SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.35 issue3Presence of Chlamydia abortus in colostrum, milk, and vaginal discharge samples of sheep author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • On index processCited by Google
  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO
  • On index processSimilars in Google

Share


Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias

Print version ISSN 0120-0690On-line version ISSN 2256-2958

Rev Colom Cienc Pecua vol.35 no.3 Medellín July/Sept. 2022  Epub Aug 16, 2023

https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v35n3a04 

Brief communications

Performance of Holstein-Friesian calves drinking desalinated water in the preweaning period*

Comportamiento de terneros Holstein-Friesian bebiendo agua desalinizada en el período pre-destete

Comportamento de terneiros Holstein-Friesian bebendo água dessalinizada no período pré-desmame

Joel Ventura-Ríos1  * 

David Domínguez-Díaz1 

Alejandro Lara-Bueno2 

Guillermo Villalobos-Villalobos1 

Rufino López-Ordaz2 

José Jaimes-Jaimes3 

Agustín Ruíz-Flores2 

1Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología. Chihuahua, México.

2Programa de Posgrado en Producción Animal, Depto. de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Texcoco. Edo. México.

3Agronegocios Chapingo SC de RL de CV. Pueblo Cooperativo, Texcoco, Edo. México.


Abstract

Background:

High salinity of drinking water can adversely affect health and productive performance of calves during artificial rearing.

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of drinking water total dissolved salts (TDS) content on productive performance of Holstein-Friesian calves during artificial rearing.

Methods:

Twenty-nine newborn Holstein-Friesian calves weighing 39±0.94 kg at birth were randomly assigned to two treatment groups for 56 d. Treatment 1 (n=14) consisted of drinking water with 1,469±75 mg L-1 TDS, while treatment 2 (n=15) used drinking water from the same source but filtered by reverse osmosis to contain 107±31 mg L-1 TDS.

Results:

Water intake was numerically affected by TDS concentration, increasing 13% (p>0.08) when drinking low-TDS water (3,554 versus 3,088 ml d-1). Feed intake (dry basis) decreased 26% (500 versus 676 g d-1; p<0.01), and average daily weight gain increased 29% (434 versus 335 g d-1; p<0.05) for calves drinking low-TDS water. Treatment 2 resulted in 10% higher body weight compared to treatment 1 (64.3 versus 58.6 kg; p<0.01). Digestibility of dry matter and protein was not affected (p>0.05) by TDS content in the drinking water.

Conclusion:

Desalinated water improves productive performance of Holstein-Friesian calves during artificial rearing.

Keywords: artificial rearing; desalinated water; Holstein-Friesian calves; nutrients digestibility; reverse osmosis; total dissolved salts; water intake; water quality

Resumen

Antecedentes:

Una alta salinidad del agua de bebida puede afectar negativamente la salud y el comportamiento productivo de los terneros durante la crianza.

Objetivo:

Evaluar el efecto del contenido de sales disueltas totales (SDT) en el agua de bebida sobre el comportamiento productivo de los terneros durante la crianza artificial.

Métodos:

Veintinueve terneros Holstein- Friesian recién nacidos, con 39±0,94 kg de peso vivo fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos tratamientos. El tratamiento 1 consistió de 14 terneros que bebieron agua con 1.469±75 mg L-1 de SDT; mientras que al tratamiento 2 se asignaron 15 terneros que recibieron agua de la misma fuente, pero filtrada mediante el procedimiento de ósmosis inversa y conteniendo 107±31 mg L-1 de SDT.

Resultados:

La concentración de SDT afectó numéricamente el consumo de agua durante los 56 días de lactancia (p>0,08), incrementándose 13% cuando los terneros bebieron agua con bajo contenido de sales (3.554 vs 3.088 ml d-1). El consumo de alimento (base seca) disminuyó 26% (500 vs 676 g d-1; p<0,01) y la ganancia diaria de peso se incrementó 29% (434 vs 335 g d-1; p<0,05) en los terneros que bebieron agua con bajos SDT en comparación con los que bebieron agua con alto contenido de sales. Asimismo, al finalizar el periodo de lactancia artificial los terneros que bebieron agua desalinizada tuvieron mayor peso corporal (64,3 vs 58,6 kg; p<0,01) comparado con los que bebieron agua con alta concentración de sales. El contenido de SDT no afectó la digestibilidad de materia seca y proteína del alimento (p>0,05).

Conclusión:

El agua de bebida desalinizada mejora el comportamiento productivo de terneros Holstein durante la crianza artificial.

