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INTRODUCTION
Myriapods (subphylum Myriapoda) are non-flying terrestrial arthropods whose characteristic feature is the presence of a multisegmented head and trunk with numerous pairs of legs (Brusca et al., 2023; Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). Four classes are included within the group: Chilopoda or centipedes, Symphyla or garden centipedes, Pauropoda or pauropods, as well as Diplopoda or millipedes (Giribet and Edgecombe, 2020). Regarding centipedes and millipedes, their worldwide diversity is 3327 and 13,619 species, respectively (Bonato et al., 2016; Sierwald and Spelda, 2023). Both groups are distributed in a wide variety of habitats and microhabitats (David, 2015; Voigtländer, 2011).
Centipedes are predators, mainly nocturnal, that have a pair of appendages (forcipules) capable of inoculating venom and located in the segment of the trunk located behind the head. In addition, centipede length measures between 4 mm and 300 mm and adults have 15 to 191 pairs of legs (Minelli, 2011; Minelli and Koch, 2011). Millipedes, on the other hand, measure from 1.4 to 300 mm, their trunk is formed by diplosegments or rings generally provided with two pairs of legs whose number ranges from 11 to 653 pairs of legs. Most millipedes also have repugnatory glands (ozopores). Specialized appendages (gonopods) for sperm transfer are observed in most male millipedes, and most species are detritivorous, feeding on decaying organic matter (David, 2015; Koch, 2015; Marek et al., 2021).
Honduras is a country of the Neotropical region with a territory of 112,492 km2 and is located in the widest part of the Central American isthmus, where the biogeographic provinces of Mosquito, to the north and east, Tierras Altas de Chiapas, in the center, as well as the Pacific Coast Lowlands, to the south, converge (Morrone et al., 2022; Oficina de Información Diplomática, 2023). However, studies on the diversity of its myriapod fauna are scarce. In fact, consultation by geographic region in online catalogs of global Chilopoda (Chilobase) and Diplopoda (MilliBase) yields that species richness for Honduras is 11 centipedes and 15 millipedes (Bonato et al., 2016; Sierwald and Spelda, 2023).
The millipede Orthoporus otomitus (De Saussure, 1859) was the first myriapod recorded for Honduras (Attems, 1914). Piestophilus carribeanus (Chamberlin, 1915) was the first documented centipede and the first species described as new to the country (Figure 1; Chamberlin, 1915).
Figura 1 Holotype of the centipede Piestophilus carribeanus, catalog number MCZ:IZ:CHIL-1716. Top: anterior ventral view of body (sternites) and forcipules (cephalic plate was detached). Bottom: posterior ventral view of the body (sternites) and last pair of legs. Photo courtesy: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; ©President and Fellows of Harvard College.
The two publications of Chamberlin (1922a, 1922b) were the firsts to review and describe new species of centipedes and millipedes (Figure 2) of Honduras from material deposited in collections: ten species of centipedes, with five described as new, as well as 15 of millipedes, with ten described as new; all species described as new remain valid. The latest published works on the myriapods of Honduras are those of Loomis (1959), describing the millipede Chondrodesmus allenae Loomis, 1959, and de Armas and Cubas-Rodríguez (2023), on the centipede Rhysida celeris (Humbert and De Saussure, 1870).
Figure 2 Images of undescribed myriapods from Honduras. a) Millipede specimen, likely belong to the family Chelodesmidae, from the municipality of Pespire in the department of Choluteca. b) Millipede specimen, probably belong to the family Spirostreptidae from the municipality of Santa Ana. Photographs Alex Cubas.
