Investigación y Desarrollo

Challenges of the Colombian agricultural sector after the signature of the commercial promotion agreement between the United States and Colombia

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar cómo se vieron afectadas las condiciones laborales del sector agropecuario colombiano, dentro del marco de efectos sociales, tras la firma del acuerdo de promoción comercial entre Colombia y Estados Unidos. Para esto, se realizó una adaptación macroeconómica de los indicadores GRI versión G4 en la categoría desempeño social. Esta adaptación permitió analizar la información sectorial y aplicarlos en la población laboral del sector agropecuario colombiano. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa con énfasis en un método de lista de comprobación y análisis de indicadores, y se encontraron dos resultados importantes. En primer lugar, que el acuerdo comercial entre ambos países es superficial al momento de salvaguardar las condiciones laborales del sector, sin profundizar en aspectos específicos que reglamenten el contexto laboral. En segundo lugar, se evidenció que a pesar de los aumentos significativos en las tasas de contrataciones, las afiliaciones a entidades prestadoras de salud o administradoras de riesgos profesionales de empleados, la mayor parte del sector agropecuario colombiano opera bajo la informalidad. Finalmente, se puede afirmar que las condiciones laborales del sector agropecuario colombiano, dentro del marco de efectos sociales, tras la firma del acuerdo de promoción comercial entre Colombia y Estados Unidos no se vieron afectadas de manera positiva. La informalidad y la falta de regulación sigue siendo un factor común en el sector.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to determine how the labor conditions of the Colombian agricultural sector were affected, within the framework of social effects, after the signing of the Trade Promotion Agreement between Colombia and the United States. For this, a macroeconomic adaptation of GRI indicators version G4 in the social performance category was made. This adaptation made it possible to analyze sectoral information and apply it to the labor population of the Colombian agricultural sector. The methodology used was qualitative with emphasis on a checklist method and analysis of indicators, and two important results were found. First, that the trade agreement between both countries is superficial at the moment of safeguarding the labor conditions of the sector, without going into specific aspects that regulate the labor context. Secondly, it was evident that despite the significant increases in contracting rates, affiliations with health providers or managers of occupational risks for employees, most of the Colombian agricultural sector operates under informality. Finally, it can be affirmed that the labor conditions of the Colombian agricultural sector, within the framework of social effects, after the signing of the Trade Promotion Agreement between Colombia and the United States were not affected in a positive manner. Informality and lack of regulation continues to be a common factor in the sector.

Family educational practices of a group of teenage mothers in the District of Buenaventura, Colombia

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar, a través de sus narrativas, las prácticas educativas familiares cotidianas de un grupo de madres adolescentes afrocolombianas en condición de vulnerabilidad del Distrito de Buenaventura. Este estudio se realizó con un enfoque metodológico cualitativo descriptivo, adhiriéndose al paradigma hermenéutico interpretativo. Participaron siete adolescentes que fueron madres entre los 13 y los 17 años. La selección de la muestra se realizó de manera no probabilística, por conveniencia; asimismo, la recolección de los datos se llevó a cabo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Entre los hallazgos más significativos de la investigación se encontró que la práctica autoritaria es la más utilizada por estas madres para educar a sus hijos. Sin embargo, no se regían por una única práctica, pues oscilaban entre las democráticas y las permisivas. Para las madres adolescentes del estudio, las ayudas iniciales de las redes de apoyo familiar fueron de suma importancia, ya que las percibían como fundamentales para su desempeño como madres. En consecuencia, se invita a crear nuevas estrategias de implementación de prácticas educativas familiares acordes a la cultura y al contexto de las madres adolescentes, lo que facilita el ejercicio de su maternidad en consonancia con sus realidades.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to analyze the methods a group of African-Colombian teenage mothers use to raise and educate their children. The sample group lives in the District of Buenaventura-Colombia, and is considered to live under vulnerable conditions. The methodological approach was qualitative-descriptive, following the hermeneutical-interpretative paradigm. The sample was non-probabilistic, by choice. Seven teens, which became pregnant between the ages of 13 and 17, were interview for this purpose. The most significant finding suggests that the practice used the most by these mothers is the authoritarian type. Although, they alternated it with the democratic and permissive types too. It was found that for these moms it was extremely important the assistance and advice they received from family support teams in order to fulfil their role as new parents. In consequence, it is advised to create new strategies and support groups that will facilitate the child raising practices of teenage families in this region, according to their cultural background and context.

