The internationality index: Application to Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología

El índice de internacionalidad: aplicación a la Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología

Izabela Zych
Correspondence: concerning this article should be addressed to: Izabela Zych, Campus de Cartuja s/n Facultad de Psicologia Universidad de Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain, or to the email address: izabela@ugr.es

Gualberto Buela-Casal
University of Granada, Spain

The study has been financed by Dirección General de Universidades
(Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia) (Reference: EA2006-0016).

Recibido: Junio de 2009
Aceptado: Octubre de 2009

Resumen

El presente trabajo es una propuesta de aplicación de criterio de un Índice de Internacionalidad de publicaciones científicas. Los criterios fueron establecidos por una muestra de 16.056 científicos de 109 países (lenguaje de publicación, acceso libre al texto, estándares internacionales de publicación, inclusión en el JCR, inclusión en bases de datos, comité editorial de diversos países, editada por una asociación internacional, la palabra internacional en el título) y fueron divididos en subcriterios para calcular la puntuación en cada uno de ellos. El sumatorio de todos los puntos aplicados a un grupo de revistas permite crear un ranking de internacionalidad con un Índice de Internacionalidad para cada revista. Este trabajo es la primera propuesta de cómo aplicar el Índice de Internacionalidad a una sola publicación. Los resultados demuestran que la Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología es realmente una revista internacional. Es más, es la revista más internacional de todas las que han sido analizadas.

Palabras clave: revistas científicas, Índice de Internacionalidad, evaluación de la ciencia.

Abstract

The present work is a proposal of application of the criteria of the Internationality Index to the scientific publications. The criteria were established by a broad sample of 16,056 of scientists from 109 countries (publication language, the online access, international standards of publication, inclusion in the JCR, inclusion in databases, the editorial board from different countries, free online access, the Impact Factor, the authors from different countries, affiliation to an "international" association, the word "international" in the journal's name). These are divided into subcriteria and the way of calculating the scores in each one of them is presented. The sum of all the points applied to a group of journals would enable their classification from the most international to the least international creating at the same time the Internationality Index. The present work is the first proposal on how to apply the Internationality Index to a single publication. The results of the paper show that, Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología is indeed a very international journal. Moreover, it is the most international journal of all the publications which have ever been analyzed.

Keywords: scientific journals, Internationality Index, science evaluation.

Introduction

The concept of international scientific publication is frequently utilized in the evaluation of science in all the countries. The concept appears in the scales utilized to evaluate the investigation institutions (Buela-Casal, 2005b; Del Río Bermúdez, 2008; Muñiz & Fonseca-Pedrero, 2008; Rodríguez Díaz, 2007 Soto Carballo, 2007), to make the universities' rankings (Buela-Casal, Bermúdez, Sierra, Quevedo & Castro, 2009; Buela-Casal, Gutiérrez, Bermúdez & Vadillo, 2007; Pagani et al., 2006), to evaluate the quality of the doctoral programs (Buela-Casal & Castro, 2008a, 2008b; Castro & Buela-Casal, 2008; Musi-Lechuga, Olivas-Ávila & Buela-Casal, 2009), to select scientists and evaluate their productivity (Alegre & Villar, 2007; Buela-Casal, 2005a; 2007a; 2007b; Buela-Casal & Sierra, 2007; Musi-Lechuga, Olivas-Ávila, Portillo-Reyes & Villalobos-Galvis, 2005; Sierra, Buela- Casal, Bermúdez & Santos, 2008; 2009). Nevertheless, the meaning of the term international scientific publication has never been defined. This question is of a great importance as it is included in the scales which are being utilized and important decisions are made based on the criteria. In some cases, it is understood that the international publications are those included in the Web of Science, or those which are cited but these approaches are being criticized (Adair & Vohra, 2003). Although the internationality and the Impact Factor are related (Buela- Casal, Zych, Sierra & Bermúdez, 2007; Christensen, Ingwersen & Wormell, 1997; Garfield, 2003; Ruiz-Pérez, Delgado & Jiménez-Contreras, 2006; Villalobos-Galvis & Puertas-Campanario, 2007; Zitt, Bessecoulard, 1998; 1999; Zych & Buela-Casal, 2007) the latter is only one of the indicators of the former.

