Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico - Farmacéuticas

Essential oils, obesity and type 2 diabetes

RESUMEN El incremento de la obesidad en la sociedad se ha hecho evidente en los últimos años. Estadísticas recientes de entidades oficiales la ubican dentro de las enfermedades más prevalentes en el mundo. La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica proinflamatoria, que cursa con un desbalance en la actividad endocrina del tejido adiposo generando un cambio en el patrón de producción de determinadas adipocitoquinas relacionadas con el incremento en la resistencia a la acción de la insulina y el consecuente aumento de la glucemia, característicos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El tratamiento de estos desórdenes está orientado a disminuir la glucemia y reducir el peso del individuo que los padece. Los medicamentos utilizados para tratar ambas enfermedades comúnmente tienen efectos secundarios indeseables, lo que ha hecho que los farmacólogos estén en constante búsqueda de nuevos medicamentos. El objetivo de esta publicación es hacer una revisión del estado del arte en las dos enfermedades, tomando como punto de partida el hecho de que las dos tienen en común la inflamación sistémica leve y alteración del sistema inmune que desemboca en resistencia a la acción de la insulina y, además, señalar la actividad de algunos aceites esenciales estudiados hasta el momento en ratas y ratones como posibles alternativas terapéuticas en el control de la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Summary The increase of obesity in our society has become evident nowadays. Recent statistics from official entities place it within the most prevalent diseases in the world. Obesity is a chronic pro-inflammatory disease that causes an imbalance in endocrine activity of adipose tissue, changing the production pattern of certain adipocytokines related to insulin resistance, consequently there is an increase of glycemia characteristic in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The treatment for these disorders is aimed to lower blood sugar levels and reduce the weight of those who suffer it. The medicines used to treat both diseases usually have undesirable side effects, which have made pharmacologists be in constant search for new drugs. The aim of this publication is to review the state of the art on these two diseases, starting from the fact that both have in common mild systemic inflammation and immunological alterations that lead to resistance to insulin action, and additionally to describe the activity of some essential oils studied so far in rats and mice as possible therapeutic alternatives in controlling obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Avaliação da qualidade de alisantes capilares contendo tioglicolato de amônio

RESUMO Considerando a demanda do mercado por conhecimento na área de alisamento capilar, é importante realizar o controle de qualidade de cremes alisantes, a fim de garantir a segurança dos usuários e dos profissionais da área de estética. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de cremes alisantes capilares que contêm em sua formulação o tioglicolato de amônio. Foram analisadas dez amostras de cremes alisantes. Os testes realizados foram: doseamento do ácido tioglicólico e de amônia, análise das características organolépticas e determinação do pH. Quanto ao teor de ácido tioglicólico, três amostras classificadas como de uso geral apresentaram quantidade acima do permitido. No entanto, todas as amostras (de uso geral e profissional) foram aprovadas quanto ao teor de amônia. Em relação à avaliação de pH, todas as amostras apresentaram valores acima do limite permitido. O uso de produtos com concentrações inadequadas de tioglicolato de amônio e pH acima do permitido podem gerar reações adversas ao consumidor e danos aos fios de cabelo. Sendo assim, verifica-se a importância do controle de qualidade em produtos cosméticos para proporcionar a segurança e eficácia dos mesmos.

SUMMARY Considering the market demand for knowledge in the area of hair straightening, it is important to perform quality control procedures in smoothing creams in order to ensure the safety of its users and the aesthetic professionals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of capillary straighteners that contain ammonium thioglycolate in their formula. Ten samples of hair straighteners were analyzed. The tests performed were: dosing of thioglycolic acid and ammonia, analysis of organoleptic and pH determination. Regarding the thioglycolic acid content, three samples classified as of general use showed results above the allowed limit while all samples (both of general and professional use) were approved as far as the ammonia content goes. As for the pH evaluation, all samples had values above the established limit. The use of products with inadequate concentrations of ammonium thioglycolate and pH above the allowed limit can lead to adverse reactions to the consumer and cause damage to the hair strands. In conclusion, it is of the utmost importance to perform quality control procedures in these products in order to provide a safer experience while using them and avoid any possible adverse reactions.

The procarbazine electrooxidation mechanism and its mathematical description

RESUMEN Al proceso de la electrooxidación de procarbacina fue atribuido el mecanismo, incluyendo dos etapas electroquímicas y las dos químicas. También, ha sido desarrollado y analizado un modelo matemático, capaz de describir el comportamiento del sistema. Por su intermedio, se dio la posibilidad de comparar el comportamiento de este sistema con el de los semejantes y análogos, como con el sistema de la electrosíntesis de monómeros.

SUMMARY A mechanism, including two electrochemical and two chemical stages, has been attributed to the procarbazine electrooxidation. Also, a mathematical model, capable to describe the system's behavior, has been developed. My its means, it was possible to compare the behavior of this system with that of the monomers' electrosynthesis.

A descrição matemática da eletrooxidação de dopamina, acompanhada por sua eletropolimerização

RESUMO Um caso interessante da eletrooxidação de dopamina, acompanhada por sua eletropolimerização, em que tanto o monômero, como o polímero condutor resultante podem ser oxidados até à respectiva forma quinônica, foi investigado do ponto de vista teórico. A análise do modelo matemático, correspondente a este sistema, mostrou que o estado estacionário, neste sistema é fácil de manter estável, apesar de a zona topológica, correspondente a esta estabilidade, ser mais estreita. Já as instabilidades oscilatória e monotônica mostraram-se mais prováveis neste caso que em sistemas semelhantes.