A SOCIABILIDADE DO TRABALHADOR COM DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL

RESUMO O trabalho é uma das dimensões que formam a nossa identidade. Diante disso, busco, neste artigo, compreender como as pessoas com deficiência intelectual percebem as suas relações sociais e a sua interação a partir de sua inclusão no mercado formal de trabalho. Para tanto, utilizo as técnicas de entrevista e de observação numa perspectiva etnometodológica com 14 trabalhadores com deficiência intelectual que estão há mais de quatro anos na mesma empresa. A partir da sua inclusão no mundo do trabalho, os resultados apontam um alargamento de seus pontos de contato e a percepção desses sujeitos é de que suas vidas mudaram para melhor.

ABSTRACT Work is one of the dimensions that form our identity. I investigate and try to understand how people with intellectual disabilities acknowledge their social interactions during the process of their inclusion in the world of work. For this purpose, I use interview and observation techniques from an ethnomethodological perspective, with 14 workers with intellectual disability that have been working for over four years in the same company. The results point towards an increase in their interactions during their inclusion in the world of work, and the perception of these subjects is that their lives have changed for the better.

Social conflict and its impact on tourism. The case of the cities of Oxaca, México

RESUMEN Al considerar el conflicto como la tensión que los elementos, las organizaciones, las regiones o las ciudades mantienen o generan con otros elementos similares que se excluyen de forma mutua, el presente artículo analiza la influencia de los conflictos sociales en el turismo y el desarrollo sustentable de las pequeñas, las medianas y las grandes ciudades de Oaxaca, durante el periodo 2000-2015. Propone como hipótesis que los conflictos sociales afectan desfavorablemente la actividad turística y el desarrollo sustentable de estas ciudades. El análisis estadístico realizado muestra que, en las 17 ciudades analizadas, los conflictos sociales van al alza, lo que genera efectos desfavorables en la actividad turística y el desarrollo. Se recomiendan políticas públicas sociales de negociación basadas en la planeación para reducir los efectos indeseables de los conflictos, y hacer más efectivo el impacto territorial del desarrollo en las ciudades analizadas.

ABSTRACT Considering the conflict as the tension that elements, organizations, regions or cities maintain, or generate with other similar elements that are mutually exclusive, this article analyzes the influence of social conflicts on tourism and the sustainable development of small, medium and large cities of Oaxaca, during 2000-2015. It proposes as a hypothesis that social conflicts adversely affect tourism activity and the sustainable development of these Oaxaca cities. The statistic analysis shows that in the 17 cities analyzed, social conflicts are on the rise, generating unfavorable effects on tourism and development. Public social negotiation policies based on planning are recommended to reduce the undesirable effects of conflicts, and to make the territorial impact of development more effective in the cities analyzed.

Contributions of Alfredo Correa de Andreis to the understanding of Forced Displacement in the Colombian Armed Conflict

RESUMEN El sociólogo colombiano Alfredo Correa de Andreis indagó durante varios años sobre el desplazamiento forzado en el Caribe colombiano hasta el momento de su muerte, víctima de organismos de seguridad del Estado. Sus resultados quedaron plasmados en diversas publicaciones y particularmente en dos obras colectivas: "Desplazamiento interno forzado, identidad social y restablecimiento urbano", y "Pistas para un nuevo rumbo". Sus hallazgos le permitieron construir dos categorías de análisis para abordar el desplazamiento forzado y sus consecuencias: identidad social y personalidad jurídica. Un riguroso proceso de investigación acción participativa, metodología heredada de su tradición falsbordiana, le permitió involucrarse de manera más íntima en las zonas de reasentamiento urbano, con poblaciones que fueron desplazadas por la violencia, en lugares específicos de Barranquilla y Cartagena, en el norte de Colombia. Correa De Andreis abordó procesos en los cuales evidencia una relación directa entre desplazamiento y violencia armada, y entiende como pérdidas para la población desplazada (campesinado y poblaciones minoritarias) no solo sus tierras, su habitación y sus enseres, sino también todo el respaldo que le daban la urdimbre de relaciones sociales de las cuales hacían parte en sus contextos. Asimismo, analizó los retos que tiene en el restablecimiento la estructuración de su personalidad jurídica.