Palabras clave: agua desalinizada; calidad de agua; comportamiento productivo; consumo de agua; digestibilidad; lactancia artificial; sales disueltas totales; terneros Holstein

Resumo

Antecedentes:

Alta salinidade da água potável pode afetar adversamente a saúde e o desempenho produtivo de bezerros durante o acasalamento.

Objetivo:

Avaliar o efeito do total de sais dissolvidos (TSD) na água potável sobre o comportamento dos bezerros durante a lactação.

Métodos:

Vinte e nove terneiros Holstein-Friesian recém-nascidos, com 39±0,94 kg de peso vivo, foram designados aleatoriamente a dois tratamentos. O tratamento 1 considerou 14 terneiros os quais beberam água com 1.469±75 mg L-1 do total de sais dissolvidos (TSD); enquanto ao tratamento 2 se designaram 15 terneiros bebendo água da mesma fonte filtrada através do procedimento de osmose inversa e contendo 107±31 mg L-1 de TSD.

Resultados:

O consumo de água de bezerros durante os 56 dias de lactação artificial foi ligeiramente afetado pela concentração de TDS na água potável (p>0,08) e aumentou em 13% quando os bezerros beberam água com baixo teor de sal (3.554 vs 3.088 ml d-1); o consumo de alimento sólido (base seca) diminuiu em 26% (500 vs 676 g d-1; p<0,01) e o ganho de peso diário se incrementou em 29% (434 vs 335 g d-1; p<0,05) nos terneiros que beberam água com baixa concentração de TSD, em comparação com os terneiros que tomaram água com alto conteúdo de sais. Da mesma forma, os terneiros que beberam água dessalinizada tiveram maior peso corporal (64,3 vs 58,6 kg; p<0,01) que os terneiros que tomaram água com alta concentração de sais ao terminar o período de lactação artificial. A digestibilidade da matéria seca e da proteína do alimento sólido não foi afetada (p>0,05) pelo conteúdo de TSD na água de beber.

Conclusão:

A dessalinização da água de beber melhora o comportamento produtivo de terneiros Holstein durante o período de lactação artificial..

Palavras-chave: água dessalinizada; comportamento produtivo; consumo de água; digestibilidade; lactação artificial; qualidade da água; terneiros Holstein; total de sais dissolvidos

Introduction

Water is an essential nutrient for the growth and well-being of livestock (Beede, 2005; Huuskonen et al., 2011) as poor-quality drinking water has been shown to affect animal health and productive performance (NRC, 2005; Brew et al., 2008). Results of previous studies have demonstrated that poor-quality drinking water affects water intake (Socha et al., 2003; Grout et al., 2006; Sharma et al., 2017), feed intake (Ru et al., 2004; Umar et al., 2014; López et al., 2016), average daily gain [ADG] (Lardner et al., 2005; Waldner and Looper, 2007; Sharma et al., 2017), milk production (Solomon et al., 1995; Shapasand et al., 2010), and ruminal conditions (Coria et al., 2007; Valtorta et al., 2008). In addition, poor-quality drinking water favors diseases (Gould, 1998) and pathogen incidence in the digestive tract of dairy cows (LeJeune et al., 2001; Brew et al., 2008). Nonetheless, the intake of poor-quality drinking water and its impact on growth and health of young animals has been scarcely studied (Beede, 2005).

The “Comarca Lagunera” is the most important dairy region in northern México, with dairy operations that contribute approximately 20% of México’s national milk production (SIAP, 2017). In this region, the water available for forage production and animal nutrition has undesirable physicochemical characteristics (Rosas et al., 1999), such as a high concentration of total dissolved salts (TDS), sulfates, nitrates, and toxic minerals like arsenic (Wong et al., 2005). High-salinity drinking water may also affect growth, production, health, and well- being of dairy cows and their calves.

Desalination is a physico-chemical process consisting of removing salts from water to obtain fresh water suitable for consumption. The scarcity of good quality water for the agricultural industry due to depletion and salinization of aquifers requires the use of water desalination, especially for drinking water for animals (Schütz 2012; Umar et al., 2014). The reverse osmosis desalination technique has shown to be effective and economically viable for water desalination, especially when solar or wind energy are used in the process (Dévora et al., 2012). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dissolved salts content in drinking water on the productive performance of Holstein-Friesian calves during artificial rearing.

Materials and Methods

Ethical considerations

This project was approved by Instituto de Investigación y Posgrado en Ciencia Animal of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico (approval no. 145503001, March 2014).

