Resumen

RODRIGUEZ-PEREZ, Loyla. Physiological implications of osmoregulation in plants. Agron. colomb. [online]. 2006, vol.24, n.1, pp.28-37. ISSN 0120-9965.

Under natural conditions, the plants are exposed to changing environmental conditions that determine complex respuests that influence in the growth, development and productivity of the crops. The conditions of drought and salinity in the soils are the greater causes of stress in the crops and cause lost economic in the world agriculture. The drought as the salinity are osmotic stress that inhibits the growth and cause interferences at metabolic level. The recognition of the biochemical and physiologic mechanisms involved in the osmoregulation involved in the osmotic stress allows to implement new strategies for the handling and improvement of the cultivations under conditions of stress hidric and saline. Different mechanisms are recognized through which the plants manage to adapt and to tolerate the changes in the water potential, between which stand: the water transport by acuaporins, the estomatic closing, the synthesis of compatible osmolites, the ión transport through selective systems of sodium and potassium and those not selective located in the biological membranes and the etrution and compartimentalization of sodium. The osmoregulation confers to the plants the capacity to tolerate conditions of drought and high salinity, with the expression of adaptative mechanisms that avoid the reduction of the photosynthesis, alterations in the allocation photoasimilates and losses in yield, facts that have significant transcendency in the normal physiology of the plant and in the productivity of the crops. The present review has as central objective, to report the discoveries more recent envelope the smorregulation process in exposed cultivated plants to stress by water deficit and by salinity in the soils.

Palabras clave : osmotic adjustment; stress; salinity; drought.

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