SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.87 issue213Calibration of two capacitive soil moisture sensors in UltisolExperimental study of phase entrainment in copper solvent extraction author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • On index processCited by Google
  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO
  • On index processSimilars in Google

Share


DYNA

Print version ISSN 0012-7353On-line version ISSN 2346-2183

Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas vol.87 no.213 Medellín Apr./June 2020

https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n213.79900 

Artículos

Agronomic response of forage mixtures in a silvopastoral system in the Colombian dry tropics

Respuesta agronómica de mezclas forrajeras en un sistema silvopastoril de trópico seco colombiano

Carlos Augusto Martínez-Mamiana 

Nelson José Vivas-Quilaa 

Sandra Morales-Velascoa 

a Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad del Cauca Grupo de Investigación Nutrición Agropecuaria. carlosmartinez@unicauca.edu.co, nutrifaca@unicauca.edu.co, nvivas@unicauca.edu.co, samorales@unicauca.edu.co


Abstract

Mixtures of forage grasses and legumes were established on 9.7 ha, using the following treatments: Brachiaria hybrida cv. Cayman, Brachiaria hybrida cv. Toledo, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaza, Brachiaria hybrida cv. Cayman + C. brasiliensis, Brachiaria hybrida cv. Toledo + C. brasiliensis, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaza + C. brasiliensis. The following variables were evaluated: vigor, height of the plant, coverage, incidence of pests and diseases at the four-week mark and production of forage and dry matter were recorded at the six-week mark. Statistical differences were found for plant height, which evidenced which of the treatments behaved best in terms of growth. Non-combined treatments were found to perform best for the production of dry matter variable. C. brasiliensis contributes to the growth of the combined grasses during the first four weeks of establishment, but after this time the legume begins to compete for space and light, affecting the development of the other forage species.

Keywords: legume; grass; Canavalia brasiliensis; interspecific competition

Resumen

Se establecieron 9,7 ha, en asociación de gramíneas y leguminosas forrajeras utilizando los siguientes tratamientos: Brachiaria hibrido cv Cayman, Brachiaria hibrido cv Toledo, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaza, Brachiaria hibrido cv Cayman + C. brasiliensis, Brachiaria hibrido cv Toledo + C. brasiliensis, Panicum maximum cv Mombaza + C. brasiliensis, evaluándose las variables de vigor, altura de la planta, cobertura, incidencia de plagas y enfermedades a la cuarta semana y en la sexta semana se registraron valores de producción de forraje y materia seca de las asociaciones. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas para altura, evidenciado mejor comportamiento en los tratamientos asociados; mientras que la variable de producción de materia los tratamientos sin asociación presentaron altos valores. C. brasiliensis contribuye al crecimiento de las gramíneas asociadas durante las cuatro primeras semanas de establecimiento, después de este tiempo la leguminosa inicia proceso de competencia por espacio, afectando el desarrollo de la otra especie forrajera.

Palabras clave: leguminosa; gramínea; Canavalia brasiliensis; competencia interespecífica

1. Introduction

In Colombia, cattle production is one of the main contributors to GDP, and has developed in regions with a warm, dry climate. These regions tend to have extreme environmental conditions, which, together with climate change, limit the food supply and the profitability of the sector. In 2017, the department of Cauca recorded a growth in GDP where agricultural sector activities contributed the most to this growth (8.3%).

In this context, livestock activity in Cauca is mainly developed in the Patía valley, a region characteristic of the tropical dry forest ecosystem [1], where livestock production is extensive [2] and managed traditionally, which tends to be inefficient and have a low load capacity of 0.75 UGG / ha.

In the prairies, species like Angleton (Dichanthium aristatum), Braquiaria spp., Paspalum sp., and Pointer (Hyparrhenia rufa) predominate. Although they survive in times of drought, their yield and nutritional content decreases, affecting the sustainability of the productive sector [3].

Some researchers propose that the strata should be diversified for the production of forage (silvopastoral systems), which improves the supply conditions, since the use of shrubs and trees in grasslands allows for water and nutrient extraction processes from soil horizons inaccessible to grass roots. Similarly, these species contribute organic matter to the soil in the form of leaves, flowers, fruits, branches and dead roots [4,5].

However, the long periods of drought in the Patía valley generate a deficit in the food supply. In these circumstances, the inclusion of legumes can be a source of economical and good quality protein, which, due to their root system, can endure environmental changes and provide a wide range of essential amino acids that contribute to adequate livestock nutrition [6-8].