The analysis of the papers which study the internationality of the scientific publications shows that it is related to the level of co-authorship from different countries and also to the number of the citations between journals or different geographic zones (Glanzel, Schubert & Czerwon, 1999; Luukkonen, Tijssen, Person & Sirvertsen, 1993; Melin, 1999; Melin and Persson, 1996; Narvaezberthelmot, 1995; Rey-Rocha & Martín-Sempere, 2004; Uzun, 2004). Although these criteria are related to the internationality, it should be emphasized that they are not good enough to create an Internationality Index. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish objective criteria based on the opinion of the scientific community together with the weights which should be assigned to each criterion.

Also in the field of psychology, the term internationality has been frequently utilized in relation to the publications although its meaning has never been defined. If some specific handbooks as for example The International Handbook of Psychology (Pawlik & Rosenzweig, 2000) or specific chapters about "International Psychology" as for exaple Jing (2000) or David & Buchanan (2002) are analyzed, it is found that the internationality is not defined and it is only mentioned that it refers to more than one country. On the other hand, it is sometimes understood that the international psychology is the one form the English-speaking countries. For example, Ardila (1982) claimed that the international psychology depended a lot on the English-speaking countries culture. This point of view is still maintained as can be seen on the example of different chapters of a book in which Ardila (2002) interviewed some of the most important psychology authors in the world on the "future of psychology" Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that the number of authors who consider that the American psychology cannot be applied to another cultural contexts is growing (Adair, 2002).

The authors from different parts of the world utilize the concept of internationality. Greeson (1991) for example, utilized the citation indexes to show that the American journals are ethnocentric as they mainly cite sources which are also American. On the other hand, journals published in Scandinavia do not show similar bias. Also Smith (2005) utilized the citation analisis of the European social psychology journals to show whether it is qualitatively different from the international social psychology. More recently, Dumont & Louw (2009) studied the citations in different journals to examine the influence of an important social psychologist (Henry Tajfel) measuring at the same time international recognition of his work.

It is evident that the term international is frequently utilized in the context of the scientific publications, although the way of measuring it had not been established. As emphasized by Buela-Casal (2001; 2003) it is necesary to establish the criteria to define what an international journal is and later, Buela-Casal, Perakakis, Taylor & Checa (2006) showed some strategies to measure the concept.

Recently, Buela-Casal & Zych (2007) established the eleven criteria of the internationality by means of a survey which was answered by 16,056 scientists from all over the world. This is the first proposal of measuring the internationality based on the opinion of a wide sample of members of the scientific community. The criteria of the internationality were applied to the Spanish psychology journals (Buela-Casal et al., 2007) and also to the Iberoamerican journals of psychology included in the Web of Science (Zych & Buela-Casal, 2007). It should be emphasized that three of the eleven criteria of the Internationality Index depend on a group of journals which are being analyzed (inclusion in the databases, the editorial board members from different countries and authors from different countries). Thus, the scores in these criteria can be calculated only if a journal is compared to a group of publications. Nevertheless, from the qualitative point of view, it is possible to see whether a journal is international as it can be examined whether the criteria are filled in. The current study is the first proposal on how to apply the Internationality Index to one and only publication. This question is crucial as for the first time the authors and the editors will have the opportunity to learn how to evaluate the internationality of their publication alone, even if there is no group to which it can be compared. The present work describes how to apply the criteria to the scientific journals creating at the same time the Internationality Index. Additionally, it is shown how to apply the index to Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología (RLP).

Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología was created 41 years ago by Professor Rubén Ardila in Colombia and it is the oldest psychology journal in Latin America. From the beginning and in relation to its creator, the journal has always had important international projection and it has been the journal of reference for scientists from different continents. It has been included, for many years, in the prestigious database of Institut for Scientific Information (ISI). After almost four decades, the journal became published by the Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz. At present, the chair editor Marithza Sandoval has started a new period in which she included editors from different countries together with the open internet access. Without any doubt, these changes will serve to increase the international projection of the journal.

