SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.86 issue209Delineation of special economic zones using integer linear programmingSix Sigma as a competitive strategy: main applications, implementation areas and critical success factors (CSF) author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • On index processCited by Google
  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO
  • On index processSimilars in Google

Share


DYNA

Print version ISSN 0012-7353

Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas vol.86 no.209 Medellín Apr./June 2019

https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n209.77613 

Artículos

Correlation between permeability and porosity for pervious concrete (PC)

Correlación de la permeabilidad y la porosidad para el concreto permeable (CoPe)

Gersson F. B. Sandoval a   *  

Isaac Galobardes b  

Nicole Schwantes-Cezario a  

André Campos c  

Berenice M. Toralles a  

a Departamento de Construção Civil, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. nicoleshwantes@hotmail.com, toralles@uel.br

b Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. isaac.galobardes@xjtlu.edu.cn

c Departamento de Estruturas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. andre.moura@uel.br


Abstract

The aim of this study was to propose a correlation for the hydraulic parameters of pervious concrete (PC). Thus, three aggregates from civil construction waste and one basalt aggregate (reference) were used to produce PC. The ratio c/a (cement: aggregate) 1:3.26 and a w/c ratio of 0.34 were used in all mixtures. Compressive and flexure tensile strength tests were performed to mechanically characterize the mixtures produced, whereas porosity and constant head permeability tests were also carried out to assess the material hydraulic properties. Firstly, the experimental results were compared with the requirements established in international guidelines (ACI 522R-10, NBR 16416 (2015) and VTT-R-080225-13). The results complied with the guidelines indicating it is feasible to produce pervious concretes with the sustainable aggregates used in the study in low structural applications such as walkways. On the other hand, a correlation between permeability and porosity was proposed based on Darcy’s and Bernoulli’s laws. The proposed equation, obtained by means of a non-linear regression, is an exponential equation that characterizes the hydraulic efficiency of the internal channels of the material considering the pores interconnection. The correlation between porosity and permeability was finally validated using results from the literature showing the same trend found in laboratory, and therefore it was demonstrated that the proposed correlation in an efficient tool to predict the hydraulic efficiency of pervious concrete.

Keywords: pervious concrete; permeability; porosity; correlation; sustainable aggregates; non-linear regression.

Resumen

El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una correlación para los parámetros hidráulicos del concreto permeable (CoPe). Para esto, se utilizaron 3 agregados de residuos de construcción civil y 1 agregado de basalto como referencia para producir CoPe. La relación 1: 3.26 (cemento: agregado) se trabajó en todas las mezclas, una relación a/c de 0.34. Se realizaron pruebas de resistencia a la compresión y resistencia a la flexión para caracterizar mecánicamente el concreto producido y verificar el cumplimiento con los estándares ACI 522R-10, NBR 16416 (2015) y VTT-R-080225-13. También se llevaron a cabo pruebas de porosidad y permeabilidad a carga constante para estudiar las propiedades hidráulicas del material. Los resultados indican que es factible producir concreto permeable con agregados sostenibles que cumplan con los estándares y que se podría usar en la construcción de calzadas. Por otro lado, se propone una correlación de permeabilidad y porosidad que involucra las leyes de Bernoulli y Darcy y establece las condiciones de contorno en las que funcionan estas dos propiedades, teniendo como conclusión una ecuación exponencial que caracteriza la eficiencia hidráulica de los canales internos del material relacionado. A la interconexión de poros. Al realizar la regresión no lineal, la ecuación se ajusta a los resultados encontrados y se ajusta a lo que se encuentra en la literatura, siendo una herramienta excelente para identificar la eficiencia hidráulica del material.

Palabras clave: concreto permeable; permeabilidad; porosidad; correlación; agregados sostenibles; regresión no lineal

1. Introduction

Pervious Concrete (PC) is an especial concrete whose main characteristic is its high permeability, which is related to the porosity of the PC. Since PC is a coarse-aggregate concrete, it facilitates the creation of large interconnected voids that allow the passage of water at high speed [1-5].

Porosity in PC is governed by mix proportion, grain size distribution, typology of the aggregates and the applied compaction process [6-8]. These variables conduct PCs with high variability in hydraulic terms. Generally, the porosity in PC varies from 15 to 30% [9,10] so that the material is considered pervious.

Permeability is the most important property of PC, this is derived from the Darcy´s law for water flow in porous media, and contributes to the PC objective that is the flow of surface runoff through its structure quickly and safely [11-13]. The methodology to measure the permeability can affect the result. According to the literature, two types of tests are applied: Falling or Constant [9-12]. Values of permeability coefficient from 1.5 to 30 mm/s were found [10,14,15].

