Introduction:

Selenium is, at the same time, toxic if ingested in great amounts and an essential micronutrient to several metabolic processes in both animals and humans. Selenium deficiency is being related to an increased chance to develop diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, among others. In medicinal chemistry, selenium has gained in importance since the discovery of ebselen, ethaselen, and diphenyl disselenide.

Objectives:

This review aims to compile the main data avail-able on the literature on the importance of selenium to human life, providing an overview of its biological role, the main diseases related to its deficiency, as well as the medicinal chemistry of the three most prominent organoselenium compounds.

Methodology:

Articles and academic thesis, published in English and Portuguese, showing the role of selenium in biochemistry and medicinal chemistry were recov-ered from SciFinder, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

Results:

So far, 25 selenopro-teins that play a biological role in humans and animals were identified. It is known that selenium deficiency is directly related not only to a predisposition to developing some diseases but is also the main cause of illnesses such as Keshan and Kashin-Beck. In the medicinal chemistry field, the development of selenium-containing bioactive compounds with low toxicity was proved possible.

Conclusion:

Selenium is an essential element to life, being the core component of selenoproteins. The under-standing of the biochemical processes modulated by those proteins is mandatory to medicinal chemists willing to develop potent organoselenium drugs.