A proposal of how to calculate the Internationality Index

Method

Design

The present work is a descriptive study by means of the analysis of documents according to the classification established by Montero & León (2007). It was edited following the norms establishd by Ramos-Álvarez, Moreno-Fernández, Valdés-Conroy & Catena (2008).

The unit of the analysis

The present work is based on the opinion of 16,056 scientists from 109 countries and 9 fields of knowledge (Education; Humanities and Art; Social Sciences; Business and Law; Science; Engineering; Manufacturing and Construction; Agriculture and Health and Welfare), about the criteria of the internationality. The analysis were conducted utilizing articles published in Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología in 2007 and 2008.

Procedure and analyses

The current investigation is based on a questionnaire about the internationality which includes 12 questions based on 11 criteria: publication language, the online access, international standards of publication, inclusion in the JCR, inclusion in databases, the editorial board from different countries, free online access, the Impact Factor, the authors from different countries, affiliation to an "international" association and the word "international" in the journal's name. It was answered by 16,056 scientists and analyzed in a previous study (Buela-Casal & Zych, 2009). The criteria established in the survey can be applied to any scientific publication as the mean level of the internationality of each criterion can be utilized to calculate points which sum would be a score in the Internationality Index.

Some of the criteria of the internationality need to be divided into the subcriteria. For instance, the points of the criterion "the importance of the publication language" must be distributed among different languages as English, French, and Spanish etc. Other criteria, as for example "the number of the databases in which the journal is included" may change and depend on the group of journals which are being classified. There are some criteria of the "all or nothing" type which means that they cannot be divided into the subcriteria and the points are not distributed. One of the examples can be the criterion of "the word international in the name" in which if accomplished a publication would get all the points and if not would get zero. This may lead to the situation where the "all or nothing" criteria would have more weight than those which are divided. To avoid this situation, it is necessary to calculate the average value of the criteria which divide into the subcriteria.

First, the mean levels of the internationality of each criterion need to be pondered to obtain a scale between 0 and 100 which would correspond with a hypothetical perfect journal. With the purpose of obtaining a maximum possible score in a criterion in a scale from 0 to 100, it is necessary to multiply the mean level of the internationality of a criterion (established by the worldwide study) by 100 and then divide it by the sum of the mean levels of all the eleven criteria.

The pondered mean levels of the internationality of each criterion are represented in the table 1.

The calculation of the scores for each language can be seen in the table 2.

In this case the points of the criterion need to be divided into the four subcriteria. The average for each subcriterion can be seen in the table 3.

This can be seen in the table 4.

As the quartiles are the four subcriteria of the criterion it is calculated as shown in the table 5.

The scores of RLP in eight criteria of the Internationality Index which do not depend on the group of journals which are being analyzed are shown in table 6.

As can be seen in table 6, Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología obtained 51.75 out of 72.74 in eight of the eleven criteria of the Internationality Index.

Inclusion in databases

Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología is included in 21 databases. From the qualitative point of view it can be said that the journal fills in the criterion and can be considered international.

If analyzed together with Spanish journals of psychology, RLP would score 9.83 which is the highest number of databases from the group. If analyzed in the group of Iberoamerican psychology journals included in the Web of Science within 2005 and 2006, it would also get 9.83 (the same score as in 2005 and 2006 when the number of databases was also 21).

The editorial board from different countries

Authors from different countries

In this criterion, the ratio of authors from different countries / the number of articles in case of Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología is 0.2 which would get the score of 3.08. It should be taken into account that, among Spanish psychology journals there would be 2 with scores higher than Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología (Metodología de las Ciencias de Comportamiento and Psicológica). If compared to Iberoamerican psychology journals analyzed in 2005 and 2006, it would score 3.08 which would be lower than within 2005 and 2006 (4.62) but higher than other Iberoamerican psychology journals included in the WOS during these years.

The Internationality Index of RLP

The scores obtained by RLP in the three criteria which depend on the group of journals which are being analyzed can be seen in table 7.

The internationality of Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología in the last two years has increased in comparison to the analysis conducted in 2005 and 2006 (Zych & Buela-Casal, 2007). The higher score of the journal is mainly due to the increase in the number of languages of publication (from 1 to 3), free online access including the current issue and increased Impact Factor. The evolution of the latter can be seen in the table 8.

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