This paper updates the list of centipedes and millipedes species recorded for Honduras, with the purpose of increasing knowledge about their richness, based on the consultation of online catalogs, as well as scientific papers published in the last 100 years.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The online catalogs Chilobase, MilliBase and Myriatrix (Bonato et al., 2016; Myriatrix, 2023a; Sierwald and Spelda, 2023) were consulted. Searches were performed by distribution or geographic area, in this case Honduras, as well as by particular species. Also, the publications of Attems (1914), Chamberlin (1915, 1922a, 1922b, 1944, 1953), Loomis (1959), Keall (1980), Hoffman (1999), Foddai et al. (2000), Jeekel (2001), Pereira (2013), and de Armas and Cubas-Rodríguez (2023) were reviewed. In addition, the online catalogs from the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (https://collections-zoology.fieldmuseum.org/), U.S. National Entomological Collection of the National Museum of Natural History (https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/ento/#new-search) and the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University (https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/SpecimenSearch.cfm) were consulted.
The list obtained is presented in order according to Bonato et al. (2011), Zhang (2013) and Enghoff et al. (2015) and includes, in addition to the taxonomic hierarchies (in bold) of class, order, family and in some cases subfamily, valid scientific names (in bold), synonyms (ordered alphabetically), localities in Honduras, geographic distribution, comments, host collection and catalog or registry number if available.
The institutional acronyms for myriapod repository collections are FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard; MZUT = Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, Turin; NHMW = Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna; NMNH = National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; and ZMHB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Also, the expression EZID corresponds to a data identifier number; [sic!] denotes a scientific name that retains the misspelling as cited in the original paper; while the symbol "?" represents an identification made correctly, but, for some reason, is still uncertain and needs further research.
RESULTS
Fourteen species, 11 genera, seven families and three orders of centipedes were counted, as well as 21 species, one subspecies, 12 genera, 11 families and seven orders of millipedes. Three species of centipedes and 14 species of millipedes (as well as one subspecies) are endemic to Honduras. According to the information available in databases and literature, myriapods were collected at 13 localities, most located in northwestern and northeastern Honduras, corresponding to the Mosquito province. La Ceiba and San Juan Pueblo in the department of Atlántida, recorded the highest number of species: ten and seven, respectively. The specific localities for three species is unknown.
List of species recorded in Honduras.
Chilopoda Latreille, 1817
Scutigeromorpha Pocock, 1895
Scutigeridae Leach, 1814
Scutigerinae Leach, 1814
Dendrothereua linceci Wood, 1867
Cermatia linceci Wood, 1867
Dendrothereua arborum Verhoeff, 1944
Scutigera cacahuamilpensis Herrera, 1891
Scutigera dorothea Chamberlin, 1943
Scutigera homa Chamberlin, 1942
Scutigera linceci Wood, 1867
Scutigera mexicanaDe Saussure and Humbert, 1872
Scutigera nubilaChamberlin, 1922
Scutigera occidentalis Meinert, 1886
Scutigera phana Chamberlin, 1943
Scutigera tancitarona Chamberlin, 1942
Localities in Honduras: the record for the country was based on the dubious identification of an immature specimen in a shipment of orchids of the genus Laelia that arrived in New Zealand in March 1979, and which was shipped from Honduras (Keall, 1980).
Geographic distribution: from the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, Colombia and the Caribbean (Bonato et al., 2016; Cupul-Magaña, 2019; De Saussure and Humbert, 1872; Edgecombe and Cupul-Magaña 2008).
Comments: records of the species in Honduras, as well as for Panama and Grenada, which have been widely reported in publications, may be the result of misinterpretations of the localities names in the literature and, therefore, should not be considered in determining the geographic distribution of the species (Jiménez and Chagas-Jr, 2022; Myriatrix, 2023b).
Scolopendromorpha Pocock, 1895
Cryptopidae Kohlrausch, 1881
Cryptops (Cryptops) positus Chamberlin, 1939
Localities in Honduras: Chamberlin (1939) erected the species from a specimen designated as holotype, collected in banana waste from Honduras and intercepted on November 1, 1937, in a quarantine center in New Orleans, USA. NMNH Collection, holotype sex undetermined, on banana waste, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/38967e576-34ab-44d8-b819-dd8e4f86641d
Geographic distribution: Honduras and Nicaragua (Chamberlin, 1939; Flores-Urtiaga et al., 2015).