Location

The study was conducted at “18 de Julio” dairy production experimental station of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, located at Bermejillo, Durango, México. The farm is at 25º 54’ 07” N and 103º 35’ 09” W, with an altitude of 1,137 masl and 239 mm average annual precipitation. The climate of the study area is classified as semi- arid, with summer rain from July to September (García, 2004).

Animals, diets, and management

The experiment took place from August to November 2014. At this time of year, the temperature and relative humidity of the study area are moderate. Twenty-nine 1-d-old Holstein- Friesian calves weighing 39±0.94 kg were used. Calves were fed colostrum from their dams during the first 3 d after birth. Thereafter, they consumed a commercial milk substitute twice a day (at 07:00 and 16:00). The milk substitute was prepared by dissolving 200 g of a commercial product (Master Milk, Alltech®, Flemington, NJ, USA) in 2 L of water at 37 ºC. The experimental period of artificial rearing lasted 8 weeks (56 d). After day 7, all calves ate solid feed for weaning formulated by Nuplen® (Gómez Palacio, Durango, México) offered daily at 09:00. Three samples of water extracted from a deep well were taken, one at the beginning, one in the middle, and one at the end of the experimental period. Samples of non-filtered groundwater and reverse-osmosis (Ultraliner®, WI, USA) filtered groundwater were collected in pre-washed and sterilized, amber-colored, 250-mL bottles and kept refrigerated for 1 h at 4 ºC before being processed in a certified laboratory for analysis of chemical and microbiological composition (Table 1).

Table 1 Chemical and microbiological composition of non-filtered groundwater (HTDS) and groundwater filtered by reverse osmosis (LTDS). 

Item HTDS LTDS
pH 7.0 ± 0 6.6 ± 0
Total dissolved salts, mg L-1 1,469 ± 75 107 ± 31
Total hardness, mg L-1 913 ± 21 46 ± 17
Chlorides, mg L-1 115 ± 3 6 ± 3
Bicarbonates, mg L-1 196 ± 6 34 ± 8
Sulfates, mg L-1 853 ± 13 24 ± 10
Nitrates, mg L-1 117 ± 3 20 ± 0.4
Nitrites, mg L-1 0.06 ± 0 0 ± 0
Total coliforms, CFU 100 ml-1 1,506 ± 1,296 29 ± 21
Fecal coliforms, CFU 100 ml-1 1,301 ± 1,210 18 ± 15

HTDS, high concentration of total dissolved salts; LTDS, low concentration of total dissolved salts.

A SevenCompact™ S230 (CH-8603; Schwerzenbach, Switzerland) conductivity meter was used to determine Total Dissolved Salts in water (TDS). A Redlemon 0-14 digital potentiometer (Mexico City, Mexico) was used to determine water pH. The volumetric method with EDTA was used to determine total water hardness. Chloride content was obtained by the Mohr volumetric method using argentometry (Espinosa et al., 2006). Carbonate level in water was determined using the methodology described by Mexican standard NMX-K-282-SCFI-2012 (NMX, 2012). A UV-VIS spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer® Lambda 35 model; Madrid, Spain) was used for measuring sulfates in water employing the procedure established in Mexican standard NMX-AA-074-SCFI-2014 (NMX, 2014). A Checker HI781 and a Checker® HC (Hanna Instruments, Mexico) colorimeters were used to determine nitrate and nitrite contents. The membrane filtration procedure described by Espinoza et al. (2006) was used for quantification of total and fecal coliforms.

Calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups and housed in individual pens. Treatment 1 (n=14; 6 females, 8 males) consisted of groundwater extracted from a deep well with high TDS concentration (1,469±75 mg L-1). Treatment 2 (n=15; 7 females, 8 males) consisted of drinking water extracted from the same well but filtered by reverse osmosis and containing low TDS concentration (107±1 mg L-1). At the end of the artificial rearing period (56 d postpartum) all calves were fed a solid concentrate, had free access to forage for 32 d after weaning, and drank nonfiltered groundwater with at least 1,469±75 mg L-1 TDS.

All variables were measured considering each calf as an experimental unit. Water and feed intake were measured daily during the experimental period. Preweaning ADG was determined by weekly weighing of each calf. Postweaning ADG was measured 28 d after the artificial rearing period. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in the solid feed was determined using the insoluble acid fiber of the concentrate offered and the content in feces as an internal marker following the technique proposed by Penning and Johnson (1983). To estimate the disappearance of dry matter and crude protein, samples of concentrate and feces were placed in AnkomF57® bags (Macedon, NY, USA) and then incubated for 24 h in the rumen of two fistulated adult sheep using the procedure proposed by Huhtanen et al. (1994).