The correlation for permeability and porosity for PC has been widely studied by some researchers (Fig. 1 and Table 1, Eq. 1, Eq. 2, Eq. 3, Eq. 4, Eq. 5, Eq. 6). The relationship of these two parameters has predominantly an exponential tendency. However, some authors consider that its trend is linear (considering a proportionality between the two properties), as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 there are enormous differences with the results found among the correlations.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 1 Correlations for permeability and porosity found in literature. Review. 

Table 1 References and correlations for permeability and porosity found in literature review. 

Source: The Authors.

After all, the results found applying these correlations are not entirely realistic, since in most cases for porosities equal to zero, there are permeability values, and in others it gives negative values.

On the other hand, very high permeability values (>40mm/s) were found and for PC it is difficult to reach this limit of permeability. Therefore, the boundary conditions in which these two hydraulic parameters vary have not been established.

Additionally, these proposed correlations do not help in making decisions to run a PC in the field, since they do not establish that there may be a PC that meets the minimum mechanical parameters and in turn it is hydraulically efficient.

PC is generally composed of cement, coarse aggregates (conventional or recycled), water and admixtures (additives and additions). The choice of the grain size distribution of the coarse aggregates depends on the final properties requirement: a continuous grading is recommended if greater strength is required; on the other hand, greater permeability may be obtained using more uniform particle sizes [21-23]. According to the literature [1], the cement ratio (w/c) of PC varies from 0.22 to 0.40.

When conventional aggregates were used to make PC the compressive strength of pervious concrete varied from 3-30 MPa [1,24,25]. Additionally, the use of recycled aggregates has been incorporated in the composition of PC obtaining good results in hydraulic terms [26]. The porosity of the PC manufactured with CCW varied from 23 to 26 %, and the compressive strength ranged from 7 to 12 MPa (which is lower when compared to PC with conventional aggregates) [13,26,27]. These differences are related to the high heterogeneity and the nature of this type of aggregates.

As its mechanical properties are so varied, PC can be used in parking lots, parks, light traffic pavements, pool edges and walkways [28]. For these applications, the runoff reduction and the need to contribute to the recharge of aquifers are the main required properties, and they are directly related to the hydraulic properties instead of the compressive strength [1,25]. These facts made the PC an environmentally friendly material and with the prominent potential to contribute to the solution of the problems related to the runoff.

An experimental program was developed, with the intention to answer these research gaps which initially contemplated the mechanical and hydraulic characterization for PC produced with 4 types of aggregates (electric furnace slag (EFS), ceramic waste (CW), recycled concrete (RCA) and basalt). Then, the verification of compliance with the minimum parameters of the international standards and finally a new model for the hydraulic properties (k-Φ) were proposed and validated with other researcher’s results.

2. Research significance

PC has a very heterogeneous hydraulic behavior, in other words the material can have an equal porosity and two different coefficients of permeability. This is related to the grain size distribution of the aggregates, the amount of cement paste used, the method of compaction executed and the interconnectivity of the voids. These parameters have been studied and there are still great controversies on the contribution of each of them with the interconnectivity of gaps [10].

Therefore, this work studies the possibility to create a correlation of hydraulic properties that allows to identify how efficient the PC will be in terms of permeability based on its porosity, taking into consideration two major laws of hydraulics such as Darcy and Bernoulli's laws. For this, an experimental program divided into four phases was established, as shown in Fig. 2.

As shown in Fig. 2, phase 1 regards the mechanical characterization of the PC mixes and the evaluation of the experimental results; in phase 2 the hydraulic properties of the mixtures are studied; phase 3 compares the experimental data with the requirements established in international standards, and finally, in phase 4 a proposal equation to correlate the hydraulic parameters (porosity and permeability) is presented.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 2 Research Summary. 

The proposed model will allow to identify how efficient the PC is hydraulically, allowing to find PCs that have a balance of their hydraulic properties, and at the same time comply with the mechanical parameters required by international standards. Therefore, this correlation would be of great help in order to successfully disseminate and apply the material in the project and work.

3. Experimental program

3.1. Materials

The cement used in this study was a CP II-F-32 (Brazilian denomination). This presents a limestone filler addition content of 6-10% that allows a reduction of the clinker in its manufacture and therefore is more environmentally friendly. Tap water was used in the production process to fulfill the standard requirements.

