Abstract

ROMERO-VIVAS, Claudia M  and  FALCONAR, Andrew K. Leptospira spp. and human leptospirosis. Salud, Barranquilla [online]. 2016, vol.32, n.1, pp.123-143. ISSN 0120-5552.  https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.32.1.8479.

Leptospirosis, the world's most important emerging bacterial zoonotic disease, is caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. To review the latest information on Leptospira spp. and leptospirosis. We reviewed PubMed indexed papers on leptospiral microbiology, epidemiology, clinicalhuman disease, diagnostics, treatment, and disease prevention (vaccines). Twenty Leptospira species have been described and, although the genomic DNA sequences ofsome pathogenic Leptospira spp. strains have been determined, the functions of most genesinvolved in their pathogenicity remain unknown. Leptospirosis is displayed by a range ofsymptoms from undifferentiated fever to severe jaundice, hemorrhage, renal and pulmonary failures. Pulmonary disease has the highest mortalities. An early intravenous penicillin G therapies is urgently required to reduce the mortality rates, but antibiotic therapy may not be effective in severe pulmonary disease. In the Americas, the highest risk areas are Brazil, Central America and the Caribbean islands. Few studies have however been performed in Colombia. The "gold standard" serological assay, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), has a high sensitive and specificity when used with appropriate panels of Leptospira spp. serovars and it is serogroup specific. Vaccines, are administered to animals to generate serovar-specific protective responses, but may not prevent infection or transmission. Problems in the laboratory based diagnostics of leptospirosis result in under-reporting of the number of disease cases; the high mortality rates associated with severe renal and pulmonary failures result from difficulties in case management.

Keywords : Leptospira; classification; leptospirosis; clinical presentation; diagnostics; epidemiology; treatment.

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