Data analysis

Water intake, feed intake, and ADG were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS program, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA; 2013). The statistical model included the fixed effects of TDS concentration in drinking water and the sampling week, coefficient of linear regression for the weight at birth, coefficient of linear regression for average weekly environmental temperature, and the random effects of calf and residual values as terms of experimental error. Data of dry matter digestibility and crude protein were analyzed with the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, 2013) using a completely randomized design. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a p between 0.05 and 0.10 was considered as a significant trend.

Results

Water quality

The TDS content in drinking water (carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) decreased from 1,469 to 107 mg L-1 along with pH decrease from 7.0 to 6.6 after being filtered (Table 1). Sulfates content in the filtered water was 97% lower than in the nonfiltered water (24 versus 853 mg L-1). Nitrates concentration also decreased from 117 to 20 mg L-1 after filtration. Moreover, the filtration process reduced by 98% the microbiological load in the drinking water.

Productive performance of calves

Calves that drank filtered water during artificial rearing increased their live weight approximately 10% (p<0.05) compared with calves that drank water with high TDS concentration (Table 2). Moreover, a postweaning effect of drinking saline water on calf live weight during rearing was observed (p<0.05); calves drinking filtered water weighed 4.8% more at 84 d-old than calves that drank non-filtered water. Similarly, increases of 23 to 26% in dry matter intake and ADG, respectively, were observed in calves that drank filtered water compared with those that drank nonfiltered water (both p<0.05). The increase in feed intake and ADG in calves that drank water low in TDS can be explained by the improvement in the drinking water quality, which permitted the calves to increase their water and total digestible nutrient intake. Postweaning ADG (57-84 d-old) was similar (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. The TDS content in drinking water slightly affected water intake but not significantly (p<0.08; Table 2). Calves that drank water with a high TDS concentration drank 13% less water than those that drank water with a low TDS content.

Table 2 Parameters of Holstein-Friesian calves given water with high (HTDS) and low (LTDS) total dissolved salts during artificial rearing. 

Characteristics HTDS LTDS
Initial live weight, kg 39.6 ± 1.18a 39.8 ± 1.15a
Live weight at 56 d, kg 58.6 ± 1.18b 64.3 ± 1.14a
Live weight at 84 d, kg 120.6 ± 13b 126.4 ± 13a
Feed intake, g d-1 500 ± 44b 676 ± 42a
ADG at 56 d, g d-1 335 ± 30b 434 ± 20a
ADG at 84 d, g d-1 2240 ± 68a 2250 ± 67a
Water intake, mL d-1 3088 ± 268a 3554 ± 250a
Nitrites, mg L-1 0.06 ± 0 0 ± 0
Total coliforms, CFU 100 ml-1 1,506 ± 1,296 29 ± 21
Fecal coliforms, CFU 100 ml-1 1,301 ± 1,210 18 ± 15

ADG, average daily weight gain; means within rows with different superscript (a, b) letters are statistically different (p<0.05).

Feed and protein digestibility

The digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in solid feed offered to calves during the artificial rearing period was not affected by the decrease in TDS of filtered drinking water (p>0.05; Table 3).

Table 3 Digestibility of solid feed offered to Holstein- Friesian calves that drank water with high (HTDS) and low (LTDS) content of total dissolved salts during artificial rearing. 

Characteristics HTDS LTDS
Dry matter, % 77.2 ± 1.92a 73.0 ± 1.92a
Crude protein, % 68.9 ± 3.20a 61.8 ± 3.20a
Digestible protein consumed (kg kg-1MS) 0.157 ± 0.0a 0.172 ± 0.0a

aMeans within rows with similar superscript letters are not statistically different (p>0.05).

Discussion

Water quality

The chemical composition of groundwater-previously filtered by reverse osmosis- was within permissible standards published by the National Research Council (2001 and 2005) for dairy cattle. According to Beede (2005), the pH of drinking water for dairy cattle should be between 6.4 and 7.0 to prevent health disorders, and from 7.0 to 8.0 for proper functioning of ruminal microorganisms. Thus, water pH (filtered or nonfiltered) was within suitable quality range.