Comments: Chamberlin (1939) designated paratypes of the species from two specimens collected at the same quarantine center in New Orleans on 21 November 1936, but from Nicaragua. It is also likely that these Honduran specimens came from the north of the country, between the departments of Atlántida and Cortés, where the banana exporting areas were located during the 1930s (Soluri, 2001).
Cryptops (Cryptops) pugnans Chamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: Progreso, department of Yoro (Chamberlin, 1922a). NMNH Collection, holotype sex undetermined, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3a0d0fd8b-1ff8-4f42-a868-866e84cbd771
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Scolopendridae Leach, 1814
Scolopendrinae Leach, 1814
Rhysida celeris (Humbert and De Saussure, 1870)
Branchiostoma celerHumbert and De Saussure, 1870
Rhysida caripensis González-Sponga, 2002
Rhysida celeris Pocock, 1896
Rhysida celeris andina Bücherl, 1953
Rhysida guayanica González-Sponga, 2002
Rhysida maritima Gonzalez-Sponga, 2002
Rhysida monaguensis González-Sponga, 2002
Rhysida neoespartana González-Sponga, 2002
Rhysida porlamarensis González-Sponga, 2002
Rhysida sucupanensis González-Sponga, 2002
Trematophychus celeris Chamberlin, 1914
Localities in Honduras: island of Útila, department of Islas de la Bahía (de Armas and Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023).
Geographic distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela (Chagas-Jr, 2013; de Armas and Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023; Myriatrix, 2023c).
Comments: the recorded specimen was observed as prey of the scorpion Centruroides limbatus (de Armas and Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023).
Scolopendra polymorpha Wood, 1861
Scolopendra californicaHumbert and De Saussure, 1870
Scolopendra copeiana Wood, 1862
Scolopendra copeiana gaumeri Pocock, 1895
Scolopendra leptodera Kohlrausch, 1878
Scolopendra michelbacheri Verhoeff, 1938
Scolopendra mohavea Chamberlin, 1912
Scolopendra mysteca Humbert and Saussure, 1869
Scolopendra pachypus Kohlrausch, 1878
Scolopendra polymorpha pueblaeChamberlin, 1915
Scolopendra viridilimbata Daday, 1891
Localities in Honduras: Bonacca Island, department of Islas de la Bahía (Chamberlin, 1922a).
Geographic distribution: United States (Fort Riley type locality), Mexico and Honduras; possibly Belize and introduced to Hawaii (Shelley, 2006).
Scolopendra viridis Say, 1821
Scolopendra azteca De Saussure, 1858
Scolopendra cuivis Pocock, 1891
Scolopendra microcanthus Bollman, 1889
Scolopendra nicaraguensis Bollman, 1893
Scolopendra otomita De Saussure, 1858
Scolopendra utahana Chamberlin, 1925
Scolopendra viridis tolteca De Saussure, 1860
Localities in Honduras: not specified, only Honduras (Chamberlin, 1922a).
Geographic distribution: Costa Rica, El Salvador, United States (type locality at an unknown site on the coasts of Georgia or Florida), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama (Bonato et al., 2016; Shelley, 2002).
Scolopocryptopidae Pocock, 1896
Scolopocryptopinae Pocock, 1896
Scolopocryptops ferrugineus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Otocryptops ferrugineus gabonensis Demange, 1968
Otocryptops ferrugineus nimbanus Demange, 1963
Otocryptops ferrugineus soucupi Bücherl, 1943
Scolopendra ferruginea Linnaeus, 1767
Scolopocryptops antillarum Marshall, 1878
Scolopocryptops bisulca Karsch, 1884
Scolopocryptops ferrugineus gabonensis Demange, 1968
Scolopocryptops ferrugineus nimbanus Demange, 1963
Scolopocryptops meinerti Pocock, 1888
Scolopocryptops mexicana Humbert and De Saussure, 1869
Scolopocryptops miersii peruanus Verhoeff, 1941
Scolopocryptops rufa Gervais, 1847
Scolopocryptops strigilis Karsch, 1884
Localities in Honduras: Choloma, department of Cortés (Chamberlin, 1922a).