Four different types of aggregates were used in this study (Fig. 3): Basalt, Electric Furnace Slag (EFS), Ceramic Waste (CW) and Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA). Notice that basalt is obtained by quarrying process, and thus it is a non-renewable resource, and besides it is the most common aggregate in southern Brazil. That is the main reason why Basalt is used as a reference in the study. On the other hand, EFS, CW, and RCA are denominated sustainable aggregates. EFS comes from the processes for melting scrap metal (recycling) and making new steel products, whereas CW and RCA from the waste generated during construction and demolition of civil infrastructures, the first one of the traditional construction systems, and the second of the construction with structural masonry.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 3 Aggregates: a) Basalt b) EFS c) CW and d) RCA. 

Table 2 Aggregates characterization. 

Source: The Authors.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 4 Basalt, EFS, CW and RCA particle size distribution. 

Table 2 presents the density, materials finer than 75 μm, water absorption, bulk density and determination of material finer than 0.075 mm sieve (fines content) for each type of aggregate. These properties were obtained following the requirements of the Brazilian standards NBR NM 53/2003 (ASTM C 127-84) [29], NBR NM 46/2003 (ASTM C 117 - 90) [30], and NBR NM 45/2006 (ASTM C 29 - 90) [31].

The values of these properties are important to correct the water absorption of each aggregate without changing the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of mix proportion and therefore affecting the mechanical properties of the mixtures [32]. The aggregate that presented higher absorption was CW, what is related to its heterogeneous nature [13,15,20], as expected the density of the sustainable aggregates is lower than the reference due to its production process and nature.

All mixtures were produced with a maximum size of aggregate of 9.5 mm, regardless of the type of aggregate. This was considered to simulate a typical composition of PC [12,21,22]. This type of concrete composed with the selected maximum size presents reasonable mechanical properties without affecting the hydraulic features [23,24]. Fig. 4 presents the particle size distribution of all aggregates used in the study.

The grading curves of the aggregates show a uniform distribution, regardless of the type of aggregates. This is recommended by ACI 522R-10 to produce PC [28]. Moreover, the uniformity coefficients (Cu) [35] of Basalt, EFS, CW, and RCA are 2.20, 1.80, 2.16 and 1.86, respectively. These values are close, so the difference presented among the grading curves is not significant. Apart from that, since Cu values are lower than 5, the grading considered uniform guarantees high hydraulic properties (porosity and permeability) [35].

3.2. Mixture design and production process

To analyze how the type of aggregate affects the final properties of the PC, a unique reference mix was considered. This presented a content of cement and aggregates equal to 420 kg/m3 and 1369.20 kg/m3, respectively. The water-cement ratio (w/c) was also the same for all the mixtures 0.34. The total water content was corrected considering the water absorption results obtained for each type of aggregate [13].

All mixes were produced in a concrete mixer with a capacity of 150 liters. First, the aggregates and 50% of the total water were mixed during 120s. Then, the cement and 25% of the total water were added and mixed during 120s more. Finally, the rest of the water was added and all the materials were mixed for 60s. Notice that this production process was already used in former research studies [12].

Once the PC was mixed, it was used to produce two types of cylindrical samples (100x200mm and 100x150mm, respectively) and slabs (750x250x50mm). Cylindrical samples were placed on a flow table and compacted with 20 blows in two layers, whereas compacting process for the slabs was performed with 5 rubber hammer blows around the mold. In order to reduce the variability introduced by the pouring and compacting process, the same technician was designated to perform the entire procedure for all mixes.

Samples and slabs were placed inside a curing room in the first 24 hours to ensure good curing conditions (temperature and humidity). Then, specimens were demolded and cured submerged in water until the test age.

3.3. Test Methods

3.3.1. Mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of the PC evaluated at an age of 28 days in this study were: compressive strength and flexural tensile strength (Fig. 5). Firstly, to estimate the compressive strength of the PC, cylindrical samples (100x200 mm) were tested following the requirements of the NBR 5739/2007 (ASTM C39/39M-18) [36]. A total of seven samples was tested for each mix. On the other hand, the flexural tensile strength of the mixes was assessed testing four samples (750x250x50mm) regarding the standard NBR 12142/2010 (ASTM C78/C78M-18) [37].

Source: The Authors.

Figure 5 Mechanical tests performed: a) compressive strength and b) flexural strength. 