SUMMARY An interesting case for dopamine electrooxidation, in which either a monomer, or a polymer may be oxidized to the correspondent quinonic form, has been investigated from the theoretical point of view. The analysis o the correspondent mathematical model has shown that in this system the steady-state is easy to maintain stable, despite of the more narrow extension of the topological zone, correspondent to this stability. Yet the oscillatory and monotonic instabilities may be more probable in this cast, than in the similar ones.

1-Octanol-water partition coefficient of some cyanopyridine and chalcone compounds

SUMMARY The partition coefficients (P) of some synthesized cyanopyridine and chalcone compounds have been studied in 1-octanol-water system at different pH. It is observed that log P depends on pH and nature of substitution group present in the compounds. The central moiety also play important role to affect hydrophilic/ hydrophobic nature of compounds. There is no regular trend for the variation of log P with different pH.

RESUMEN Los coeficientes de reparto (P) de algunos compuestos sintetizados derivados de cianopiridina y chalcona se estudiaron en el sistema 1-octanol-agua a diferentes valores de pH. Se observa que log P depende del pH y de la naturaleza del grupo sustituyente presente en los compuestos. El grupo central también desempeña un papel importante en la naturaleza hidrofílica/hidrofóbica de los compuestos. No hay una tendencia regular para la variación de log P con el pH.

Cost-effectiveness analisys ofrocuronium and succinylcholine in programmed thyroidectomy

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis costo-efectividad de la succinilcolina y del rocuronio utilizados en la intubación de pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía programada, mediante un estudio descriptivo prospectivo, donde se tuvo en cuenta la calidad de intubación, los tiempos de latencia y de relajación muscular, necesidad de reversión farmacológica del bloqueo neuromuscular, parámetros hemodinámicos, reacciones adversas y costos directos e indirectos en 30 pacientes sometidos al procedimiento. El análisis económico evidenció la existencia de diferencias significativas entre los costos asociados al tiempo de latencia de la relajación muscular. En cuanto a los costos relacionados al bloqueo muscular, se observó que el grupo con succinilcolina presentó unos costos totales de 10972 ± 341,7 pesos colombianos, mientras que con rocuronio fueron de 63088 ± 1.184 con valor P < 0,0001. La succinilcolina mostró mayor costo-efectividad al presentar menor tiempo de latencia, mejores condiciones de intubación, no provocar cambios hemodinámicos clínicamente significativos y bajo costo al ser comparado con rocuronio.

SUMMARY The goal of this work was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of succinylcho-line and rocuronium used in the intubation of patients undergoing programmed thyroidectomy was compared by means of a prospective descriptive study, which included intubation quality, latency and muscle relaxation times, pharmacological reversion Neuromuscular blockade, hemodynamic parameters, adverse reactions and direct and indirect costs in 30 patients undergoing the procedure. The economic analysis evidenced the existence of significant differences between the costs associated with the latency time of muscle relaxation. Regarding the costs related to muscle blockade, it was observed that the succinylcholine group performed a total cost of 10972 ± 341.7 Colombian pesos, while with rocuronium it was 63088 ± 1184 with P value < 0.0001. Succinylcholine showed higher cost/effectiveness when presenting the shortest latency time, the best intubation conditions, no clinically significant cost changes and low cost when compared to rocuronium.

Towards a transformation in the pharmacist care paradigm: A scoping study

SUMMARY Introduction: In a paper published by Hepler, it is mentioned that the Pharmaceutical Care constitutes a change in the paradigm of the profession, an affirmation that it is necessary to clarify since apparently, this concept is not used from the philosophy or the social sciences. Methodology: A scoping study was performed from systematics reviews of literature and meta-analysis published in MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS, which the role of the pharmacist in the different settings of health care was studied. It was not restricted by language or date of publication. Results: The selection process identifies 86 reviews published between 1998 and 2014, of which 84.9% are Systematic Review (SR). It was studied all care settings 23.3%, community 22.1%, and ambulatory setting 22.1%. According to the title, 65% referring to the role of the pharmacist, 21% with pharmaceutical care or other related terms and 14% with clinical pharmacy services. There is no uniformity in the concepts of pharmaceutical care or drugs related problems. Conclusions: It is necessary to construct the knowledge object of pharmaceutical care activities from a paradigm that allows another understanding of pharmacist interventions, construct values in the patient-pharmacist relationship supported in Latin American bioethics and a methodology of research that transcends the findings of the performed studies using the designs of classical epidemiology.

RESUMEN Introducción: en un artículo publicado por Hepler, se menciona que la atención farmacéutica constituye un cambio en el paradigma de la profesión, afirmación que es necesario aclarar, ya que, aparentemente, este concepto no se utiliza desde la filosofía o las ciencias sociales. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de alcance a partir de revisiones sistemáticas de literatura y metanálisis publicadas en MEDLINE, EMBASE y LILACS, en las que se estudió el papel del farmacéutico en los diferentes contextos de atención de la salud. No se restringió por el idioma o fecha de publicación. Resultados: el proceso de selección identificó 86 revisiones publicadas entre 1998 y 2014, de las cuales el 84,9% son revisiones sistemáticas. Se estudiaron todos los ámbitos de atención en el 23,3%, comunitario 22,1% y ambulatorio 22,1%. Según el título, el 65% se refiere al papel del farmacéutico, el 21% con atención farmacéutica u otros términos relacionados y el 14% con los servicios de farmacia clínica. No se evidencia uniformidad en los conceptos de atención farmacéutica ni problemas relacionados con medicamentos. Conclusiones: es necesario construir el objeto de conocimiento de las actividades de atención farmacéutica a partir de un paradigma que permita otra comprensión de las intervenciones farmacéuticas, construir valores en la relación paciente-farmacéutico apoyada en la bioética latinoamericana y una metodología de investigación que trascienda los hallazgos de los estudios realizados desde la epidemiología clásica.