Introduction:

In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of mycobacterioses caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, which are considered as emerging pathogens. Their presence depends on several factors such as the clinical history, the health status of the affected person, and the presence of these microorganisms in the water, the soil, and the animals, among others.

Objective:

To describe the mycobacteria and the etiological agent identified in isolates received at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Micobacterias of the Instituto Nacional de Salud between 2012 and 2016.

Materials and methods:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of samples from 273 patients with mycobacterioses. We analyzed the following variables: mycobacteriosis type, etiological agent, and associated predisposing factors.

Results:

57.1% of the cases presented pulmonary mycobacteriosis; 26%, cutaneous; 10.6%, disseminated, and 2.6%, lymphatic. We found the Mycobacterium avium complex more frequently in pulmonary mycobacteriosis, while M. abscessus was more frequent in the extrapulmonary types of the disease. Patients with pulmonary mycobacteriosis had a history of tuberculosis more frequently than those with extrapulmonary forms.

Conclusion:

These findings highlight the importance of the differential diagnosis between M. tuberculosis complex species and non-tuberculous mycobacteria since the latter are genetically resistant to conventional antituberculosis drugs.

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