Several studies have shown that dairy cows and calves drinking highly chlorinated water for extended periods are susceptible to decreased productive performance and health problems (Bahman et al., 1993; Solomon et al., 1995; Shapasand et al., 2010). Due to the high concentration of anions and their capacity to combine with metal cations, such as calcium and magnesium, non-filtered groundwater was harder in the present study (913 mg L-1), although it can be softened through desalination (46 mg L-1). Nevertheless, previous findings have shown that drinking water high in calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and manganese ions does not significantly affect water or feed intake, productive performance, or animal health (Umar et al., 2014). Although no adverse effects of high concentrations of carbonates in ruminant drinking water have been reported, water high in both calcium and magnesium affects the productive performance of animals because these elements increase the TDS content (El- Mahdy et al., 2016).

High sulfate levels in drinking water affect water and feed intake in calves, decreasing ADG and increasing the risk of polio-encephalomalacia (Patterson et al., 2003; Patterson et al., 2005; Drewnoski et al., 2014). Moreover, high sulfate concentrations in calf diets interfere with absorption of copper and selenium, generating thiamine deficiency, the main cause of bovine polio-encephalomalacia (Lutnicki et al., 2014). However, sulfate concentrations lower than 1,000 mg L-1 may not affect calf productive performance or health (Wright, 2007).

The National Research Council (2001) established nitrates permissible range in drinking water for livestock as 45-132 mg L-1. Nitrates ingested by ruminants rapidly convert to nitrites by rumen microorganisms, and although no maximum tolerable levels of nitrites in drinking water have been reported, they are absorbed in the rumen wall and flow into the blood, reducing the efficiency of red blood cells to transport oxygen and can cause asphyxia (Wright, 2007). Moreover, although the presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water has negative consequences for livestock health and productive performance, there are few scientific studies concerning this topic (LeJeune et al., 2001; Willms et al., 2002; Sanderson et al., 2005).

Productive performance of calves

The results of the present study are consistent with those found by Patterson et al. (2003), who observed a significant 6.7% increase in dry matter intake and 26% increase in ADG of calves when TDS concentration in drinking water decreased. In a similar study, calves that drank water with 512 versus 7,478 mg L-1 TDS, dry matter intake and ADG increased by 10 and 22%, respectively, in animals that drank water with lower TDS (López et al., 2016). Recently, Sharma et al. (2017) reported similar effects in Murrah buffalo calves, estimating a 17.2% increase in dry matter intake for those that drank water with low TDS (557 versus 8,789 mg L-1 TDS). Likewise, high levels of dissolved sulfates in drinking water decreased dry matter intake and ADG of Holstein-Fresian calves (Weeth and Capps, 1972; Patterson et al., 2004a). In contrast, Bahman et al. (1993) reported that saline water intake (3,574 mg L-1 TDS) had no effect on dry matter intake of Holstein cows, whereas Solomon et al. (1995) reported similar feed intake (23.0 versus 22.6 kg DM d-1) in dairy cows drinking water high or low in salts. In addition, Willms et al. (2002) found that calves that drank clean water (675 mg L-1 TDS) had 9% higher ADG than calves that drank dirty water from puddles (1,783 mg L-1 TDS) during the rearing period, although postweaning ADG of calves was similar between groups.

Water intake

The present results agreed with those reported by Patterson et al. (2004b) who observed a 37% decrease in the intake of water containing 7,268 mg L-1 TDS relative to calves that drank water with 1,226 mg L-1 TDS. Solomon et al. (1995) also observed 8.5% reduced intake of water with high TDS in dairy cattle, while Johnson et al. (2004) reported a water intake decrease of 13% (p<0.06) in growing steers when sulfate concentration increased from 401 to 4,654 mg L-1. Additionally, Sharma et al. (2018) reported a negative correlation (p<0.01) between water intake and TDS level in Murrah buffalo calves. Grout et al. (2006) also observed that high concentrations of MgSO4 (1,500, 3,000, and 4,500 mg SO4 L-1) in the drinking water linearly decreased (p<0.01) water intake of growing calves, and the decrease in water intake was accompanied by an increase in dry matter of feces, suggesting a decrease in feed digestibility. Other researchers (Yirga et al., 2018) suggest that TDS content in drinking water has a greater impact on young animals than adults.

