification, investing in vocational education and training programs aligned with local economic opportunities, and strengthening institutions to build trust and ensure continuity in development policies. In particular, support for micro and small enterprises is crucial. Financial inclusion, access to technology, business formalization, and integration into value chains should be at the center of the policy agenda. Addressing barriers to female and youth employment, such as discrimination and care burdens, also requires attention. Furthermore, improving public security and reducing administrative turnover would help restore investor confidence and create conditions for sustainable growth. Ultimately, this study offers a comprehensive diagnosis of Arauca's labor market challenges and lays the ground work for evidence-based policymaking. While the road to reversing unemployment hysteresis is long, coordinated and sustained interventions can open pathways for inclusive and resilient labor markets in regions historically left behind. Moreover, an additional consideration concerns the role of cross-border dynamics in shaping Arauca's labor market. Given its geographical location on the Venezuelan border, Arauca is particularly exposed to migration flows, informal trade, and fluctuating security conditions. These factors must be integrated into labor policy planning. The presence of migrant workers introduces both opportunities and challenges. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100129&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es RESUMEN Objetivos: Este artículo presenta la brecha digital como una consecuencia de las continuas desigualdades presentes en el mundo a través de las brechas urbano-rurales, desde una visión global hasta el panorama colombiano. Este documento se divide en tres secciones: las brechas urbano-rurales, la brecha digital y su relación con las brechas urbano-rurales, y finaliza con la presentación de la medición de la brecha digital en Agustín Codazzi (Cesar) como un caso particular. Los resultados de esta investigación se presentan como un diagnóstico de las desigualdades digitales presentes en Agustín Codazzi, los cuales serán usados para proponer y presentar a la comunidad, en una etapa posterior, herramientas de apropiación social del conocimiento que usen las plataformas y los dispositivos tecnológicos de mayor difusión. Materiales y métodos: Con el interés de analizar las dinámicas de relacionamiento de la población con la conectividad y el contenido digital en beneficio del conocimiento a nivel local, y siguiendo los lineamientos presentados por Hoyos Muñoz y Cardona Valencia (2021) se diseñó y aplicó una encuesta compuesta de tres partes: parte 1: Caracterización; parte 2: Brecha digital, y parte 3: Percepción de la tecnología. El instrumento se aplicó a 563 estudiantes de grado décimo de seis instituciones educativas públicas del área urbana y rural del municipio Agustín Codazzi entre el 5 y el 7 de junio de 2024. Resultados: Se encontró que de forma general la brecha digital en el municipio depende de dos grandes componentes: acceso y beneficios. La brecha digital de acceso tiene completa relación con la falta de una mayor infraestructura y una relación directa con la situación económica de la población, que, aunque no se encuentra en pobreza extrema, tiene prioridades diferentes a adquirir el servicio de internet. La brecha digital de beneficios requiere de estrategias más de índole educativo, como son la formación en el uso de dispositivos, en el acceso a plataformas de formación y financiación para emprendimientos a nivel nacional y local. Conclusiones: La brecha digital, entendida como la desigualdad en el acceso, uso y aprovechamiento de las TIC, se profundiza en las zonas rurales del país, lo cual genera un desequilibrio que limita las oportunidades de desarrollo y participación en la sociedad del conocimiento. Por un lado, existe una brecha de acceso, relacionada con la disponibilidad de infraestructura tecnológica (internet, dispositivos) y la conectividad en las áreas rurales. Por otro lado, se presenta una brecha de uso, asociada a las habilidades digitales de la población y a la relevancia que las TIC tienen en sus vidas cotidianas. Finalmente, se observa una brecha de aprovechamiento, vinculada a la capacidad de utilizar las TIC para generar valor agregado, mejorar la productividad y acceder a servicios públicos y privados.<hr/>ABSTRACT Objectives: This article presents the digital divide as a consequence of the ongoing inequalities present in the world through the urban-rural divides, from a global to a Colombian perspective. The document is divided into three sections: urban-rural divides, the digital divide and its relationship with urban-rural divides, and concludes with a presentation of the digital divide measurement in Agustín Codazzi (Cesar) as a specific case. Research results are presented as a diagnosis of the digital inequalities present in post-conflict scenarios. The future goal is to benefit the science, technology, innovation, and society relationship, in a contextualized manner, through physical and/or digital content generation. These contents would present high technical quality standards that would respond to current trends, whose purpose would be the pursuit of digital gap reduction in the municipality. Materials and methods: With the aim of analyzing the dynamics of the population's relationship with connectivity and digital content for local knowledge benefit, and following published guidelines by Hoyos Muñoz &amp; Cardona Valencia (2021), a survey-whose statistical unit are households-consisting of three parts was designed and implemented: part 1: Characterization; part 2: Digital Divide; and part 3: Perception of technology. The instrument was applied to the target population: public educational institutions with higher secondary education from urban and rural areas-specifically tenth grade-located in Agustín Codazzi (Cesar). Specifically, the survey was applied to 563 tenth-grade students from six public educational institutions located in the municipality's urban and rural areas. Part 1, Characterization, consists of personal and household classification variables of those completing the survey. In part 2, Digital Divide, a set of questions is asked to measure the Digital Divide index, which evaluates four aspects for its measurement: Access, Use, Skills, and Benefits. The ICT Development Index (IDI) is used as a reference, combined with indicators from the Association for Measuring ICT for Development, linking the Benefits with Sustainable Development Goals 3, 4, and 8. Finally, in part 3, the people's perception regarding the digital divide is measured through a five-point Likert scale consisting of: Strongly disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, and Strongly agree. This component allows for an understanding of the importance of strengthening local community ICT and captures the population's ideas as a source for inclusion strategies. Results: Notably, it has been found that, in general, the municipality's digital divide depends on two main components: Access and Benefits. The access digital divide is completely related to the lack of greater infrastructure, and it has a direct relationship with the population's economic situation, which, although not in extreme poverty, has