Geographic distribution: West Africa (type locality), Bahamas, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Martinique, Mexico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Peru, and Venezuela (Chagas-Jr, 2003; Martínez-Muñoz and Perez-Gelabert, 2018).
Scolopocryptops melanostoma Newport, 1845
Otocryptops aculeatus Attems, 1897
Scolopocryptops boholiensis Kohlrausch, 1881
Scolopocryptops geophilicornis Tömösváry, 1885
Scolopocryptops longiceps Pocock, 1891
Scolopocryptops luzonicus Kohlrausch, 1879
Localities in Honduras: San Juan Pueblo, La Masica, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922a).
Geographic distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Hispaniola, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Peru, St. Vincent and the Grenadines (Saint Vincent, type locality), Taiwan, Trinidad and Venezuela (Chagas-Jr, 2008; Chamberlin, 1922a; Martínez-Muñoz and Perez-Gelabert, 2018; Schileyko, 1995).
Newportinae Pocock, 1896
Newportia stolli (Pocock, 1896)
Newportia mimeticaChamberlin, 1922
Newportia sulanaChamberlin, 1922
Scolopendrides stolli Pocock, 1896
Localities in Honduras: Progreso, department of Yoro; San Pedro Sula, department of Cortés; Lombardia, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922a).
Geographic distribution: Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala (Quezaltenango type locality), Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico (Martínez-Muñoz and Tcherva, 2017; Schileyko and Minelli, 1998).
Comments: Both N. (Newportia) stolli and N. (N.) monticola are among the most geographically widely distributed Newportia species. However, molecular studies suggest that the wide distribution is partly an artifact of morphology-based identifications (Edgecombe et al., 2015).
Geophilomorpha Pocock, 1895
Geophilidae Leach, 1815
Piestophilus carribeanus (Chamberlin, 1915)
Leptophilus carribeanusChamberlin, 1915
Localities in Honduras: Swan Island (Swan Island in the original citation) in the Honduran Caribbean, department of Islas de la Bahía (Chamberlin, 1915; Foddai et al., 2000). MCZ Collection, male holotype, catalog number CHIL-1716.
Geographic distribution: Cuba and Honduras (see comments; Foddai et al., 2000).
Comments: in the MCZ Collection, catalog number 32551, are deposited two specimens identified by Ralph E. Crabill, dated March 10, 1962, collected in a sugar cane field in the town of Jatibonico, Sancti Spiritus province, Cuba.
Polycricus tardus (Chamberlin, 1922)
Suturodes tardusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: San Juan Pueblo, La Masica, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922a). NMNH Collection, holotype sex undetermined, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/30baecebc-fa59-4162-8109-313691d1ecb6
Geographic distribution: Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama (Foddai et al., 2000).
Comments: in the NMNH Collection, EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/31ae5c651-eaf6-4ff6-a08c-5b634ad4b5b6, the female holotype of Suturodes schmidti (synonym of Polycricus schmidti) is erroneously assigned to the type locality of San Pedro Sula, the correct type locality is Tajumulco volcano, San Marcos, Guatemala (Chamberlin, 1944; Foddai et al., 2000).
Oryidae Cook, 1895
Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport, 1845)
Geophilus bilineatus Peters, 1855
Orphnaeus lividus Meinert, 1870
Orya xanti Tömösváry, 1885
Scolopendra phosphoreus Linnaeus, 1758
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida; Choloma and San Pedro Sula, department of Cortés (Chamberlin, 1922a; Foddai et al., 2000).
Geographic distribution: wide distribution in tropical regions, often introduced (Bonato et al., 2011; Foddai et al., 2000).