3.3.2. Hydraulic properties

To evaluate the hydraulic properties of the PC mixes two tests were performed: porosity and permeability. Firstly, the test performed to assess the porosity was the same used by Sandoval et al. (2017) in previous research’s [12]. This method consists of filling all concrete pores of a cylindrical sample (100x200mm) with water and correlate the total water volume with the porosity [28, 29].

In that sense, porosity (Φ) was obtained using Eq. 7, that considers the volume of water (Vw) and the total volume of the sample (VT). Notice that five samples for each mixture were tested to obtain this property.

On the other hand, it is important to remark that currently there is no standard to assess the permeability for PC [28]. Concerning that, two types of test are commonly used to measure the permeability coefficient: the falling head permeability test [3,8,10,11,38] and the constant head permeability test [39-44].

In this study, the constant head permeability test was adopted, since according to Sandoval et al (2017) [12] it reduces the variability of the results and the experimental results obtained are sensitive to changes in the aggregate properties. Fig. 6 shows the permeameter used, which uses cylindrical specimen of PC with section and height equals to A and L, respectively, and a known water volume (q). During the test, the time (t) that the water column needs to pass through the specimen is measured.

Then, the permeability coefficient (k) is calculated using Eq. 8. In this study h was 520 mm and equal for all the tests. A total of five cylindrical samples (100x200mm) was tested for each mix.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 6 . Constant head permeability test: a) schematic view and b) final set up. 

4. Results and analysis

The results of the experimental program are presented and discussed in this section. Firstly, Fig. 7 presents the mechanical properties results obtained: compressive strength and flexural tensile strength. The results are presented considering the type of aggregate used in the mixture and they show graphically the results deviation.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 7 Experimental results for mechanical properties: compressive and flexural strengths. 

Regarding the compressive strength results, these varied from 3.3 to 11.0 MPa. This variation agrees with the findings in the literature review [10,28]. Performing a significance analysis with the software ANOVA a p-value lower than 1x10-5 was obtained, indicating that the results presented significant differences considering the type of aggregate used in each mix. The compressive strength of EFS was around 5% higher when compared with Basalt. On the other hand, the compressive strengths of CW and RCA were around 60% and 34% lower, respectively, when compared with Basalt. This suggests that the nature of the aggregates is an important parameter to be considered. The low bulk density of the CW and RCA (Table 1) indicates that they are more porous, heterogeneous when compared to the others aggregates. This difference affects the mechanical properties of PC. Regarding the flexural tensile strength results, these follow the same tendency observed in the compressive strength results as expected [45]. In this study, the flexural tensile strength is on average 40% of the compressive strength agreeing with the results found in the literature review [41].

Fig. 8 presents the results of the hydraulic properties: porosity (Φ) and permeability (k). The results presented consider the type of aggregate used in the mixtures production and the results deviation.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 8 Experimental Results: porosity and permeability. 

The experimental results show that the porosity varied from 19.1 to 28.6%, whereas the permeability varied from 4.3 to 15.3mm/s. Both parameters presented the same tendency: increases in porosity entailed a higher permeability agreeing with the results found in the literature [14,46].

Besides, in order to analyze how the type of aggregate influences the results, a significance analysis using the ANOVA software was carried out. As a result, a p-value lower than 1x10-5 was obtained, which indicated that there were significant differences in the results of porosity and permeability among the PCs produced with different types of aggregates.

Considering the nature of the aggregates, PC produced with CW, which presented a higher water absorption (Table 1), showed the highest porosity (27.06%). The Basalt aggregate contained more fine grains than the other types, leading to a reduction of final porosity of the material. On the other hand, EFS presented the lowest content of fines, and lowest value of Cu (1.80) entailing an average porosity of 24.75%, which was lower than the one produced with CW.

5. Verification of compliance of international standards and guidelines

In this section, the mechanical and hydraulic properties are analyzed to study the feasibility of using sustainable aggregate in the production of PC. Concerning that, the average values obtained in the presented experimental program are gathered and compared to the requirements presented by the American guidelines ACI 522R-10, the Brazilian standard NBR 16416/2015 and VTT-R-080225-13 guidelines. Therefore, Table 3 shows the average results of the compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, porosity and permeability for each of the studied mixtures. Finally, the mechanical and hydraulic requirements for PC presented in ACI 522R-10, NBR 16416/2015 and VTT-R-080225-13 are presented. The presented requirements are intervals of the research conducted on PC, and in some cases minimum values according to the type of application required, however there are still some gaps regarding the knowledge of the material.