Feed and protein digestibility

The results of the present study are consistent with those reported in other studies (Attia- Ismail et al., 2008; López et al., 2017; Sharma et al., 2017). Sharma et al. (2017) found no differences (p>0.05) in the apparent digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) between buffalo calves that drank water with low and high TDS content. The loss of nitrogen in urine, however, was higher (p<0.05) in calves drinking water with 8,789 mg L-1 TDS compared to water with 6,113 mg L-1 TDS or lower. Likewise, López et al. (2017) did not detect significant effects (p>0.05) of high salinity water on digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber by calves. Previously, Attia-Ismail et al. (2008) also reported nonsignificant (p>0.05) effects of water salinity on digestibility of nutrients in sheep and goats. In contrast, Tsukahara et al. (2016) found decreased organic matter digestibility for goats drinking brackish water (6,900 mg L-1 with 100% saturation of salts) compared with water with lower TDS (505 mg L-1).

In conclusion, the quality of drinking water for rearing calves is of critical importance. Good quality drinking water improves feed and water intake of calves without affecting dry matter digestibility. These improvements allow an increase in total digestible nutrient intake and ADG. Further studies are needed on the effects of specific components of drinking water on the performance of dairy cattle during early growth, development, and production.

References

Attia-Ismail SA, Abdo AR, Asker ART. Effect of salinity level in drinking water on feed intake, nutrition utilization, water intake and turnover and rumen function in sheep and goats. Egypt J of Sheep and Goat Sci 2008; 3(1): 77-94. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/ FullTextPDF/2011/20113239537.pdfLinks ]

Bahman AM, Rooker JA, Topps JH. The performance of dairy cows offered drinking water of a low or high salinity in hot arid climate. Anim Sci 1993; 57(1): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100006565 [ Links ]

Beede DK. The most essential nutrient: water. Proceedings of the 7th Western Dairy Management Conference; 2005 March 9-11 Pages 13-31; Reno, NV. https://cals.arizona.edu/extension/dairy/az_nm_newsletter/2005/june.pdfLinks ]

Brew MN, Carter J, Maddox MK. The impact of water quality on beef cattle health and performance. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, AN187 Publication 2008; Gainesville, Florida. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/-download?doi=10.1.1.578.5177&rep=rep1&type=pdfLinks ]

Coria ML, Fay JP, Cseh SB, Brizuela MA. Efecto de concentraciones elevadas de sales totales y sulfatos en agua de bebida sobre la degradabilidad ruminal in vitro de Thinopyrum ponticum. Arch Med Vet 2007; 39(3): 261-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2007000300010Links ]

Dévora IGE, González ER, Ponce FNE. Técnicas para desalinizar agua de mar y su Desarrollo en México. Ra Ximhai 2012; 8(2): 57-68. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/461/46123333006.pdfLinks ]

Drewnoski ME, Pogge DJ, Hansen SL. High-sulfur in beef cattle diets: A review. J Anim Sci 2014; 92(9): 3763-3780. http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/early/2014/06/30/jas.2013-7242Links ]

El-Mahdy C, Boaru A, Pospescu S, Borda C. Water Quality, Essential Condition Sustaining the Health, Production and Reproduction in Cattle: A Review. Bulletin UASVM Anim Sci and Biotech 2016; 73(2): 113-125. https://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/zootehnie/article/viewFile/12156/9959Links ]

Espinosa VRM, Delfín AI, Hernández OMA. Metodologías para Evaluar la Calidad del Agua. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Alcapotzalco. 1ra. Edición 2006; México. http://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/handle/11191/5085?show=full&locale-attribute=esLinks ]

García E. Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Koppen (para adaptarlo a las condiciones de la República Mexicana). 5ª ed. Instituto de Geografía, UNAM 2004; México. http://www.publicaciones.igg.unam.mx/index.php/ig/catalog/view/83/82/251-1Links ]

Gould HD. Polioencephalomalacia. J Anim Sci 1998; 76(1): 309-314. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.761309xLinks ]

Grout AS, Veira DM, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG, Fraser D. Differential effects of sodium and magnesium sulfate on water consumption by beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2006; 84(5): 1252-1258. http://animalstudiesrepository.org/biocheLinks ]

Huuskonen A, Tuomisto L, Kauppinen R. Effect of drinking water temperature on water intake and performance of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94(5): 2475-2480. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3723Links ]

Huhtanen P, Kaustell K, Jaakkola S. The use of internal markers to predict total digestibility and duodenal flow of nutrients in cattle given six different diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1994; 48(3-4): 211-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90173-2Links ]

Johnson PS, Patterson HH, Haigh R. Effects of sulfates in water on performance of steers grazing rangeland. South Dakota State University Beef Report. Beef 2004; 5(1): 27-30. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2004/9Links ]

Lardner HA, Kirychuk BD, Braul L, Willms WD, Yarotski J. The effect of water quality on cattle performance on pasture. Crop Pasture Sci 2005; 56(1): 97-104. https://www.publish.csiro.au/cp/ar04086Links ]