ABSTRACT For several years (and until the moment of his death caused by State violence) the Colombian sociologist Alfredo Correa de Andreis inquired about forced displacement in the Colombian Caribbean. His research findings can be found in several academic publications, especially in the books: "Desplazamiento interno forzado, identidad social y restablecimiento urbano (Internal forced displacement, social identity and urban resettlement}" and "Pistaspara un nuevo rumbo (Clue for a new course)". His findings allowed Correa to construct two categories of analysis to address the comprehension of forced displacement and its consequences: social identity and legal personality. A rigorous process of participatory action research (PAR), a methodology inherited from the work of Orlando Fals-Borda, lead Correa de Andreis to an intimate involvement with urban resettlement areas of Barranquilla and Cartagena, to work with local communities displaced by violence. Through his work, Correa De Andreis addressed social processes in which he found a direct correlation between displacement and armed conflict. Also understanding that the displaced populatio-peasant and minority-not only lose their lands, but also their social fabric and the network of social relationships with those who were part of their contexts. Likewise, he analyzed the challenges that the structuring of his legal personality has in the restoration process.

Development of gender cognitions in children. Qualitative systematic review

RESUMEN A pesar del creciente interés en la promoción de cogniciones afines a la equidad en niñas, niños y jóvenes, poco se conoce sobre el desarrollo de las cogniciones de género (CG) durante la infancia. Con el objetivo de contribuir a identificar, integrar y facilitar la utilización de la evidencia disponible sobre el tema, se realizó una revisión cualitativa sistemática en tres bases de datos electrónicas de amplia trayectoria en psicología. Un total de 30 informes fueron codificados y analizados usando el procedimiento desarrollado por Vargas Trujillo (2004). A partir de los hallazgos, se propone una línea de tiempo del desarrollo de las CG de cero a 19 años, con el fin de facilitar su uso por parte de quienes están interesados en el diseño de intervenciones dirigidas a promover cogniciones afines a la equidad en la infancia basadas en evidencia.

ABSTRACT Despite the growing interest in the promotion of cognitions related to equity in children and young people, little is known about the development of gender cognitions ( CG) throughout childhood. With the aim of contributing to identify, integrate and facilitate the use of the available evidence on the subject, a qualitative systematic review was carried out in three electronic databases with extensive experience in psychology. A total of 30 reports were coded and analyzed using the coding manual of Vargas Trujillo (2004). Based on the findings, a timeline for the development of CG from zero to 19 years is proposed in order to facilitate its use by those interested in the design of interventions aimed at promoting cognitions related to equity in childhood based on evidence.

Social constructions around citizens: a view of its concept and practice

RESUMEN El presente escrito realiza un análisis de revisión sobre las dimensiones de la ciudadanía. Contribuye a reconocer de qué manera se ha venido trabajando en torno al concepto y las prácticas de ser ciudadano o ciudadana en diferentes contextos sociales (económicos, políticos y culturales). De esta forma, el documento rastrea las formas de concebir la ciudadanía en las diferentes épocas de la historia y enfatiza en las nuevas construcciones desarrolladas en la actualidad. Finalmente, se aproxima a un abordaje de la ciudadanía en cuanto construcción social fruto de las intersubjetividades de los seres humanos con otros seres humanos y con las instituciones que conforman las sociedades en cada momento histórico.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the dimensions of citizenship, helping to recognize how work has been done around the concept and practices of being a citizen in different social, economic, political and cultural contexts. In this way, the document traces the ways of conceiving citizenship in different periods of history and emphasizes the new constructions developed today. Finally, we will refer to a theme of citizenship as a social construction resulting from the intersubjectivities of human beings with other human beings and the institutions that make up societies in each historical moment.