Schendylidae Cook, 1896
Ityphilus ceibanusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922a; Foddai et al., 2000). NMNH Collection, holotype sex undetermined, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3196a71be-b9f4-4088-b8b3-39af9b829b89
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Comments: the species was described on the basis of a single, incomplete specimen, with the posterior end of the body misplaced (Chamberlin, 1922a). For this reason, it doubtful the specimen really belongs to the genus (Pereira, 2013).
Tanophilus hondurasanusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: Cerro Cecilia, department of Olancho (Chamberlin, 1922a; Foddai et al., 2000). NMNH Collection, holotype not found.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844
Chilognatha Latreille, 1802/1803
Platydesmida De Saussure, 1860
Platydesmidae De Saussure, 1860
Platydesmus interruptusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: San Juan Pueblo, La Masica, department of Atlántida (type locality); La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, holotype not specified, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3ef040d80-17a0-49e6-96fe-42a9ce2915af.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Platydesmus interruptus simplexChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: San Juan Pueblo, la Masica, department of Atlántida (type locality); La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, holotype not specified, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3a2a8971e-1566-4065-b213-54c36cd29df0
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Siphonophorida Newport, 1844
Siphonophoridae Newport, 1844
Columbianum telana (Chamberlin, 1922)
Chamberlinium telanum Chamberlin, 1922
Siphonophora telanaChamberlin, 1922
Siphonophorella telanaChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: Tela, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999; Jeekel, 2001; Sierwald and Spelda, 2023). NMNH Collection, holotype female, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/33b793c4a-b93f-4f96-9717-e862cb639284.
Geographic distribution: endemic and probably C. aviceps (Loomis, 1961) from Panama is its synonym (Read and Enghoff, 2018).
Columbianum progressor (Chamberlin, 1922)
Siphonophora progressorChamberlin, 1922
Siphonophorella progressorChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: Progreso, department of Yoro (Chamberlin, 1922b; Read and Enghoff, 2018). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3e25d08db-58cd-41e6-b807-fcef6ead8ff2.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Polydesmida Pocock, 1887
Chelodesmidae Cook, 1895
Chondrodesmus alidensChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Hoffman, 1999; Chamberlin, 1922b). MNNH Collection, holotype female, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34ad4bae3-a69d-4315-b21e-075b786b9192.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Chondrodesmus allenae Loomis, 1968
Chondrodesmus alleniLoomis, 1959
Localities in Honduras: Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Tegucigalpa, department of Francisco Morazán (Hoffman, 1999; Loomis, 1959). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3286cf750-28fe-47c6-af5c-cc5b610401f4.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Chondrodesmus tuberculiferChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3dd9a2b76-d46e-4fe2-9a7e-132e11ace48b.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Schistides atopophallusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: San Juan Pueblo, La Masica, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/396640879-a56b-4e3c-8bd5-784ccc8a033f.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Aphelidesmidae Brölemann, 1916
Amplinus constrictusChamberlin, 1953
Localities in Honduras: camp east of San Pedro Sula, department of Cortés, altitude 1372 m (4500 ft in the original reference), collected in bromeliad on a tree (Chamberlin, 1953; Hoffman, 1999; Sierwald et al., 2005). FMNH Collection, male holotype, catalog number FMNHINS 0000 000 536, vial 6A 6244 (Sierwald et al., 2005).
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Amplinus manniChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, Atlántida department (type locality); Lombardia, Atlántida department (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34686c0e3-0e45-4104-9cd9-768991524c04.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Amplinus mimusChamberlin, 1953
Localities in Honduras: camp east of San Pedro Sula, department of Cortés (Chamberlin, 1953; Hoffman, 1999; Sierwald et al., 2005). FMNH Collection, holotype female, catalog number FMNHINS 0000 000 529, vial 6A 529 (Sierwald et al., 2005).
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Amplinus orphinusChamberlin, 1922
Pseudamplinus orphinus [sic!] (Chamberlin, 1922)
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (type locality) (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1954, 1999; Sierwald et al., 2005). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3f9d4e2f5-5860-4a2a-8b16-2b2e5aed6af6.