LeJeune JT, Besser TE, Merill NL, Rice DH, Hancock DD. Livestock drinking water microbiology and the factors influencing the quality of drinking water offered to cattle. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84(8): 1856-1862. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74626-7Links ]

López A, Arroquy JI, Distel RA. Early exposure to and subsequent beef cattle performance with saline water. Livest Sci 2016; 85(3): 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.01.013Links ]

López A, Arroquy JI, Juárez SAV, DiLorenzo N, Barrionuevo M, Distel RA. High-sulfate water consumption determines intake and metabolic responses to protein supplementation in lambs consuming low-quality forage. J Anim Sci 2017; 95(5): 2111-2120. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.1264Links ]

Lutnicki K, Madej E, Riha T, Kurek L. Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants caused by excessive amount of sulphur-a review. Bull Vet Inst in Pulawy 2014; 58(2): 321-326. https://doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0050Links ]

NMX (Norma Mexicana NMX-K- 282-SCFI-2012). Determinación de hidróxidos y carbonatos en soluciones de hipoclorito de sodio - método de prueba. Secretaría de Economía, México. 2012. https://caisatech.net/uploads/XXI_2_MXD_C20_NMX-K-282-SCFI-2012_R0_8MAY2012.pdfLinks ]

NMX (Norma Mexicana NMX-AA-074- SCFI-2014). Análisis de agua - medición de sulfatos en aguas naturales y residuals - métodos de prueba. Secretaría de Economía, México. 2014. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/166149/nmx-aa-074-scfi-2014.pdfLinks ]

NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev ed. National Academy Press 2001; Washington, DC. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9825.htmlLinks ]

NRC. National Research Council. Mineral tolerance of animals. 2th rev. ed. National Academy Press 2005; Washington, DC. https://books.google.com.mx/books?hl=en-&lr=&id=UTva4Zbh_8UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=National+Research+CouncilLinks ]

Patterson HH, Johnson PS, Young DB, Haigh R. Effects of water quality on performance and health of growing steers. South Dakota State University Beef Report. Beef 2003; 15: 101-104. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2003Links ]

Patterson HH, Johnson PS, Ward EH, Gates RN. Effects of sulfates in water on performance of cow-calf pairs. Proceedings Western Section American Society of Animal Science 2004a; 55: 265-268. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2004Links ]

Patterson HH, Johnson PS, Epperson WB, Haigh R. Effects of total dissolved solids and sulfates in drinking water for growing steers. South Dakota State University Beef Report. Beef 2004b;5:27-30. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2004/6Links ]

Patterson HH, Johnson PS, Perry G, Gates NR, Haigh R. Response of cow-calf pairs to water high in sulfates. South Dakota State University Beef Report. Beef 2005; 5: 19-22. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2005/6Links ]

Penning PD, Johnson RH. The use of internal markers to estimate herbage digestibility and intake. 2. Indigestible acid detergent fibre. J Agri Sci Cambridge 1983; 100(1): 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600032524Links ]

Rosas, I., R. Belmont, A. Armienta, A., and A. Baez. Arsenic concentrations in water, soil, milk and forage in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico. Water Air & Soil Pollution 1999; 112(1-2): 133-149. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005095900193Links ]

Ru YJ, Fischer M, Glatz PC, Bao YM. Effect of Salt Level in the Feed on Performance of Red and Fallow Weaner. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2004; 17(5): 638-642. https://www.ajas.info/upload/pdf/17_104.pdfLinks ]

Sanderson MW, Sargeant JM, Renter DG, Griffin DD, Smith RA. Factors associated with the presence of coliforms in the feed and water of feedlot cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71(10): 6026-6032. http://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.6026-6032.2005Links ]

SAS. Statistical Analysis System User’s Guide. Release 9.4. SAS Institute Inc. 2013, Cary, NC, USA. [ Links ]

Schütz K. Effects of Providing Clean Water on the Health and Productivity of Cattle. Report for NRC 2012; 400: 346. https://envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/1051-NLRC142-Effects-of-providing-clean-water-on-the-health-and-productivity-of-cattle.pdfLinks ]

Shapasand M, Alizadeh AR, Yousefi M, Amini J Performanceand Physiological Responses of Dairy Cattle to Water Total Dissolved Solids Under Heat Stress. J Appl Anim Res 2010; 38(2): 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2010.10539504Links ]