According to the compressive strength results the only concrete mixture with sustainable aggregate that complies with the standards was the EFS, in the case of CW and RCA its values were lower than the required intervals 46.6% and 6.47% respectively.

Table 3 Summary of experimental results and requirements for different standards and guidelines. 

Source: The Authors.

Comparing the flexural tensile strength results with the standards the BFS, CW and RCA meet the ranges proposed in the standards, therefore the EFS can be used in low traffic pavements, parking lots and roadways, and the CW and RCA only in walkways. In hydraulic terms, the concrete mixtures with sustainable aggregates comply with the porosity and permeability intervals of the standards and guidelines.

6. Correlation between porosity and permeability

Darcy’s law and Bernoulli’s law can be applied in PC. Darcy’s law allows he calculation of the flow , as well as the Bernoulli equation allows the calculation of the velocity, and making the next approach also allows the calculation of the flow and The material work as a homogeneous porous medium and its interconnected voids build a network of internal channels, then the PC meets both conditions, and a correlation between hydraulic properties (permeability and porosity) could exist as shown in Eq. 9.

Where:

  • K = permeability of PC (mm/s)

  • α = permeability test parameter (mm/s)

  • Φ = porosity of PC

  • n = hydraulic efficiency coefficient of PC

  • i = Hydraulic gradient (permeability test parameter)

  • g = Acceleration of gravity

  • h = hydraulic load (permeability test parameter)

Eq. 9 proposes a relationship between infiltration velocity and charge loss with , which is represented by a parable of degree n using and empirical equation shown in Fig. 9. The relationship expresses the hydraulic efficiency of the interconnected pores. The ration increases with the reduction of charge loss, and, as a consequence, the increase of the permeability. This ratio considers the maximum and minimum limits which has these two hydraulic parameters the first, “ ” (impervious material) where for a zero porosity in the PC (ideal condition) the permeability will be equal to zero. And the second limit (ATotal=Apores) which has a porosity of one hundred percent the permeability would be maximum. Fig. 9 presents the correlation of k and Φ between these limits.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 9 Limits of relation of porosity and permeability (boundary conditions). 

Eq. 9 meets the boundary conditions (limits) proposed in Fig. 9 for maximum permeability and for minimal permeability. The coefficient of empirical equation showing in Fig. 9 may be determined by non-linear regression, or analytically for each experimental data.

Using the experimental results of porosity and permeability presented in Fig. 8, a non-linear regression using Eq. 9 was performed with the IBM SPSS statistic software Fig. 10 was plotted, showing that the experimental results have a variation coefficient (R2) of 0.98.

As shown in Fig. 10, the curves of the non-linear regression are very close regardless of the type of aggregate used, the values of the coefficient “n” were 3.32 for the basalt, 3.35 for the EFS, 3.29 for the CW, and 2.27 for the RCA. Then there is no significant difference in the “n”-coefficients studied. These two parameters can be correlated, presenting an R2 coefficient equal to 0.97, considering the average results.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 10 Non-linear regression for Basalt, EFS, CW and RCA. 

In order to validate the proposed correlation, Eq. 9 was used to perform non-linear regressions with experimental data obtained from other researchers [7,23,30,40-42] using IBS SPSS Statistic software. Fig. 11 shows that the proposed correlation presents good fit for all the considered experimental results, being the minimum, the maximum and the average R2 values equal to 0.98 and 0.97 respectively.

Source: The Authors.

Figure 11 Analysis of the correlation proposed with other studies. 

As shown in Fig. 11 a different value of the coefficient “n” was obtained from each experimental data from the literature, varying from 2.5 to 5.6. The coefficient “n” is explained as a characteristic of PC directly related to hydraulic efficiency of the internal channels. The voids in the PC are like a series of channels and their efficiency is related to their size and their interconnection, therefore there can be two hypotheses. The first where the PC has a low porosity with a high permeability that is more hydraulically efficient, represented by a coefficient “n” less than 3. And the second where the PC has a high porosity and a permeability less hydraulically efficient, represented by a coefficient “n” greater than 3 as shown in Fig. 11. Therefore, each pervious concrete is characterized by a specific “n” and depending on the needs of a work the PC that best suits them can be chosen.

7. Conclusions

  • It was possible to propose a correlation of the hydraulic parameters (Φ and k) based on the Darcy’s and Bernoulli’s laws.

  • The proposed Equation was tested based on the experimental data found in the laboratory and data from other authors showing excellent correlation in all cases, thus demonstrating the predictability of the proposed model.

