Acta Agronómica

Morphologic characterization of blackberry on the departments of Valle, Cauca y Nariño of Colombia

Se colectaron 36 materiales de mora pertenecientes a las especies Rubus glaucus , R. urticifolius y R. robustus . La caracterización cualitativa separó las 3 especies y generó descriptores que permitieron identificar forma, tipo, margen, ápice y color del envés en las hojas, y presencia de antocianinas y cerosidad en tallos. La caracterización cuantitativa identificó particularidades de importancia comercial (alto peso de fruto, pocas espinas en el tallo y altos grados Brix) en los materiales 3 y 31 de la Colección. El análisis multivariado de caracteres cuantitativos de tallo y fruto conformó 5 grupos que variaron en distancia de entrenudos, longitud de peciolulo en rama macho, longitud de pecíolo en rama hembra y macho, ancho de folíolo, peso de fruto, longitud del corazón del fruto y número de drupas.

36 materials of blackberry belonging to three species: R. glaucus , R. urticifolius and R. robustus were collected. The qualitative characterization separated the three species and it generated describers that allowed to identify form, type, margin, apex, color of leaf in the leaves, and presence of antocianinas and serosity in steams. The quantitative characterization identified characteristics of commercial importance (high fruit weight, few thorns in the stem and high Brix degrees) in the materials 3 and 31 of the Collection. The multivaried analysis of quantitative characters for stem and fruit conformed 5 groups that varied in distance of internodes, length of pedicels in the male branch, length of petioles in female and male branch, wide of leaf, fruit weight, length of the heart of the fruit and number of drupes.

Morphology, anatomy and influence of drying on germination of seeds of Calendula officinalis and Anethum graveolens

En semillas de caléndula Calendula officinalis y de eneldo Anethum graveolens , se realizaron la descripción morfológica y anatómica y mediciones del contenido de humedad en equilibrio (CHE). La descripción morfológica y anatómica permitió precisar e ilustrar detalladamente los órganos y tejidos internos de la semilla, además, clarificar aspectos en la definición de semilla pura de caléndula. Se elaboraron curvas de secado y se midió el CHE en diferentes ambientes de secamiento artificial, obtenidos con la metodología de curvas de secado con sílica gel en relaciones de peso sílica-semilla de 10:1, 7:1 y 5:1, además de identificar un método y una relación adecuados para la conservación del germoplasma. Se determinó el comportamiento fisiológico ortodoxo en almacenamiento a corto plazo de las semillas de estas especies. Las diferentes metodologías y sustratos no mostraron diferencia significativa sobre la germinación de las semillas; por facilidad se propone la siembra en cajas Petri con papel absorbente. Además, se logró tipificar e ilustrar plántulas normales, anormales y semillas muertas.

Laboratory tests with seed of Calendula officinalis and Anethum graveolens to describe morphology and anatomy components such as humidity content in balance (CHB) in different atmospheres to get appropriate conservation of the germsplasm to determine physiological behavior in short seed storage to evaluate and to stablish an appropriate methodology for germination, were carried out. The morphological and anatomical description allowed to specify and to illustrate the organs and internal structures of the seed in detail. Also this procedure was important to clarify certain aspects that were managed in wrong way with these species like to confuse the fruit with the seed. It was possible to reach CHB in different atmospheres with artificial drying using the methodology of drying curves with sílica gel in relations of weight-sílica- seed of 10:1, 7:1 and 5:1, besides recommending a method and appropriate relations to conserve the germplasm. The ortodoxal physiological behavior of the seeds of this species was determined. Germination tests were carried out under different methodologies and materials that statistically didn't show influence on the germination of the seeds. For practical purposes, the sowing methodology in Petri dishes with absorbing paper was recommended. Also this methodology was achieved to identify and to illustrate normal and abnormal plants and seeds of this species that died.