Sharma A, Kundu SS, Tariq H, Kewalramani N, Yadav RK. Impact of total dissolved solids in drinking water on nutrient utilisation and growth performance of Murrah buffalo calves. Livest Sci 2017; 198(1): 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.002Links ]

Sharma A, Kundu SS, Tariq H, Kewalramani N, Singh S. Quantitative prediction of drinking water intake of Murrah buffalo calves under saline water. Indian J Anim Res 2018; 52(3): 459-463. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.11169Links ]

SIAP. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Resumen nacional pecuario 2017; México. http://infosiap.siap.gob.mx/repoAvance_siap_gb/pecResumen.jspLinks ]

Socha MT, Ensley SM, Tomlinson DJ, Johnson AB. Variability of water composition and potential impact on animal performance. In Proc Intermountain Nutr Conf 2003 page 85-96; Salt Lake City, UT. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237693729Links ]

Solomon R, Miron J, Ben-Ghedalia D, Zomberg D. Performance of high producing dairy cows offered drinking water of high and low salinity in theArava desert. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78(3): 620-624. https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(95)76672-3/pdfLinks ]

Tsukahara Y, Puchala R, Sahlu T, Goetsch AL. Effects of level of brackish water on feed intake, digestion, heat energy, and blood constituents of growing Boer and Spanish goat wethers. J Anim Sci 2016; 94(9): 3864-3874. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0553Links ]

Umar S, Munir MT, Azeem T, Ali TS, W. Umar W, Rehman A, Shah MA. Effects of water quality on productivity and performance of livestock: A mini review. Open Access J Vet 2014; 2(2): 11-15. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muahammad-_Tanveer_Munir/publication/284550968/links/5654c53d08aeafc2aabc0d90.pdfLinks ]

Valtorta ES, Gallardo RM, Sbodio AO, Revelli RG, Arakaki C, Leva EP, Gaggiotti M, Tercero EJ. Water salinity effects on performance and rumen parameters of lactating grazing Holstein cows. Int J Biometeorol 2008; 52(3): 239-247. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-007-0118-3Links ]

Waldner DN, Looper ML. Water for dairy cattle. Cooperative Extension Service 2007; Guide D-107 Pages 1-5. 2007 New Mexico State University. https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/d/D107.pdfLinks ]

Weeth HJ, Capps DL. Tolerance of growing cattle for sulfate water. J Anim Sci 1972; 34(2): 256-260. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1972.342256xLinks ]

Willms DW, Kenzie RO, McAllister AT, Colwell D, Veira D, Wilmshurst FJ, Entz T, Olson EM. Effects of water quality on cattle performance. J Range Management 2002; 55(5): 452-460. https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jrm/article/view/9741/-9353Links ]

Wong JAC, Sánchez DGR, Cervantes GG, Castillo IO y Avalos JE. Características químicas de aguas de pozos profundos del acuífero de Villa Juárez, Durango. Agrofaz: Publicación semestral de investigación científica 2005; 5(2): 869-874. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2307493Links ]

Wright CL. Management of water quality for beef cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2007; 23(1): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.12.002Links ]

Yirga H, Puchala R, Tsukahara Y, Tesfai K, Sahlu Y, Mengistu UL, Goetsch AL. Effects of level of brackish water and salinity on feed intake, digestion, heat energy, ruminal fluid characteristics, and blood constituent levels in growing Boer goat wethers and mature Boer goat and Katahdin sheep wethers. Small Ruminant Res 2018. 164(1): 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.05.004Links ]

*To cite this article: Ventura-Ríos J, Domínguez-Díaz D, Lara-Bueno A, Villalobos-Villalobos G, López-Ordaz R, Jaimes-Jaimes J, Ruíz-Flores A. Performance of Holstein-Friesian calves drinking desalinated water in the preweaning period. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2022; 35(3): 174-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v35n3a04

Funding: this study had direct economic support from Escuela de Zootecnia y Ecología of Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Cooperativa Agropecuaria y Forestal Chapingo SC de RL, and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Mexico.

Received: March 03, 2020; Accepted: November 01, 2021

*Corresponding author. Primera cerrada de camino real No. 11, Huexotla, Edo. México. 56220. México. E-mail: alarab_11@hotmail.com

Conflicts of interest:

the authors declare they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the work presented in this report

Author contributions:

DDD, ALB: responsible for the design and conception of the study; JJJ: administered the project; JVR: wrote and collected the data; DDD, GVV, ALB, RLO, ARF: reviewed or did critical reading and editing of the paper

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License