  • The proposed correlation adjusted to the theoretical boundary conditions in which both porosity and permeability vary.

  • The “n” coefficient defined as the hydraulic efficiency of the PC controls the correlation between permeability and porosity.

  • In practice, lower values of the coefficient n result in PC with higher permeability (more efficient in terms of hydraulic performance).

  • In mechanical properties, it was demonstrated that for both compressive and flexural tensile strength, the nature of the aggregate used was more important, in this case, the EFS mechanical properties exceed those of the reference (basalt).

  • The porosities of the PCs with sustainable aggregates were higher when compared with the reference (basalt), since the sustainable aggregates presented lower density, greater water absorption and lower content of fines allowing the formation of high porosities.

  • According to the verification of the standards and guidelines it is possible to make PC with sustainable aggregates that meets the minimum mechanical and hydraulic properties for the construction in low traffic pavements, parking lots, roadways and walkways.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Master’s degree in Engineering and Building Sanitation Postgraduate Program of the State University of Londrina and its Construction Materials Laboratory. Besides, the first author thanks the economic support provided by CAPES in his doctoral studies.

References

[1] Tennis, P.D., Leming, M.L. and Akers, D.J., Pervious concrete pavements. [online]. 2004. Available at: http://myscmap.sc.gov/marine/NERR/pdf/PerviousConcrete_pavements.pdf. [ Links ]

[2] Leming, M.L., Malcom, H.R. and Tennis, P.D., Hydrologic design of pervious concrete, EB303, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, and National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, 2007, 72 P.. [ Links ]

[3] Neithalath, N., Sumanasooriya, M.S. and Deo, O., Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability prediction, Mater. Charact. 61, pp. 802-813, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2010.05.004 [ Links ]

[4] Deo, O., Sumanasooriya, M. and Neithalath, N., Permeability reduction in pervious concretes due to clogging: experiments and modeling, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22, pp. 741-751, 2010. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000079 [ Links ]

[5] Montes, F. and Haselbach, L., Measuring hydraulic conductivity in pervious concrete, Environ Eng. Sci . 23, pp. 960-969, 2006. DOI: 10.1089/ees.2006.23.960 [ Links ]

[6] Martin, W.D. and Putman, B.J., Comparison of methods for measuring porosity of porous paving mixtures, Constr. Build. Mater. 125, pp. 299-305, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.038. [ Links ]

[7] Martin, W.D., Putman, B.J. and Kaye, N.B., Using image analysis to measure the porosity distribution of a porous pavement, Constr. Build. Mater. 48, pp. 210-217, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.093 [ Links ]

[8] Neithalath, N., Weiss, J. and Olek, J., Characterizing enhanced porosity concrete using electrical impedance to predict acoustic and hydraulic performance, Cem. Concr. Res. 36, pp. 2074-2085, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.09.001 [ Links ]

[9] Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, G. and Peng, X., Preparation and performance evaluation of an innovative pervious concrete pavement, Constr. Build. Mater. 138, pp. 479-485, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.137 [ Links ]

[10] Chandrappa, A.K. and Biligiri, K.P., Pervious concrete as a sustainable pavement material-Research findings and future prospects: a state-of-the-art review, Constr. Build. Mater. 111, pp. 262-274, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.054 [ Links ]

[11] Huang, B., Wu, H., Shu, X. and Burdette, E.G., Laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of polymer-modified pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 24, 818-823, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.025 [ Links ]

[12] Sandoval, G.F.B., Galobardes, I., Teixeira, R.S. and Toralles, B.M., Comparison between the falling head and the constant head permeability tests to assess the permeability coefficient of sustainable Pervious Concretes Case Stud ,. Constr. Mater. 7, pp. 317-328, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2017.09.001 [ Links ]

[13] Barnhouse, P.W. and Srubar,W.V., Material characterization and hydraulic conductivity modeling of macroporous recycled-aggregate pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 110, pp. 89-97, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.014 [ Links ]

[14] Chandrappa, A.K. and Biligiri, K.P., Comprehensive investigation of permeability characteristics of pervious concrete: a hydrodynamic approach, Constr. Build. Mater. 123, pp. 627-637, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.035 [ Links ]

[15] Wu, H., Liu, Z., Sun, B., Yin, J., Chandrappa, A.K. and Biligiri, K.P., Experimental investigation on freeze-thaw durability of Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC), Constr. Build. Mater. 117, pp. 63-71, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.130 [ Links ]