different priorities from acquiring the household internet service. The benefits digital divide requires an educational strategies approach, such as training in available devices usage, access to academic training platforms, and available funding for entrepreneurships and business ventures at national and local levels. Consequently, digital education access and a proper digital skills development are essential to ensure that children and young people improve their prospects and can take advantage of current learning opportunities, from fundamental to state-of-art knowledge, leading to the development of key skills in various areas of knowledge. Conclusions: In Colombia, accessibility and af fordability remain the biggest obstacles to driving digital transformation across the country. The digital divide, understood as the inequality in access, use, and utilization of ICT, is wider in rural areas compared to urban ones. This gap between urban and rural areas creates a social imbalance that limits population's opportunities for development and their participation in the knowledge society. On the one hand, there is an access gap related to technological infrastructure availability (internet, devices) and connectivity in rural areas. On the other hand, there is a usage gap associated with population's digital skills and ICT relevance in their daily lives. Finally, there is an exploitation gap linked to the ability of ICT usage to generate added value, productivity improvement, and public and private services access. These gaps have important implications for a country's social and economic development, mainly in rural areas. The lack of ICT access in rural areas truncates educational, labor, and civic participation opportunities. Additionally, it hinders access to relevant information, and it impedes the technological appropriation that could improve quality of life and productivity in sectors such as agriculture. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100161&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objective: Sustainable fashion, which includes ecological, social, and economic aspects throughout the life cycle of products, has recently emerged as an alternative to the numerous negative externalities associated with the fast-fashion model. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze the consumption of sustainable fashion by university students of fashion/ apparel academic programs in the city of Medellín, Colombia. In order to achieve this objective, a proposal is presented to approach the study of responsible consumption, applied to the case of sustainable fashion, from an extrospective approach, based on the sociology of social challenges. This proposal suggests a comprehensive horizon that takes into account the macro and micro-social levels, which seeks to address the gap that has been found in various studies between the awareness of responsible consumption and purchasing decisions. In the light of this, this approach is complemented by the vision of the sociology of emotions, to the extent that it is considered fundamental to question the rationality that should induce actors to buy in a "conscious" way. Methodology: Adopting the sociological extrospection approach proposed by Martuccelli and Santiago (2017), interviews were conducted with 16 university students from the city of Medellín, Colombia, who were in their last semesters in fashion/apparel academic programs. Specifically, this sample inclusion criterion was intended to observe whether greater knowledge about fashion had an impact on the understanding and approach to the consumption of sustainable products of this type. The semi-structured interview guide for this research was elaborated considering the following thematic blocks: (a) conceptions about responsible consumption and the degree of identification with these practices; (b) factors prioritized in the purchase of fashion products, sustainable and non-sustainable, as well as the emotions associated with such acquisitions; the sense of individual responsibility as consumers, together with the perception of the role of the State, companies, and other people in this process; and (c) action horizons linked to experiences and social conditions, in relation to the extrospective understanding of the challenge of consuming responsibly, in this case, fashion products. Thus, although the extrospective approach does not focus on describing individual sensations, but rather on how structures operate to promote certain types of practices such as those of consumption, it also considers it key to observe the understanding that individuals have of the structural nature of the challenges they face in a historical process of individuation. This understanding reflects the sociological vocation of the perspective, taking into account that, unlike an introspective approach, this gaze allows us to recognize that acts such as those of consumption are determined by a broader socioeconomic structure. In the case of the approach to responsible consumption as a social challenge, the above precision is fundamental, since, as mentioned, becoming aware of the socio-environmental problem associated with the production and consumption of clothing does not guarantee acting in coherence with these principles. Results: Among the key aspects identified, it was found that most of the interviewees have significant knowledge of what sustainable fashion represents, due to their academic training. Likewise, in general terms, they value positively this type of offer positively in comparison with others that do not comply with these characteristics in terms of their production processes. However, the participants also point out that there are social and economic barriers that hinder responsible consumption. This vision shows how unsatisfied expectations generate frustration in the interviewees, who feel that consuming sustainably is made difficult by the current socioeconomic structures, which leads to a situation where a large number of consumers may have the intention of acquiring sustainable garments but do not have sufficient resources to do so. Precisely, as the interviewees are future fashion/apparel professionals, their greater knowledge of this industry evidences both very strong positions regarding the predilection for sustainable offers, and others in which factors such as durability, reduced purchase rates, and questioning the feasibility of being able to compete in the market and be able to consume products of this type with higher prices stand out. This situation, added to the lack of available alternatives, means that, although participants recognize the social and environmental relevance of sustainable fashion consumption, at the same time they face an emotional duality: on the one hand, they perceive a positive well-being derived from satisfaction and pride when their purchasing decisions are consistent with their conception of responsibility and their personal values, and, on the other hand, they sometimes feel guilty and to a great extent frustrated by the structural limitations that prevent sustainable fashion from consolidating itself as hegemonic. Conclusions: As evidenced in various studies on responsible consumption, the younger generations, as is the case of the university students from Medellín who participated in this research, highlight the importance for them of the socio-environmental impact that their purchasing decisions can generate, considering the fact of contributing positively to the care of the environment and society through consumption of great relevance. Simultaneously, in this case, it was possible to identify that the knowledge that the interviewees have due to their academic training has a notable influence on this position, which suggest that a greater understanding of the phenomenon would produce a greater awareness regarding consumption. However, although knowledge about fashion can encourage sustainable consumption, appealing only to guilt is not enough in contexts where price and design predominate. Instead, appealing to pride as an extended dimension of the pleasure of buying sustainable garments may be more effective in already sensitized consumers. However, given that price remains a key factor, it is essential for companies to optimize their processes and for regulations to demand greater environmental rigor in production. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100194&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objectives: This article presents the results of a research project conducted with the primary objective of fostering financial and tax education among high school students. The study sought to design and implement an interactive strategy aimed at strengthening students' understanding of financial and tax-related concepts, with the ultimate goal of promoting civic awareness from an early age. The rationale behind this objective is rooted in the recognition that developing financial literacy and tax awareness during adolescence lays afoun dation for more responsible citizenship and financial decision-making in adulthood. Thus, by introducing students to key concepts related to personal finance, public revenue, and their civic obligations, the project intends to reduce gaps in knowledge and stimulate proactive behaviors that benefit both individuals and society as a whole. In essence, the initiative reflects a long-term vision of shaping well-informed, financially capable, and socially responsible citizens. The study was conceived in response to a growing societal need: although students today are exposed to an increasingly complex economic environment, many lack the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate it successfully. Moreover, financial education is not only a tool for individual empowerment but also a mechanism for collective progress. Similarly, tax education helps future taxpayers understand the importance of compliance, thereby reinforcing the fiscal foundations upon which public goods and services depend. Consequently, recognizing these challenges, the project's overarching objective was to integrate interactive, accessible, and engaging educational tools into the high school context of Riohacha, La Guajira (Colombia). Materials and methods: The materials and methods employed in this study were aligned with a non-experimental, descriptive research design, specifically a cross-sectional field study with a quantitative approach. This methodological choice reflects the researchers' aim to o bserve and describe existing conditions rather than manipulate variables or establish causality. To gather data, the team designed and administered a structured questionnaire consisting of 40 items organized on afive-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" This tool allowed for the systematic measurement of students'attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge levels related to financial and tax education. Specifically, the study corresponds to a non-experimental descriptive research, with a cross-sectional field design, and a quantitative approach, administering a 40-item questionnaire with afive-option Likert scale to 69 eleventh-grade students, with an average age of 16 years, belonging to five schools in the municipality of Riohacha (La Guajira, Colombia). The instrument was validated by three experts, a pilot test was conducted on five students, and a Cronbachs alpha coefficient of 0.97 was obtained, demonstrating high internal consistency and reliability of the instrument used, guaranteeing the quality of the results. This methodological framework was designed not only to generate descriptive statistics but also to serve as a diagnostic tool, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of current educational practices related to financial and tax literacy. The quantitative approach was chosen because it facilitates the identification of trends, patterns, and correlations in students' responses, thereby providing a solid foundation for designing targeted interventions. Results: The results of the research notably revealed low levels of comprehension among students regarding key topics in financial and tax education. Many respondents demonstrated significant knowledge gaps in areas such as personal finance management, the role of financial institutions, basic budgeting, savings strategies, and the purpose and structure of municipal taxes. Consequently, this lack of understanding highlights critical deficiencies in their preparation for managing personal finances responsibly and fulfilling their future obligations as taxpayers. These findings underscore the need for systematic integration of financial and tax topics into school curricula. Without such integration, students risk entering adulthood without the skills or awareness necessary to make informed decisions about their money, comply with tax regulations, or appreciate the broader social implications of fiscal responsibility. Therefore, in response to these identified gaps, the research team developed a website titled "RIOHACHA-FINANZAS" (available at:https://mendozadarcyluz.wixsite.com/my-site). This digital platform is designed as a support tool for both students and teachers in the participating schools. By providing accessible and interactive content, the website seeks to complement traditional classroom instruction and serve as a resource for ongoing learning. The decision to create a website rather than a static document reflects the researchers' commitment to innovation, interactivity, and scalability. In detail, the RIOHACHA-FINANZAS website is organized into five thematic units: Financial Education- covering the fundamentals of personal finance, including budgeting, savings, credit, and responsible consumption; Financial Products and Services-introducing students to the types of products offered by banks and other financial institutions, such as checking and savings accounts, loans, and investment options; Key Elements of Financial Education- providing an overview of essential skills and concepts, such as financial planning, risk management, and the relationship between income and expenses; Types of Municipal Taxes-explaining the various taxes collected at the municipal level, their purpose, and their role in funding public services; and Key Elements of Municipal Taxes-detailing how taxes are assessed, collected, and utilized, as well as citizens'responsibilities and rights within the fiscal system. Each unit is designed with interactive features, such as quizzes, infographics, and short explanatory videos, to enhance student engagement and retention. By combining text-based learning with multimedia elements, the website aims to cater to diverse