Especies frutíferas do centro-sul do Estado de Rondônia, Amazônia brasileira

Este trabalho se constitui no primeiro levantamento de espécies frutíferas do Estado de Rondônia, na Amazônia brasileira. Iniciado em 2005, até o momento foram catalogadas 22 espécies, distribuídas em 13 famílias botânicas. Entre as famílias destaca-se Palmae e Sterculiaceae, cada uma com cinco espécies descritas. Algumas espécies não fazem parte do conhecimento popular, sendo consumidas principalmente pela fauna silvestre, como Diospyros brasiliensis Mart. (caqui-do-mato), Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana (jambinho) e Maclura tinctoria (L.) Engl. (amoreira). Além do uso alimentício, há espécies que apresentam novos potenciais, caso do açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart., cujas sementes são utilizadas na fabricação de biojóias.

This work constitutes the first survey of fruitful species of Rondônia State , in the Brazilian Amazon. This started in 2005, until now 22 species had been catalogued, distributed in 13 botanical families. Among the families Palmae and Sterculiaceae have been distinguished, each one with five described species. Some species are not part of the popular knowledge, being consumed mainly for the wild fauna, as Diospyros brasiliensis Mart. (caqui-do-mato), Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana (jambinho) and Maclura tinctoria (L.) Engl. (amoreira). Beyond the nourishing use, some species present new potentials, case of açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart., whose seeds are used in the manufacture of bio-jewels.

Response of tomato to different concentrations of nutrients

En las casas de malla de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira se realizó un experimento con el objetivo de determinar los requerimientos nutricionales del tomate UNAPAL Maravilla para lo cual se empleó el sistema de hidroponía con sales grado reactivo y agua destilada y se escogió un diseño completamente al azar con 16 tratamientos y cinco repeticiones, se realizaron evaluaciones a los 27, 34, 42, 54 y 92 dds. La etapa de desarrollo adecuada para determinar los requerimientos nutricionales se presentó a los 47 dds en prefloración, poco antes de comenzar la fase lineal de crecimiento. Los requerimientos de N estuvieron entre 13 - 20 mM ; los de P, 1 - 1.5 mM ; los de K, 5 - 8 mM ; los de Ca, 4 - 6 mM ; y los de Mg, 2 - 4 mM .

In the greenhouse of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Palmira branch an experiment to determine the nutritional requirements of tomato UNAPAL Maravilla under hidroponic system, using reactive degree salts and distilled water was carried out. The data demonstrated that the suitable stage of development to determine the nutricional requirements is 47 days after planting, since the plants are in preflowering, shortly before beginning the linear phase of growth. The nutritionale requirement of tomato is: N, 13 - 20 mM ; P, 1 - 1,5 mM ; K, 5 - 8 mM ; Ca, 4 - 6 mM ; and Mg, 2 - 4 mM .

Metabolic profile in dairy cows under tropical conditions in Colombia

Se ha seleccionado un alto número de razas bovinas para producción de leche, sin embargo, las de origen Bos taurus no han logrado adaptarse a las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el comportamiento metabólico de siete razas (Ayrshire, Girolando, Holstein Friesian, Jersey, Lucerna, Pardo Suizo y Simenthal) a través de 15 metabolitos. Se emplearon 28 animales por raza, distribuidos en cuatro grupos fisiológicos: novillas, inicio y final de lactancia y vacas secas (final de gestación). Los valores medios de los indicadores metabólicos fueron: BOH 0.5 mmol/l; glucosa 2.8 mmol/l; colesterol 2.5 mmol/l; potasio 4.1 mmol/l; calcio 2.0 mmol/l; fósforo inorgánico 1.7 mmol/l; magnesio 1.1 mmol/l; proteínas totales 66.2 mg/dl; albúmina 25.8 mg/dl; globulinas 40.2 mg/dl; creatinina 109 µmol/l; BUN 3.8 mmol/l; ALT 32.2 UI/l; AST 56.6 UI/l; GGT 12.3 UI/l; bilirrubina total 0.2 µmol/l; bilirrubina conjugada 0.08 µmol/l. Los valores medios de la condición corporal y el hematocrito fueron 3.25% y 27.0% respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre grupos raciales y entre grupos de producción. Los animales de menor peso metabólico (Jersey) presentaron mejor homeostasis que los de pesos mayores (Simenthal, Holstein).