Memory account in family studies

RESUMEN Este artículo de reflexión teórica aborda la investigación narrativa como su objeto. Esto obedece a las consideraciones metodológicas de la investigación que originaron esta reflexión. De esta manera, se acude, por una parte, a la bibliografía encontrada sobre tema narrativo, y a la experiencia con los estudiantes con quienes se trabajó. Se encontró que las narraciones permiten penetrar de manera profunda en un contexto familiar que vive un país conflictivo, con grandes escisiones sociales, políticas y económicas. La reflexión se basa en una investigación realizada con los estudiantes del programa de Desarrollo Familiar en la Universidad de Caldas, Manizales (Colombia), y acude a un diálogo con ellos sobre el proceso investigativo, de modo que este artículo se articula en torno a tres fuentes: la investigación de base, la bibliografía sobre narrativas y memoria y el diálogo con los estudiantes.

ABSTRACT This teoric reflection paper deals with narrative research as its main objet, concerning methodological considerations in research which generated this reflection. On one hand the bibliography regarding the subject of narrative is used, on the other hand the experience of the students involve in this study. The findings of this study show that the accounts allow a deep exploration in a family context within a trouble country, with large social, political and economical divisions. The reflection is based on a research carried out with the students of the Desarrollo Familiar program at the Universidad de Caldas, Manizales (Colombia), and they go to a dialogue with them about the investigative process, so this article has three sources: basic research, the bibliography on narratives and memory and the dialogue with students.

CALIBÃ E A BRUXA: MULHERES, CORPO E ACUMULAÇÃO PRIMITIVA

RESUMO A obra O Calibã e a bruxa é fruto de um projeto de pesquisa de mais de trinta anos desenvolvido pela historiadora Silvia Federici. Seu objetivo central é repensar o desenvolvimento do capitalismo a partir de um ponto de vista feminista com o cuidado de não delimitar e segregar a história das mulheres do setor masculino da classe trabalhadora. Para tal, retoma conceitos marxistas, teorias críticas feministas e uma análise sobre o corpo e sua politização à luz da teoria foucaultiana. Para Federici, existem aspectos que ficam ocultos nas referidas teorias no que tangem a discussões sobre dominação e exploração. Ressalta também o quanto análises sobre o período de caça às bruxas foi negligenciado ao longo dos anos e o que esse período essencialmente tem a contribuir para a análise da consolidação do capitalismo. O conceito de acumulação primitiva desenvolvido por Karl Marx em sua obra O Capitalé fundamental para os desdobramentos e a compreensão deste processo histórico marcado por violências, dominação e exploração e que redefiniu estruturas da divisão sexual do trabalho. Federici se preocupa com o contexto contemporâneo em que houve a intensificação da violência contra as mulheres e a retomada da caça às bruxas - ainda que em "nova roupagem" - em alguns países, com destaque principal a países que sofreram com a colonização.

ABSTRACT The work Caliban and the witch is the result of a more than thirty years research project developed by the historian Silvia Federici. Its central aim is to rethink the development of capitalism from a feminist point of view with the care not to delimit and segregate the history of women in the working-class male sector. It retakes Marxist concepts, feminist critical theories and an analysis on the body and its politicization in the light of the Foucaultian theory. For Federici there are aspects that are hidden in the said theories in what concerns the discussions on domination and exploration. It also highlights how many analysis on the witch-hunting period has been neglected over the years and what this period essentially has to contribute to the analysis of the consolidation of capitalism. The concept of primitive accumulation developed by Karl Marx in his work Capital is fundamental for the unfolding and understanding of this historical process marked by violence, domination and exploitation and that redefined structures of the sexual division of labor. Federici is concerned about the contemporary context in which intensification of violence against women and the resumption of witch-hunt - albeit in a "new outfit" - in some countries, with a major emphasis on countries that have suffered colonization.