learning styles and ensure that complex concepts are presented in an accessible, age-appropriate manner. Conclusions: This research confirms an urgent need to address weaknesses in financial and tax education among high school students. These weaknesses, if left unaddressed, could have long-term negative consequences, not only for individual financial well-being but also for the fiscal health of municipalities and the country as a whole. The study highlights the importance of developing interactive tools -such as the RIOHACHA-FINANZAS website- to promote responsible civic culture and enhance knowledge of personal finance from the school stage onward. By fostering early exposure to financial and tax concepts, educational systems can cultivate citizens who are more likely to make sound financial decisions, comply with tax obligations, and contribute to the collective good. This, in turn, can lead to increased municipal revenues, which may be translated into greater social benefits, including improved infrastructure, better public services, and expanded opportunities for community development. Furthermore, the study underscores the transformative potential of technology-based interventions in education. Interactive platforms such as RIOHACHA-FINANZAS not only supplement traditional teaching methods but also empower students to take charge of their own learning, explore topics at their own pace, and develop critical thinking skills relevant to real-life financial decisions. Teachers, too, benefit from having an accessible repository of resources aligned with their curricular goals. Ultimately, the project represents a call to action for policymakers, educators, and community leaders. It demonstrates that financial and tax education cannot be treated as optional or peripheral topics; rather, they are essential components of holistic education in the twenty-first century. By integrating such content into mainstream curricula and leveraging interactive tools, educational systems can better prepare students for the responsibilities and opportunities of adult life. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100239&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objectives: The participation of women in leadership positions in higher education institutions has been the subject of several research studies globally. Although these studies have explored the barriers and challenges faced by women, as well as the strategies and policies needed to promote greater gender equity in these roles, there are still gaps and lacunae in the current knowledge that require further research. Consequently, this article examines the barriers and challenges faced by women in accessing management positions in business administration, economics and accounting programs in higher education institutions in Bogotá, Colombia, as well as the perspectives and strategies needed to achieve greater gender equity in these positions. Cultural, social and, organizational factors that influence this disparity will be analyzed, and measures and policies will be proposed to address this problem and promote greater female participation in academic leadership levels. Materials and methods: This study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational scope to analyze the perceptions and experiences of teachers and administrators in business administration programs in higher education institutions in Bogotá. The target population consisted of members of higher education institutions in Bogotá, including teachers, administrative staff, program directors, deans, research group leaders, planning, quality, and accreditation managers, area heads, and researchers belonging to business administration, economics, and accounting programs. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used due to the limitations of access to the entire population. Invitations to participate in the survey were sent through emails and social networks, requesting the collaboration of members of different higher education institutions in Bogotá. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on awareness of capabilities, opportunities for participation in leadership positions, and perceived barriers. To ensure the validity of the measurement instrument used in this study, a validation process was carried out by expert judges. In total, five judges participated in this stage, all of them with PhDs and extensive experience in academia and gender studies; in this process, an individual review of each item, evaluation and feedback, concordance analysis, and the review and adjustment of items to be linked in the instrument were carried out. A cluster analysis was applied to identify different groups of perception among the participants, and statistical tests were performed to evaluate the hypotheses raised on the relationship between the characterization of leadership positions, the strategies implemented, and women's participation. Results: The study sample was composed of (n=536) 58% women, 40% men, and 2% who identify with another gender. Regarding age, 22% of the participants were between 18and30years old, 38% between 31 and 40years old, 28% between 41 and 50years old, and 12% were older than 50 years old. Concerning their position, 45% are teachers, 20% are administrative staff, 15% are program directors, 10% are deans, and 10% hold other leadership positions. In terms of educational level, 15% have a university degree, 45% a specialization, 30% a master's degree, and 10% a doctorate. The cluster analysis identified four main groups of perception among the participants. Cluster 1 (25%) showed high perceptions of capabilities and opportunities; Cluster 2 (30%) recognized high capabilities but perceived low opportunities; Cluster 3 (20%) considered low capabilities but high opportunities; and Cluster 4 (25%) showed low perceptions of both capabilities and opportunities. Statistical evidence confirmed that a more inclusive and equitable characterization of leadership positions and the implementation of specific strategies are positively related to greater participation of women in leadership roles. The existence of explicit gender policies was also associated with better perceptions and greater female participation. The data as a whole indicate that the overall perception of participants in leadership positions shows considerable variability, suggesting significant differences in experiences and perceptions according to position and faculty. Moreover, the representation and participation of women in leadership positions is perceived as insufficient by a significant majority, highlighting the need for more effective policies and cultural change within institutions. Similarly, current strategies to promote gender equality are seen as inadequate by the majority of participants, suggesting the need to review and strengthen these initiatives. Finally, there is a general perception that professional development opportunities and support for growth are insufficient, underscoring the need for mentoring programs and resources dedicated to fostering the professional development of women in leadership positions. Conclusions: The results of the study highlight the need for greater attention to perceptions of capabilities and opportunities among women in business administration programs. It is crucial to implement effective gender policies and specific strategies to remove barriers to women's participation in leadership positions. Higher education institutions in Bogotá must adopt more inclusive and proactive approaches to promote gender equity at the academic leadership levels. These actions will not only improve female representation in leadership positions, but will also contribute to the comprehensive development and educational quality of these institutions. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant positive correlation between the perception of barriers and the need to implement measures to encourage the active participation of women in leadership positions. This suggests that those who recognize the existence of challenges tend to be more convinced of the need to take concrete actions to address this situation. Similarly, a moderate positive correlation was found between the perception that highly developed skills are required for leadership positions and the importance attributed to these training programs. This suggests that those who recognize the complexity of leadership roles tend to place grater value on the need for specific development programs for women, which is consistent with the recommendations of the literature on empowerment and the development of female leadership skills. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100273&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct a review of the current state of knowledge regarding environmental governance models for wetland management at both global and national levels. Materials and methods: Regarding the different modes of environmental governance, which were studied using bibliographic search systems such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, four (4) modes of environmental governance in wetlands were identified (i.e., hierarchical governance, privatizing governance, co-governance, and self-governance) in application contexts such as coastal wetlands, urban wetlands, and rural wetlands. Bibliographic Search Systems. To locate the bibliographic documents for this article concerning environmental governance models for global wetland management over a ten-year period (2011-2021), several documentary sources were utilized (Guirao-Goris et al., 2008). The databases employed for the identification and selection of literature to be included in this study (Miguel &amp; Solana, 2010) were Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Bibliographic Analysis Systems. The bibliographic analysis system was developed in three stages and was based on the use of a citation frequency index to organize (Zafra-Mejía et al., 2017) the information on environmental governance models implemented in wetlands worldwide. This index was structured into quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4), with values ranging between 0.0 and 1.0. Q1 represents the quartile with the highest citation frequency, and Q4 represents the lowest. In the first stage, the top 50 documents were selected based on citation frequency, using the keywords "Governance" and "Wetlands" as the primary thematic descriptors across the three consulted databases for the years 2011 to 2021. The second stage involved a search filter focused on the governance modes identified in urban wetlands. Keywords such as "Hierarchical wetland governance',' "Closed co-governance wetland" "Open co-governance wetland" and "Self-governance or community governance wetland" were used. In the third stage, the application of governance models within urban, rural, and coastal contexts was analyzed, utilizing keywords like "Urban wetland governance" "Coastal wetland governance" and "Rural wetland governance" Statistical Analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive tools such as graphs, pie charts, and maps within Microsoft Excel software. Specifically, these tools were used to display the temporal and geographical distribution of the articles and to identify correlations between governance modes and their application contexts. Results: Description of International Trends Regarding Environmental Governance Models. Based on the search conducted with general descriptors for environmental governance models, 61,532 documents were identified across the three selected databases (Google Scholar, Taylor and Francis, Science Direct). [Note: A discrepancy exists here; the Methods section listed Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct as the databases used]. Notably, the database yielding the highest number of documents was Taylor and Francis, with 24,227documents, followed by Google Scholar (19,196) and Science Direct (18,109). Analysis of Environmental Governance Models in Wetlands. In the second stage of the literature review, the primary environmental governance models were identified. The search results showed a clear trend concerning the quartiles in which the governance models were situated. The main models identified were as follows: o Hierarchical Governance (Q3): This model displays an average index of 0.25. It is characterized by significant government control over nongovernmental actors, who are subordinate to governmental decisions. This governance model is more formal and typically encounters less resistance during policy implementation. o Privatizing Governance (Q3): With an average index of 0.38, this model involves decentralization, privatization, and the outsourcing of services, thereby shifting power to private actors and limiting public sector participation. o Co-governance (Q3): Exhibiting an average index of 0.30, this model is characterized by cooperation between governmental and nongovernmental actors, who must collaborate to achieve mutual benefits. o Self-governance or Community Governance (Q4): This model, with an average index of 0.24, is defined by community-based decision-making, face-to-face accountability, and the active participation of civil society members. Percentage Distribution of Environmental Governance Models in Wetlands The results revealed that the most common governance models were: Privatizing governance in wetlands (36%). Hierarchical governance in wetlands (26%). Self-governance or community governance in wetlands (20%). Co-governance in wetlands (18%). These percentages indicate that privatizing governance is the most frequently utilized approach, although the hierarchical model remains significant. Application Contexts of Environmental Governance Models in Wetlands. The 50 selected articles showed that the most frequent application contexts were: o Urban wetland governance: 20 articles. o Rural wetland governance: 19 articles. o Coastal wetland governance: 11 articles. In consequence, metropolitan areas, experiencing rapid urban growth, have significantly impacted wetland management, particularly highlighting the relevance of governance models within urban contexts. Environmental Governance Models Associated with Application Contexts The comparison of governance models across different contexts yielded the following findings: o Privatizing governance was the most prominent, especially in coastal wetlands, with a total of 8 articlesfocusing on this model in that setting. o Hierarchical governance had a stronger presence in urban wetlands, accountingfor 10 documents. o Co-governance was primarily featured in urban wetlands, with 4 articles. o Self-governance also had its strongest presence in urban wetlands, with 4 documents. Geographic Distribution of Selected Articles by Environmental Governance Model The 50 documents studied demonstrated a varied geographic distribution, with research originating from countries including Canada (3), the United States (6), India (2), the Netherlands (1), China (2), South Africa (2), England (3), Nigeria (4), Australia (1), Peru (2), Colombia (6), and Mexico (6), among others. Conclusions: Environmental governance models for the sustainable management of wetlands exhibit considerable diversity. Four main modes of governance were identified (privatizing, self-governance, co-governance, and hierarchical), which vary in their applicability depending on the specific geographic and socio-political context. Privatizing governance emerged as the most widely used model, followed by hierarchical governance, co-governance, and self-governance. This reflects a global scenario characterized by the coexistence of multiple governance models in the management of wetlands globally. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100304&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objective: In the current landscape-characterized by rapid transformations and increasing global competition-the advancements achieved by OpenAI, Google, and Meta in the field of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) stand out due to their remarkable capacity to autonomously create original content independent of human intervention. These technologies are capable of generating text, images, music, stories, and other similar outputs by processing vast volumes of data collected from the Internet. GAI models are typically categorized based on the type of content they produce-such as language, image, or video. These models not only generate responses but also interpret, learn, and adapt to new contexts. Additionally, multimodal models have emerged that integrate and process information from both textual and visual inputs. Thus, various sectors of the economy have begun to implement Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) tools. Among the most prominent are Chat GPT, I-JEPA, Stability AI, Mid Journey, DALLE 3, and Painter; these are GAI platforms capable of generating text and text-to-image content with a scriptwriter-like approach, storing visual data, and producing new images from stored content, as well as creating digital artworks based on textual descriptions or photographs. Other more specialized models, such as PaLM2, Claude, Copilot, Gemini, Llama-2, Bing Chatbot, and Prometheus, are used primarily for application development and more precise, secure information retrieval. Companies are leveraging these technologies to detect anomalies and simulate operational scenarios, allowing them to redefine key performance indicators (KPIs), explore multiple solution pathways, enhance decision-making processes, and respond swiftly and flexibly to market dynamics. Moreover, GAI is employed to optimize pricing strategies, forecast sales, calculate optimal inventory levels, and automate order processing. From a business perspective, evidence indicates that the adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is influenced by various factors that shape organizational decision-making. According to Gupta (2024), three fundamental stages can be identified: a) Thepre-perception and perception stage (or primary appraisal), during which the belief that GAI may be beneficial is shaped by factors such as social pressure, prior experience in the business and technological domains, system quality, availability of training and support, and the perceived ease of interaction with the technology; b) The evaluation stage (or secondary appraisal), in which entrepreneurs assess the costs and benefits associated with implementing GAI, evaluating its potential to solve specific business challenges and its ease of use; and c) The outcome stage, where the intentions to adopt change-both on the part of the business owners and their customers-play a critical role. It is at this point that the entrepreneur decides whether to adopt GAI or continue relying on traditional methods. The accelerated growth of technology has driven companies of various sectors, sizes, and types to implement-or consider implementing-Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI). Therefore, the research question posed was: Why are companies adopting GAI in their businesses? In line with this, the objective of this study was to describe the reasons behind the adoption of GAI by companies. Materials and methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA methodology, utilizing the databases Scopus, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, and SciELO for the period 20202024. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese that followed the IMRaD structure and contained a DOI. Documents published in other languages, reviews, editorials, and duplicates were excluded. A total of 51 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: The 51 selected articles were analyzed. Of these, 50.98% (26 articles) were sourced from the EBSCOhost database, 27.45% (14 articles)from Scopus, 13.73% (7articles)from SciELO, and 7.84% (4 articles) from ScienceDirect. In terms of temporal distribution, 20 articles (39.22%) were published in 2023, while 31 articles (60.78%) were published in 2024. The findings revealed that GAI is being adopted across multisector companies due to its ability to increase operational efficiency, foster creativity and innovation, and streamline business operations. GAI enables the autonomous production of high-quality content-including emails, scientific articles, products, and services-thus generating competitive advantages and enabling the emergence of new business models. Conclusion: Numerous researchers concur that Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) has become an indispensable tool for companies across all sectors and sizes, primarily due to its capacity to enhance operational efficiency, foster creativity, and drive innovation. GAI facilitates the automation of processes such as email drafting, article generation, coding, and the development of innovative products and services, thereby strengthening companies' competitive advantages and even enabling the emergence of entirely new business models. Its widespread adoption is largely attributed to the speed and utility of its outputs, which have earned the trust of users and have led to an average projected revenue of USD 449per user through the implementation of AI-powered chatbots. Beyond enhancing creative productivity, GAI contributes to the development of new skills, fostering the formation of multidimensional professionals. It improves critical thinking and decision-making, facilitates data acquisition and analysis, strengthens planning capabilities, and enables the establishment of clear goals. GAI simplifies complex tasks, generates forecasts across diverse scenarios, and personalizes the customer experience by delivering preference-based recommendations. Furthermore, it optimizes real-time pricing strategies, enhances user retention, and collectively contributes to elevating business competitiveness. These findings are expected to serve as a solid foundation for researchers, professionals, and entrepreneurs interested in exploring the benefits of implementing GAI as a tool to enhance productivity, promote innovation, and improve business efficiency-outcomes that may prove critical in guiding strategic decisionmaking. Nevertheless, this study encountered several limitations. A substantial portion of the reviewed scientific literature was concentrated in the medical and educational industries. Additionally, the vast majority of the selected articles were published in 2023 and 2024, revealing a notable scarcity of research focused specifically on the corporate sector. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100338&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es resumen está disponible en el texto completo<hr/>ABSTRACT Objectives: The study of organizational climate has gained renewed academic importance over the past decade, particularly within the context of accelerated transformations in workplace dynamics, digitalization, and increasing cross-regional diversity in organizational management (Amalou, 2024). Defined as employees' shared perception of workplace conditions that influence interactions, decision-making, and job performance, organizational climate has been empirically linked to outcomes such as commitment, satisfaction, and productivity (Amiri et al., 2023;Pinedo Dávila &amp; Delgado Bardales, 2020). Existing research consistently supports the notion that a positive organizational climate enhances professional well-being and motivation (Almeida et al., 2022;Eneh, 2024;Lara Ríos, 2021). However, the strength and consistency of this relationship depend on multiple factors including leadership style, organizational structure, and cultural context (Al Ararah et al., 2024;Hernández Gracia et al., 2021). Consequently, these variations highlight the multifactorial nature of organizational climate, often encompassing dimensions such as communication, innovation, leadership, satisfaction, and organizational commitment (Antequera Amaris et al., 2021;Hussainy, 2022). Concurrently, job performance has been conceptualized not only in terms of task completion but also through intangible outcomes like creativity, collaborative orientation, and organizational learning (Rendon-Guerra et al., 2025;Saidin et al., 2024). Its relationship with climate varies across sectors (education, technology, finance, public administration) and depends heavily on labor dynamics (Gonzáles Vásquez et al., 2021;Sumba-Bustamante et al., 2022). Despite increasing scholarly attention, there remains a lack of interregional analysis of how organizational climate functions in different socio-cultural environments. While Latin America and Asia share pressures such as performance demands and innovation imperatives, their institutional structures and management cultures differ. Therefore, this study aims to describe and compare how the relationship between organizational climate and job performance is conceptualized and measured in studies conducted in Latin America and Asia, identifying critical patterns and conceptual gaps. Materials and methods: This study followed a systematic literature review design based on PRISMA guidelines, with the aim of identifying and analyzing the relationship between organizational climate and job performance in Latin America and Asia. The review emphasized comparative interregional synthesis through rigorous selection and analysis criteria. The inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed publications from 2018 to 2021 that explicitly addressed organizational climate or related factors in relation to job performance. Studies had to be conducted within Latin America or Asia and published in English or Spanish. Preference was given to open-access articles from indexed journals that allowed for empirical and methodologically sound comparisons. This time frame allowed the inclusion of studies conducted before and after the COVID-19 pandemic while excluding the pandemic itself as a central analytic axis. Exclusion criteria filtered out studies unrelated to the organizational climate-performance link, those based on samples too narrow for generalizable insights, and purely narrative or qualitative studies lacking comparative or analytical rigor. Theses, technical reports, and gray literature were also excluded. The search strategy utilized databases such as Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, and Google Scholar, using the terms "organizational climate" AND "job performance" in both English and Spanish. Study selection was carried out in two phases: (1) title and abstract screening to eliminate irrelevant studies, followed by (2) a full-text review for methodological robustness and relevance to the comparative framework. Each study was codified using a standardized extraction sheet detailing author, year, country, objectives, methodology, sample, analyzed variables, journal, indexing status, sector, and main findings. The analysis was twofold: firstly, thematic systematization of recurring variables (climate, performance, leadership, commitment, satisfaction), and secondly, a descriptive interregional comparison. This included the frequency of thematic dimensions by region, sectoral distribution, methodological approaches, and statistical techniques. The procedure enabled a structured lens to explore contextual divergences and regional consistencies regarding the climate-performance nexus. Results: Upon applying the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 18 studies were selected: 10 from Latin America and 8 from Asia. Regarding the temporal distribution, results varied by region: Latin American studies were concentrated in 2018 (40%), while Asian studies peaked in 2020 (50%). In sectoral terms, Latin American research focused primarily on private enterprises (40%), whereas Asian studies emphasized technology and telecommunications (37.5%), followed by financial and public institutions (25% each). Peru led the Latin American contributions (50%), whereas Asian studies were more evenly distributed across Jordan, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The relationship between organizational climate and job performance showed variability in strength and interpretation. For instance, Latin American studies reported correlations ranging from moderate (r = 0.511) to strong (r = 0.95), while others used descriptive approaches without specifying coefficients. Asian studies similarly found moderate relationships (e.g., R 2 = .429, ß = 0.490), but emphasized specific dimensions of climate rather than holistic assessments. Leadership emerged as a pivotal, but differentially treated factor. In Latin America, it was acknowledged as part of climate perception but rarely analyzed independently. In contrast, Asian studies examined leadership styles directly-transformational leadership improved financial and operational performance (Son et al., 2020), while laissez-faire leadership demonstrated a negative effect (Gemeda &amp; Lee, 2020). Authentic and interpersonal leadership showed stronger impacts in public institutions. Job satisfaction was consistently associated with performance in both regions. Models from Peru and Indonesia explained up to 86.6% and 78.9% of variance, respectively. Satisfaction dimensions like recognition and achievement emerged as key predictors. Although organizational commitment received little attention in Latin America, it was more commonly analyzed in Asia, with studies indicating moderate to strong associations depending on the sector and commitment dimensions. Conclusions: The findings of this study confirms that organizational climate positively influences job performance in both Latin America and Asia, though with regional differences in emphasis and intensity. Latin American studies tend to adopt a holistic view of climate, whereas Asian research focuses on specific dimensions as independent or mediating variables. Admittedly, Methodological diversity limited cross-study comparability, yet revealed valuable regional patterns. Leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment emerged as key drivers, though their impact varied. The findings underscore the importance of adapting interventions to cultural and institutional contexts and call for more standardized comparative approaches to enhance external validity in future research. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-32612026000100372&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es RESUMEN Objetivos: Este estudio analiza la pobreza desde tres perspectivas: económica, social y filosófica, comparando sus manifestaciones en América Latina y Europa. Se examina cómo las tasas de interés y la bancarización pueden perpetuar o mitigar la pobreza. El análisis económico vincula políticas crediticias e índices de pobreza ; el social evalúa los impactos sobre comunidades vulnerables; y el filosófico cuestiona los conceptos tradicionales de pobreza, proponiendo visiones que integren dimensiones materiales y existenciales. El objetivo es formular recomendaciones de política pública que aborden la pobreza material y la pobreza espiritual asociada a la alienación en sociedades consumistas. Materiales y métodos: Se empleó un diseño mixto. El componente cuantitativo incluyó un análisis comparativo (2013-2023) de tasas de interés, coeficientes de Gini e indicadores de pobreza multidimensional con datos oficiales, aplicando pruebas estadísticas para identificar correlaciones significativas. El enfoque cualitativo incorporó hermenéutica fenomenológica para comprender experiencias vividas y análisis crítico del discurso para deconstruir marcos conceptuales de las políticas financieras. Estas técnicas se complementaron con perspectivas filosóficas y teorías psicológicas sobre los efectos cognitivos de la escasez. Resultados: Los hallazgos muestran contrastes regionales. En América Latina, las altas tasas de interés (22-26 %) se correlacionan con desigualdad elevada (Gini 0,48-0,49) e índices de pobreza multidimensional cercanos al 19 %, lo cual evidencia que la inclusión financiera puede profundizar la dependencia económica si no está regulada. Europa presenta tasas menores y desigualdad reducida, aunque con disparidades persistentes. El análisis cualitativo revela tensiones entre entender la pobreza como imposición estructural o como opción ética frente al consumismo. Conclusiones: La superación de la pobreza exige intervenciones integrales. Es necesario regular tasas de interés y prácticas financieras predatorias, complementar políticas redistributivas con transformaciones culturales que contrarresten la alienación consumista y promover valores comunitarios. Solo un enfoque que reconozca necesidades materiales y dimensiones existenciales permitirá avanzar hacia un bienestar más justo y sostenible.<hr/>ABSTRACT Objectives: This multidimensional study analyzes poverty from three complementary perspectives-economic, social, and philosophical-by systematically comparing its manifestations in Latin America and Europe. It seeks to understand how financial systems, particularly through interest rates and banking processes, contribute to perpetuating or mitigating poverty conditions in different regional contexts. The economic analysis examines the concrete mechanisms linking credit policies to poverty indices, while the social approach explores impacts on communities and vulnerable groups. Furthermore, the philosophical perspective questions traditional concepts of poverty, proposing alternative views that integrate both the material and existential dimensions of the phenomenon. This study aims to offer public policy recommendations that address material poverty alongside what could be termed "spiritual poverty',' understood as alienation and loss of meaning in highly consumerist societies. Materials and methods: The research employed a mixed-methods design combining quantitative and qualitative techniques in a complementary manner. Regarding the quantitative component, it included a longitudinal comparative analysis (2013-2023) of three key variables: average interest rates, Gini coefficients, and multidimensional poverty measures, utilizing official databases from financial institutions and international organizations. Subsequently, advanced statistical tests were applied to determine significant correlations and patterns. In contrast, the qualitative approach incorporated interpretive techniques such as phenomenological hermeneutics to understand lived experiences of poverty, together with critical discourse analysis to deconstruct dominant conceptual frameworks in financial policies. Finally, the study was further enriched with philosophical perspectives that problematize traditional concepts of poverty and well-being, as well as contemporary psychological theories on the cognitive effects of economic scarcity. Results: The findings reveal clearly differentiated patterns between regions. For instance, in Latin America, excessively high interest rates show a significant correlation with elevated levels of inequality and multidimensional poverty, demonstrating how formal financial inclusion can paradoxically deepen economic dependence when inadequately regulated. The data show average rates between 22% and 26% for consumer credit, with Gini coefficients ranging from 0.48 to 0.49 and multidimensional poverty indices close to 19%. Europe presents a contrasting picture, with markedly lower rates and reduced inequality, although persistent regional disparities remain. Moreover, the qualitative analysis uncovers fundamental conceptual tensions: on the one hand, poverty as a condition imposed by unjust economic structures; on the other, the possibility of understanding it as a conscious ethical stance against rampant consumerism. This duality poses significant challenges for public policy design. Conclusions: The study concludes that effectively addressing poverty requires multifaceted and integrated interventions. Specifically, at the economic-institutional level, stricter regulation of interest rates and predatory financial practices is urgently needed, particularly in Latin American contexts. Traditional redistributive policies must be complemented by profound cultural transformations that counteract consumerist alienation and promote alternative community values. Financial systems require structural reforms that properly balance access to credit with robust consumer protection mechanisms. However, truly overcoming poverty demands transcending purely economic approaches to develop comprehensive visions that recognize both material needs and the existential dimensions of human well-being. Ultimately, authentic emancipation involves questioning the system's accumulative logic and building alternatives that enable fairer, more sustainable, and more meaningful ways of life for all members of society.