High numbers of bovine breeds have been selected as milk producers, but those derived from the Bos taurus breeds have been unable to adapt to tropical conditions. The aim of this work was to analyze the metabolic profile of the seven breeds (Ayrshire, Girolando, Holstein Friesian, Jersey , Lucerna, Brown Swiss and Simmental) through the use of 15 metabolites. For each breed, 28 animals were used, divided into four physiological different groups: heifers, cows from the first stages and last stages of the lactation process and dry cows. The mean values of metabolites indicators were as follow: BOH 0.5 mmol/l; glucose 2.8 mmol/l; cholesterol 2.5 mmol/l; potassium 4.1 mmol/l; calcium 2.0 mmol/l; inorganic phosphorus 1.7 mmol/l; magnesium 1.1 mmol/l; total protein 66.2 mg/dl; albumin 25.8 mg/dl; globulin 40.2 mg/dl; creatinine 109 µmol/l; BUN 3.8 mmol/l; ALT 32.2 UI/l; AST 56.6 UI/l; GGT 12.3 UI/l; total bilirubin 0.2 µmol/L; conjugate bilirubin Additionally, body condition and PCV were determined with average values of 3.25 and 27% respectively. A significant statistical difference was found among breeding groups and physiological groups for production. It was observed that those animals with a low metabolic weight (Jersey) demonstrate better homeostasis than those of high metabolic weight (Simmental, Holstein ).

Consumption of agro-industrial supplies by the baker subsector of Palmira, Valle, Colombia . Indicators of administrative, operative and human talent subsystems

Los indicadores de consumo agroindustrial en las Pymes del subsector panificador resultan apremiantes para el diseño de estrategias de sostenibilidad para los pequeños artesanos del pan. Se evaluaron los subsistemas administrativos, talento humano y operativo en 30 de las 178 organizaciones que conformaron el subsistema panificador de Palmira en el 2005. El consumo estimado anual para el 2004 de harina de trigo fue 2.016 t; 348 t de azúcar; 240 t de queso; 54 t de sal; 492 t de margarina; 99 t de levadura; 151.200 paneles de huevos. En materias primas auxiliares consume 384.000 m3 de gas natural; 1.2 millones de kw de energía eléctrica y 156.000 m3 de agua. El sector genera 681 empleos directos. Se presenta mapa con la ubicación del 86% de las panaderías registradas en la Cámara de Comercio. No existe una sola panadería que en forma integral haya implementado un programa de Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura-BPM, que cumpla con las normas del (INVIMA), que disponga de un sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control (HACCP), que esté certificada con normas sobre aseguramiento de calidad (ISO 9000), y/o Gestión Ambiental (ISO 14000), con programas de salud ocupacional (OHSAS 18000) y programas de mejora permanente en aspectos administrativos y comerciales.

The indicators of agroindustrial consumption in the bakers subsector Pymes play a primary role for designing sustainable strategies for the small craftsman of bread. The administrative, operative and human talent subsystems were evaluated, in 30 of 178 organizations that conformed the bakers subsystems of Palmira on 2005. The estimated annual consumption of wheat flour on 2004 was 2016 t; 348 t of sugar; 240 t of cheese; 54 t of salt; 492 t of margarine; 99 t of yeast; 151200 panels of eggs. With regarding to raw materials it consumes 384000 m3 of natural gas; 1.2 million kw of electric power and 156000 m3 of water. The sector generates 681 direct employments. Map is presented with the location of 86% of the bakeries registered in the Trade Chamber. There is not a unique bakery that had implemented a program of Good Manufacture Practices BPM in an integral way, that meets the National Institute of Medications and Foods Surveillance INVIMA Standars, that has of a system of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) or have been is to be certified with Quality Assuring Standars (ISO 9000), and/or Environmental Administration (ISO 14000), with occupational health programs (OHSAS 18000) and permanent improvement programs relative to administrative and commercial aspects.