Geographic distribution: Belize, Guatemala and Honduras (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999).
Comments: Sierwald et al. (2005) do not cite the holotype deposited in the NMNH collection: a paratype female in vial 6A 6244.
Holistophallidae Silvestri, 1909
Holistophallus peregrinusSilvestri, 1909
Localities in Honduras: Progreso, department of Yoro; San Juan Pueblo, La Masica, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999).
Geographic distribution: Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico (Tabasco, type locality) (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999; Silvestri, 1909).
Comments: in the publications of Silvestri (1909) and Sierwald and Spelda (2023) the type is cited as being deposited in the MZUT Collection; however, consultation with curator Roberta Tota did not yield its presence in catalogs or in the collection.
Sphaeriodesmidae
Sphaeriodesmus hondurasanusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: San Juan Pueblo, La Masica, department of Atlántida (type locality); Lombardia, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/374232d88-8e7c-4278-b061-63f28a38a1c6
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Paradoxosomatidae Daday, 1889
Orthomorpha coarctata (De Saussure, 1860)
Asiomorpha coarctata De Saussure, 1860
Asiomorpha watsa Chamberlin, 1950
Brasilogonopus attemsi Verhoeff, 1943
Onciurosoma coarctata De Saussure, 1860
Orthomorpha coarctata gigas Attems, 1927
Orthomorphina coarctata Saussure, 1860
Orthomorphina watsa Chamberlin, 1950
Oxidus coarctatus De Saussure, 1860
Paradesmus flavocarinatus Daday, 1889
Paradesmus poeyi Bollman, 1887
Paradesmus vicarius Karsch, 1881
Polydesmus coarctatus De Saussure, 1860
Strongylazoma poeyi Bollman, 1887
Strongylosoma coarctata De Saussure, 1860
Strongylosoma coarctatum De Saussure, 1860
Localities in Honduras: Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Tegucigalpa, department of Francisco Morazán (Loomis, 1959).
Geographic distribution: introduced, with a wide Neotropical distribution (Shelley and Lehtinen, 1998).
Chordeumatida Pocock, 1894
Cleidogonidae Cook, 1896
Cleidogona ceibanaChamberlin, 1922
Hirsutogona ceibana (Chamberlin, 1922)
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999; Kraus, 1954). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/38da56cad-f6ff-4e9f-b563-36945b88eebb.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Stemmiulida Pocock, 1894
Stemmiulidae Pocock, 1894
Prostemmiulus lombardiaeChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: Lombardia, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, holotype female, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/35830af9b-7024-4467-a8ac-f4fc90dd7f6e.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Prostemmiulus relictusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: La Ceiba, department of Atlántida (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999). NMNH Collection, male holotype, no catalog number. EZID: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34fef8881-1e64-4469-b966-6c0ef5cfb0c6.
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Comments: in Chamberlin's publication (1922b) the original name of the genus is misspelled as Prostemimiulus.
Spirostreptida Brandt, 1833
Spirostreptidae Brandt, 1833
Orthoporus absconsusChamberlin, 1922
Scaphiostreptus absconsusChamberlin, 1922
Localities in Honduras: Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Tegucigalpa, department of Francisco Morazán (Hoffman, 1999; Loomis, 1959).
Geographic distribution: Costa Rica (type locality in Santo Domingo de San Mateo), El Salvador and Honduras (Chamberlin, 1922b; Hoffman, 1999).
Orthoporus otomitus (De Saussure, 1859)
Julus otomitusDe Saussure, 1859
Spirostreptus otomitusDe Saussure, 1859
Localities in Honduras: Trujillo, department of Colón (Attems, 1914; Krabbe, 1982). Syntypes in ZMHB (catalog number ZMB212) and NHMW (inventory and acquisition numbers 2445 and 1866.I.H, respectively) collections (Hollier et al., 2017).
Geographic distribution: Honduras and Mexico (contains type locality) (Attems, 1914; De Saussure, 1859; Hollier et al., 2017; Krabbe, 1982; Sierwald and Spelda, 2023).