[16] Kevern, J.T., Schaefer, V.R. and Wang, K., Predicting performance of pervious concrete using fresh unit Weight, in: NRMCA Concrete Technology Forum: focus on performance prediction, May, 2009 [ Links ]

[17] Castro, J., De Solminihac, H., Videla, C. and Fernández, B., Estudio de dosificaciones en laboratorio para pavimentos porosos de hormigón. Rev. ing. constr.,24(3), pp. 271-284, 2009 DOI: 10.4067/S0718-50732009000300005 [ Links ]

[18] Tho-in, T., Sata, V., Chindaprasirt, P. and Jaturapitakkul, C., Pervious high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 30, pp. 366-371, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.028 [ Links ]

[19] Bhutta, M.A.R., Tsuruta, K., Mirza, J., Tho-in, T., Sata, V., Chindaprasirt, P. and Jaturapitakkul, C., Evaluation of high-performance porous concrete properties, Constr. Build. Mater. 31, pp. 67-73, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.024 [ Links ]

[20] Maguesvari, M.U., and Narasimha, V.L,. Studies on characterization of pervious concrete for pavement applications, Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci. 104, pp. 198-207, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.112 [ Links ]

[21] Sumanasooriya, M.S. and Neithalath, N., Pore structure features of pervious concretes proportioned for desired porosities and their performance prediction, Cem. Concr. Compos. 33, pp. 778-787, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.06.002 [ Links ]

[22] Deo, O. and Neithalath, N., Compressive response of pervious concretes proportioned for desired porosities, Constr. Build. Mater. 25, pp. 4181-4189, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.055 [ Links ]

[23] Rehder, B., Banh, K. and Neithalath, N., Fracture behavior of pervious concretes: the effects of pore structure and fibers, Eng. Fract. Mech. 118, pp. 1-16, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.01.015 [ Links ]

[24] Gesoǧlu, M., Güneyisi, E., Khoshnaw, G. and Ipek, S., Investigating properties of pervious concretes containing waste tire rubbers, Constr. Build. Mater. 63, pp. 206-213, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.046 [ Links ]

[25] Sandoval, G.F.B., Desempenho do concreto poroso com, Thesisi. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, [online]. 2014. http://www.uel.br/pos/enges/portal/pages/arquivos/dissertacao/GERSSON BARRETO SANDOVAL 2013-1.pdf. [ Links ]

[26] Bhutta, M.A.R., Hasanah, N., Farhayu, N., Hussin, M.W., Tahir, M.B.M. and Mirza, J., Properties of porous concrete from waste crushed concrete (recycled aggregate), Constr. Build. Mater. 47, pp. 1243-1248, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.022 [ Links ]

[27] Gaedicke, C., Marines, A. and Miankodila, F., A method for comparing cores and cast cylinders in virgin and recycled aggregate pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 52, pp. 494-503, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.043 [ Links ]

[28] American Concrete Institute (ACI), Report On Pervious Concrete (ACI 522-R10), 2010. [ Links ]

[29] ABNT, NBR NM 53 Agregado graúdo - Determinação de massa específica , massa específica aparente e absorção de água, ABNT. (2003). [ Links ]

[30] ABNT, NBR NM 46 - Agregados - Determinação do material fino que passa através da peneira 75 um, por lavagem, Abnt Nbr Nm 46 -2003 . 6 (2003). [ Links ]

[31] ABNT, ABNT NBR NM 45 Agregados - Determinação da massa unitária e do volume de vazios, (2006). [ Links ]

[32] Silva, R.V., De Brito, J. and Dhir, R.K., Establishing a relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete, J. Clean. Prod. 112, pp. 2171-2186, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.064 [ Links ]

[33] Elango, K.S. and Revathi, V., Fal-G binder pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 140, pp. 91-99, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.086. [ Links ]

[34] Khankhaje, E., Salim, M.R., Mirza, J., Salmiati, S., Hussin, M.W., Khan, R. and Rafieizonooz, M., Properties of quiet pervious concrete containing oil palm kernel shell and cockleshell, Appl. Acoust. 122(122), pp. 113-120, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.02.014 [ Links ]

[35] BRAJA , M Das ., , Fundamentos de ingenieria geotecnica, 2013, 658 P. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 [ Links ]

[36] ABNT, NBR 5739:2007 - Concreto - Ensaios de compressão de corpos-de- prova cilíndricos, 2007. [ Links ]

[37] ABNT, NBR 12142:2010 - Determinação da resistência à tração na flexão de concreto usando corpo-de-prova prismático, 2010. [ Links ]