Given the above, and with the purpose of contributing to the improvement of the livestock systems of the Patía valley, this study looked at the agronomic behavior of Canavalia brasiliensis when planted alongside different grasses, and evaluated its productive potential for silvopastoral systems in the dry tropics.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Location

The research was carried out in the Patía valley in the south of the department of Cauca-Colombia, a region with dry tropical climatic conditions, at an altitude of 550 m.s.m. with an average temperature of 28 ° C and rainfall of 1200 mm per year. This zone has deep, fertile soils of alluvial origin that are acidic to neutral pH (5.8). The relief is flat with slopes of between 1 and 3%, the soil is moderately deep to very shallow, from very poorly to well drained, with a fine to moderately thick texture, and a pH that is strongly acid to moderately alkaline. The soils undergo moderate erosion and are moderately to highly fertile, and are composed of Fluventic Haplustolls (40%), Entic Haplustolls (30%) and Udic Haplustolls (30%) [9].

2.2. Trial establishment

Forage mixtures (grasses and legumes) were established in a silvopastoral system where Guazuma ulmifolia (Guacimo), Crescentia cujete (Totumo), and Mangifera indica (Mango) were growing, with live fences of Swinglea glutinosa. The area where the trial took place had low tree coverage and density; the trees were irregularly placed and scattered across the pastures, with most of the trees having been eliminated during the establishment of the pasture as a monoculture. However, the diameters of the trees observed show an advanced ecological succession (Silvopastoral System - Scattered Trees in El Potrero) [10].

The forage species used in the mixture were selected taking into account different results from research carried out by the Agricultural Nutrition Research group (NUTRIFACA) of Universidad de Cauca and the Tropical Forages program of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. The sowing was carried out in line with technical recommendations, using 8 kilos of grass seed and 2.5 kilos of legume per hectare, conserving a respective proportion of 70:30 over the pasture.

2.3. Experimental design

The experiment used a completely randomized block design, where the block factor was influenced by the slope of the terrain, and the treatment factor was determined by the different combinations of Canavalia brasiliensis with the following grasses:

T1: Brachiaria hibrido cv. Cayman

T2: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Toledo

T3: Panicum maximum cv. Mombaza

T4: Brachiaria hibrido cv. Cayman + C. brasiliensis

T5: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Toledo + C. brasiliensis

T6: Panicum maximum cv. Mombaza + C. brasiliensis.

Each treatment was evaluated for agronomic behavior using the methodology of type B regional tests of the International Network of Evaluation of Tropical Pastures (RIEPT) [11].

2.4. Variables to be evaluated

The following production evaluations were carried out from the 12th week after sowing:

  • Vigor. The state of the plant, color, growth and health is evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the worst and 5 the best, with the entire trial acting as a standard of comparison.

  • Height and coverage of the plant. Measured in centimeters (cm) as the distance from the ground to the highest part of each plant in its natural state (last formed leaf), excluding inflorescences. Coverage was estimated by considering the colonization percentage of plants (grasses) in one square meter [12].

  • Incidence of pests. Rated as 1 = Presence of the insect with damage of less than 1%, 2 = Mild damage of 1-10%, 3 = Moderate damage of 11-20%, 4 = Serious damage of more than 30%.

  • Incidence of diseases. For each evaluation, the damage caused by diseases was taken into account, where the effect on the plant is measured as: 1 = Presence of the disease: 5%. 2 = Mild damage: 5-20%. 3 = Moderate damage: 20-40%. 4 = Severe or severe damage: more than 50%.

  • Green forage production: three surveys were carried out in each experimental unit, following the recommendations of Toledo [11], by weighing the forage produced by the grass and legumes [13].

  • Dry matter: The samples were baked in an oven with a temperature of 60 ° C for 72 hours, after this time the weight of the dry matter was found by subtracting the final weight from the start weight [12].

2.5. Statistical analysis

An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical differences in the blocks, evaluations and established treatments. The Duncan multiple range test was applied for the variables that presented divergences. In the case of categorical ordinals (vigor, incidence of pests and diseases), these were analyzed using correlations, frequency tables and chi-square, using the statistical program SPSS V 25.0.

3. Results and discussion

The analysis of variance found statistical differences (P <0.05) for height, production of green forage from the grass and production of dry matter from the grass.

3.1. Height

The Duncan averages test shows three groups. The first group consists of treatments T6, T3 and T5; the second T3, T5 and T2; and the third T5, T2, T4 and T1. The test showed that the mixed treatments are taller than the grasses by themselves (Table 1).

Table 1 Behavior of height in the establishment of grasses mixed with Canavalia brasiliensis in a silvopastoral system in the dry tropics. 

Source: The Authors.

These results can be attributed to the benefits that the legume can provide to the grass in terms of nitrogen available in the soil [14,15].