Spirobolida Bollman, 1893
Messicobolidae Loomis, 1968
Messicobolus mundus (Chamberlin, 1953)
Oxobolus mundusChamberlin, 1953
Localities in Honduras: San Pedro Sula, department of Cortés (Chamberlin, 1953; Hoffman, 1999; Sierwald et al., 2005). FMNH Collection, male holotype, FMNH catalog number FMNH FMNHINS 0000 001 077, vial 9E 1077 (Sierwald et al., 2005).
Geographic distribution: endemic.
Messicobolus santanus (Chamberlin, 1953)
Oxobolus santanusChamberlin, 1953
Localities in Honduras: source or spring of the Santa Ana river in San Pedro Sula, department of Cortés, elevation 1372 m (4500 ft in original citation) (Chamberlin, 1953; Hoffman, 1999; Sierwald et al., 2005). FMNH Collection, male holotype, FMNH catalog number FMNH FMNHINS 0000 001 078, vial 9F 1078 (Sierwald et al., 2005).
Geographic distribution: endemic.
DISCUSSION
Most of the records of centipedes and millipedes in northwestern and northeastern Honduras, as well as the few collecting effort in the rest of the territory, are the result of non-systematized collections of specimens that were subsequently sent to specialists for identification. To date, no field campaign has been carried out to recognize the myriapods fauna of specific areas.
In this work, three more centipede and six more millipede species were recorded than those obtained from the revision of Chilobase and MilliBase. The inclusion of the centipedes Dendrothereua linceci (Wood, 1867) and Ityphilus ceibanusChamberlin, 1922 among the species for Honduras should be taken with reservations because of their doubtful identification (for more details see the notes on both species in the taxonomic list). Three species of centipedes and 14 species of millipedes (plus one subspecies) are endemic.
The genera of centipedes recorded in Honduras are well represented as in the Caribbean region as in North and South America (Bonato and Zapparoli, 2011). The genus Tanophilus is the only genus endemic to the country (Chamberlin, 1922a; Crabill, 1960) so far. Meanwhile, as for millipede orders, all of them have representatives in the Neotropical region (Enghoff, 2015). In fact, it is to be expected that occur many more species in the country, because as it is known in the Neotropics occur the millipedes families Rhinocricidae, Chelodesmidae, Rhachodesmidae, Sphaeriodesmidae and Spirostreptidae (all of them well represented in Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua), as well as centipedes of the family Scolopocryptopidae are dominant in the myriapods diversity (Bonato and Zapparoli, 2011; Enghoff, 2015). Although centipedes of the order Lithobiomorpha, a group for which there are no formal records for some areas of the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas (Bonato and Zapparoli, 2011), have not been collected in the country, they are known to occur in the country from their photographic documentation on the iNaturalist website (iNaturalistEC, 2023).
Although the collection sites have been circumstantial in the north of the country, it is at least possible to relate the presence of the species to coniferous, broadleaf and mixed forests, as well as large tracts of land without forest (Figure 3; Mora et al., 2018). In fact, it is noteworthy, at least until 2015, that 44% of the area of Honduras have lost more than 33 tons of soil per hectare per year, tripling the acceptable level of soil loss of 11 tons per hectare per year (Irazoque, 2015). This situation will certainly result in the potential loss of habitat for myriapods.
Figure 3 Some types of environments in Honduras with potential to observe myriapods. a) Dry forest fragment trail in Pespire, Department of Choluteca. b) Coconut palm trunk in the tropical forest of the Útila island (Atlantic Ocean), where myriapods have been found (not determined). c) Tropical dry forest, Canal Seco, Department of Comayagua. Photographs Alex Cubas.
The results show the lack of studies to know the regional diversity and its interactions with the environment. In fact, most of the records and descriptions have been made from specimens deposited in scientific collections outside Honduras (see Chamberlin, 1922a, 1922b) or sent to researchers for review (see Chamberlin, 1953; Loomis, 1959).