[38] Torres, A., Hu, J. and Ramos, A., The effect of the cementitious paste thickness on the performance of pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 95, pp. 850-859, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.187 [ Links ]

[39] Nguyen, D.H., Boutouil, M., Sebaibi, N., Leleyter, L. and Baraud, F., Valorization of seashell by-products in pervious concrete pavers, Constr. Build. Mater. 49, pp. 151-160, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.017 [ Links ]

[40] Kuo, W.-T., Liu, C.-C. and Su, D.-S., Use of washed municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in pervious concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 37, pp. 328-335, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.001 [ Links ]

[41] Brake, N.A., Allahdadi, H. and Adam, F., Flexural strength and fracture size effects of pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 113, pp. 536-543, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.045. [ Links ]

[42] Mahboub, K.C., Canler, J., Rathbone, R., Robi, T., Davis, B., Robl, T. and Davis, B., Pervious concrete: compaction and aggregate gradation, ACI Mater. J. 106, pp. 523-528, 2009. [ Links ]

[43] Zaetang, Y., Sata, V., Wongsa, A. and Chindaprasirt, P., Properties of pervious concrete containing recycled concrete block aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater. 111, pp. 15-21, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.060 [ Links ]

[42] Pieralisi, R., Cavalaro, S.H.P. and Aguado, A., Discrete element modelling of the fresh state behavior of pervious concrete, Cem. Concr. Res. 90, pp. 6-18, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.09.010 [ Links ]

[45] Nguyen, D.H., Boutouil, M., Sebaibi, N., Baraud, F. and Leleyter, L., Durability of pervious concrete using crushed seashells, Constr. Build. Mater. 135, pp. 137-150, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.219 [ Links ]

[46] Martin, W.D., Kaye, N.B. and Putman, B.J., Impact of vertical porosity distribution on the permeability of pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 59, pp. 78-84, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.034 [ Links ]

[47] Sata, V., Wongsa, A. and Chindaprasirt, P., Properties of pervious geopolymer concrete using recycled aggregates, Constr. Build. Mater. 42, pp. 33-39, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.046. [ Links ]

[48] Yang, J. and Jiang, G., Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete pavement materials, Cem. Concr. Res. 33, pp. 381-386, 2003. [ Links ]

[49] Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Yan, C. and Liu, Y., Influence of crushing index on properties of recycled aggregates pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 135, pp. 112-118, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.203 [ Links ]

How to cite: Sandoval, G.F.B., Galobardes, I., Schwantes-Cezario, N., Campos, A. and Toralles, B.M., Correlation between permeability and porosity for pervious concrete (PC).DYNA, 86(209), pp. 151-159, April - June, 2019.

G.F.B. Sandoval, received the BSc. in Civil Engineering in 2011, Sp. in Road Geotechnics and Pavements at the University Santo Tomás Colombia, the MSc. degree in Building Engineering and Sanitation in State University of Londrina, Brazil, in 2014 and is a PhD student in Civil Engineering by State University of Londrina, Brazil. ORCID: 0000-0002-8702-8844

I. Galobardes, is BSc. an Andorran Civil Engineer graduated in 2009. He got a PhD in 2013 at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain. He worked as a Post-Doctoral Researcher at Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Currently, he has a Lecturer position in the Department of Civil Engineering at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China. Mainly, his research focuses on the field of special concretes (fiber reinforced concrete, sprayed concrete and previous concrete) and their structural applications. ORCID: 0000-0002-3569-2241

N. Schwantes-Cezario, received the BSc. in Civil Engineering in 2015, the MSc. degree in Building Engineering and Sanitation in State University of Londrina, Brazil in 2016, and is a PhD student in Civil Engineering by State University of Londrina, Brazil. ORCID: 0000-0002-3254-6396

A. Moura, received the BSc. in Civil Engineering in 2007, the PhD degree in Enginyeria de Camins Canals i Ports - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech, Spain, in 2012. Currently is an associate professor at the State University of Londrina, Brazil. ORCID: 0000-0002-0083-4481

B.M. Toralles, received the BSc. in Civil Engineering in 1982, the MSc. degree in Civil Engineering in Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in 1986, and the PhD degree in Enginyeria de Camins Canals i Ports - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech, Spain, in 1996 and PhD. in Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain, in 2013. Currently is an associate professor at the State University of Londrina, Brazil. ORCID: 0000-0001-8828-7250

Received: January 31, 2019; Revised: March 11, 2019; Accepted: March 27, 2019

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License