Li et al. [16] assert that the incorporation of legumes in pastures contributes to the improvement of soil fertility since they supply the soil with nitrogen through the symbiotic fixation of this element. This is reflected in the improved growth of the plant species, compared to those not planted in combination with legumes. Conrad et al. also state that the use of these plants enriches the soil with nutrients and improves its physical and chemical characteristics, contributing to changes in the architectural aspects of the pasture, that is, the height of the plants [17]. This observation was reflected in the results obtained in the present study, where the presence of Canavalia brasiliensis improved the growth of the grasses.

Specifically, it was observed that, in terms of height, of the treatments studied, Panicum maximum cv.

Mombasa showed the most growth, with an average height of 167.3 cm, while Bracharia hybrid cv. Cayman showed the least (93.4 cm), probably due to the size characteristics of each species [18], since this type of forage species has a maximum height of 60 to 90 cm [19].

3.2. Green forage production

In relation to the production of green forage (GF), the best contender was T3 Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa and the worst was T6 Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa + C. brasiliesis. The hybrid T2 Bracharia brizabtha cv. Toledo produced the most dry matter (DM) and T4 Bracharia hybrid cv. Cayman + C. brasiliensis produced the least (Table 2).

Table 2 Behavior of the variables of green forage and dry matter production from grasses mixed with Canavalia brasiliensis in a silvopastoral system in the dry tropics. 

Source: The Authors.

The results obtained show that the grass performs better on its own than when it is mixed with the legume. This can be explained by the way that the legume grows, as it is a climbing plant with strong, thin vines that seek support on other substrates or species [20] and can start to crowd the light of neighboring plants.

Two weeks after the forage species were established on the prairie, Canavalia brasiliensis showed greater growth and therefore started to compete with the grasses [19] for space and solar rays which made their photosynthetic process inefficient. This, in the end, was reflected in the production of biomass [21] as the progressive change in the quantity and quality of the light manifests in alterations in the growth and development of forage plants, reducing the yield of dry matter [22].

However, the decrease in productivity of the mixed grasses is compensated by the productive contribution of the legumes planted alongside them [23], since these contribute to the improvement of the animals’ diet, upping the protein content and digestibility of the dry matter as feed [24]. Studies carried out at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT - Colombia), show that including species such as Canavalia brasiliensis improves protein content by 3% and increases gross energy, as well as decreasing the indigestible neutral detergent fiber and lignin [25]. This is important, as the quality of the forage affects passage rates, the level of consumption and the production of methane, which in turn affect animal productivity [26].

Added to the above, drought tolerance in livestock systems in the dry tropics allows for system stability throughout the year, supplementing the cattle’s diet during periods of drought [27]. Finally, the legume in the pasture contributes organic matter to the soil which improves fertility and nutrient cycling [28].

4. Conclusions

The mixture of legumes and grasses in meadows improves the growth and development of forage in the grasslands within four weeks of establishment; this is evidenced by the height of the plants.

After six weeks of establishment, a field with mixed planting of Canavalia brasiliensis alongside the grasses began to evidence processes of interspecific competition between the two, therefore it is advisable that in the fifth week of establishment, management and control processes (grazing or cutting) are implemented to curb the legume.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences at Universidad del Cauca, the General System of Royalties (SGR), the Department of Cauca Government, the Agricultural Cooperative of Peasant Users of Patía (COAGROUSUARIOS), and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), which technically and financially supported the present research.

References

[1] Ayerbe, F. y López J., Adiciones a la avifauna del valle alto del río Patía, un área interandina en el suroccidente de Colombia. Avifauna del Patía. Boletín SAO, Universidad del Cauca - Universidad Nacional de Colombia. [online]. 20(2), pp. 1-17, 2011. [Recuperado: 29 julio 2015]. Available at: Available at: http://sao.org.co/publicaciones/boletinsao/20(2)/AP120(2)Ayerbe%26Lopez.pdfLinks ]

[2] Alcaldía municipal de Patía. Plan de desarrollo municipal - Patía 2012 - 2015. Administración Municipal Nacor Acosta Ortiz. El Bordo Patía Cauca, [online]. 2012. [Recuperado 28 de julio 2015]. Available at: Available at: http://patia-cauca.gov.co/Transparencia/PlaneacionGestionyControl/Plan%20de%20Desarrollo%202012%20-%202015.pdfLinks ]

[3] Morales, S., Vivas, N. and Teran, V., Ganadería eco-eficiente y la adaptación al cambio climático. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, 14(1), pp. 135-144, 2016. DOI: 10.18684/BSAA(14)135-144. [ Links ]

[4] Crème, A., Rumpel, C., Gastal, F., Gil, M. and Chabbi, A., Effects of grasses and a legume grown in monoculture or mixture on soil organic matter and phosphorus forms. Plant and Soil, 402(1-2), pp. 117-128, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-015-2740-x [ Links ]

[5] Arrobas, M., Aguiar, P. and Rodrigues, M., A comparison of a pasture ley with a maize monoculture on the soil fertility and nutrient release in the succeeding crop. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 62(6), pp 829-839, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2015.1096014 [ Links ]

[6] Klabi, R., Bell, T., Hamel, C., Iwaasa, A., Schellenberg, M. and St‐Arnaud, M., Contribution of Medicago sativa to the productivity and nutritive value of forage in semi‐arid grassland pastures. Grass and forage science, 73(1), pp 159-173, 2018. DIO: org/10.1111/gfs.12294 [ Links ]

[7] Hofer, D., Suter, M., Buchmann, N. and Lüscher, A., Nitrogen status of functionally different forage species explains resistance to severe drought and post-drought overcompensation. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment, 236, pp 312-322, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.11.022 [ Links ]

[8] Brink, G., Sanderson, M. and Casler, M., Grass and legume effects on nutritive value of complex forage mixtures. Crop Science, 55(3), pp 1329-1337, 2015. DOI:10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0666 [ Links ]

[9] Galindez, J., Estudio de la calidad de suelo en tres sistemas ganaderos del valle del Patía. Tesis MSc., Universidad del Cauca. Popayán, Colombia. [en línea]. 2019. Disponible en: http://repositorio.unicauca.edu.co:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1606Links ]

[10] Michaud, J., Schoenly, K. and Moreau, G., Rewriting ecological succession history: did carrion ecologists get there first? The Quarterly review of biology, [online]. 90(1), pp 45-66, 2015. Available at: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/679763Links ]

[11] Toledo, J., Manual para la evaluación Agronómica. Cali - Colombia: CIAT. Red Internacional de Pastos Tropicales. 1982. 238 P. [ Links ]

[12] Keller-Grein, G., Propuesta metodología para la evaluación agronómica de germoplasma de leguminosas arbustivas en ensayos regionales A y B RIEPT-trópico húmedo. Cali, Valle, Colombia: Red Internacional de Pastos y Forrajes Tropicales, 1992. [ Links ]

[13] Raymond, J., Germoplasma forrajero bajo pastoreo en pequeñas parcelas. Metodologías de evaluación. En: Toledo, J., Ed., Evaluación de germoplasma forrajero bajo pastoreo en etapa avanza de selección. Red internacional de evaluación de pastos y forrajes tropicales, Cali, Valle, Colombia, 1982, 131 P. [ Links ]

[14] Mia, S., Dijkstra, F. and Singh, B., Enhanced biological nitrogen fixation and competitive advantage of legumes in mixed pastures diminish with biochar aging. Plant and Soil, 424(1-2), pp 639-651, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-018-3562-4 [ Links ]

[15] Mthembu, B., Everson, C. and Everson, T., Tree legumes-temperate grass agroforestry system effects on inorganic soil nitrogen as ecosystem services provision for smallholder farming systems in South Africa. Journal of crop improvement, 32(2), pp 141-155, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2017.1376239 [ Links ]

[16] Li, Q., Yu, P., Li, G. and Zhou, D., Grass-legume ratio can change soil carbon and nitrogen storage in a temperate steppe grassland. Soil and Tillage Research, 157, pp 23-31, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2015.08.021 [ Links ]

[17] Conrad, K., Dalal, R., Allen, D., Fujinuma, R. and Menzies, N., Free light fraction carbon and nitrogen, a physically uncomplexed soil organic matter distribution within subtropical grass and leucaena-grass pastures. Soil Research, 56(8), pp 820-828, 2018. DOI:10.1071/SR18162 [ Links ]

[18] Pizarro, E.A., Hare, M.D., Mutimura, M. and Changjun, B., Brachiaria hybrids: potential, forage use and seed yield. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales, 1(1), pp 31-35, 2013. [ Links ]

[19] Peters, M., Franco, L., Schmidt, A. y Incapie, B., Especies forrajeras multipropósito opsiones para productores del tropico americano. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali, Colombia, [en línea]. 201. Disponible en: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/54681?show=fullLinks ]

[20] Tórrez-Guillén, J.G., Crecimiento y producción de semilla de Moringa oleifera Lam., en asocio con dos especies de Canavalia (Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. Ex Benth y Canavalia ensiformis (L.). Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional Agraria, UNA, Managua, Nicaragua, 2016. [ Links ]

[21] Yang, D., Seaton, D., Krahmer, J. and Halliday, K., Photoreceptor effects on plant biomass, resource allocation, and metabolic state. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(27), pp 7667-7672, 2016. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601309113 [ Links ]

[22] Pereira, C., Storck, L., Lopes, S., Martin, T. and Bisognin, D., Dry biomass and glycosides yield from Stevia rebaudiana leaves under different harvesting times. Bioscience Journal, 32(6), pp 1462-1471, 2016. DOI: 10.14393/BJ-v32n6a2016-31574 [ Links ]

[23] Tozer, K., Barker, G., Cameron, C., Wilson, D. and Loick, N., Effects of including forage herbs in grass-legume mixtures on persistence of intensively managed pastures sampled across three age categories and five regions. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 59(3), pp. 250-268, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/00288233.2016.118883 [ Links ]

[24] Pembleton, K., Hills, J., Freeman, M., McLaren, D., French, M. and Rawnsley, R., More milk from forage: milk production, blood metabolites, and forage intake of dairy cows grazing pasture mixtures and spatially adjacent monocultures. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(5), pp. 3512-3528, 2016. DOI: org/10.3168/jds.2015-10542 [ Links ]

[25] Quintero-Anzueta, S., Molina, I.C., Ramirez-Navas, J.S., Barahona, R. y Arango, J., Calidad nutricional de forrajes usados en la intensificación ganadera sostenible en el trópico bajo de Colombia, 2018. [ Links ]

[26] Arango, J., Gutiérrez, J.M., Pardo, P., Enciso, K., Burkart, S., Sotelo, M. y Serrano, G., Estrategias tecnológicas para mejorar la productividad y competitividad de la actividad ganadera: Herramientas para enfrentar el cambio climático. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIAT, Cali, Colombia, [en línea]. 2016. Disponible en: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/71101/CIAT_estrategias_tecnologicas_para_mejorar_la_productividad_y_competitividad_de_la_actividad_ganadera.pdfLinks ]

[27] Castro, R.E., Utilización de leguminosas forrajeras como abonos verdes para la producción de cultivos forrajeros y leche en ganaderías doble propósito en el trópico seco. Doctoral disertación, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Colombia, 2016. [ Links ]

[28] Escudero, S., et al., Canavalia brasiliensis, una opción para la recuperación de suelos degradados en el suroccidente del Departamento del Cauca, Colombia. En: Memorias Congreso Latinoamericana de Agroecología, SOCLA. Lima, Perú, 2011, 234 P. [ Links ]

C.A. Martínez-Mamián, received the BSc. in Agricultural Engineering in 2010 from the Universidad del Cauca, and a MSc. in Agricultural Sciences, Tropical Animal Production in 2014 from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira campus. He is currently a candidate for a PhD in Agricultural and Agroindustrial Sciences at Universidad del Cauca. From 2010 to 2011, he worked as a young researcher for Colciencias in the NUTRIFACA research group at Universidad del Cauca. He is a professor in the Agricultural Engineering Program at Universidad del Cauca and is an active member of the NUTRIFACA research group. ORCID: 0000-0002-3734-083X

N.J. Vivas-Quila, received a BSc. in Zootechnology in 1989 from Universidad de Nariño, a Sp. in Sustainable Animal Nutrition in 1997 from Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrarias, a Sp. in Business Administration in 2000 from Universidad Antonio Nariño, a MSc. in Agricultural Sciences in Tropical Animal Production in 2005 and a PhD in Agricultural Science in 2014, all of them from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira campus. He is a junior researcher for Colciencias, a full professor at Universidad de Cauca in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, a director of the agricultural nutrition research group (NUTRIFACA), and a member of the scientific committee of a biotechnology magazine in the agricultural and agroindustrial sector. ORCID: 0000-0003-0165-2863

S. Morales-Velasco, received a BSc. in Ecology in 1996 from Fundación Universitaria de Popayán, a Sp. in Project Development Evaluation in 1998 from Universidad del Rosario, Colombia, and a MSc. in Continental Hydrological Resources in 2006 from Universidad del Cauca, Colombia. She is a tenured professor at Universidad del Cauca in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, and a sub-director of the agricultural nutrition research group (NUTRIFACA). ORCID: 0000-0003-2655-9366

How to cite: Martínez-Mamian, C.A, Vivas-Quila, N.J, and Morales-Velasco, S, Agronomic response of forage mixtures in a silvopastoral system in the Colombian dry tropics. DYNA, 87(213), pp. 80-84, April - June, 2020.

Received: May 25, 2019; Revised: March 03, 2020; Accepted: March 18, 2020

Creative Commons License The author; licensee Universidad Nacional de Colombia