SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.33 issue3Fermentative characteristics and nutritional value of sugarcane silage added with two types of ureaJorge Ossa Londoño (2019). Cuentos y Cuentas de Café. Una vision crítica… y una propuesta. Fondo Editorial Biogénesis, 68 p. author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • On index processCited by Google
  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO
  • On index processSimilars in Google

Share


Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias

Print version ISSN 0120-0690On-line version ISSN 2256-2958

Rev Colom Cienc Pecua vol.33 no.3 Medellín July/Sept. 2020  Epub June 02, 2021

https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v33n3a03 

Brief communications

Oleoresins from chili pepper and turmeric could substitute for salinomycin in broilers

Oleoresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma podrian reemplazar la salinomicina en pollos de engorde

Oleoresinas de pimenta chilli e cúrcuma podem substituir a salinomicina em frangos de corte

Rafael A Nacimento2 

Maria E G Moro1 

Viviane B Ferrari2 

Luís V Sanfelice2 

Paulo H Pelissari2 

Yasmim G A Sartore2 

Mariana L Cuadros2 

Jose A R Ulloa1 

Cristiane S S Araújo2 

Lúcio F Araújo1 

1Departmento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brasil.

2Departmento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brasil.


Abstract

Background:

Coccidiosis is the infectious disease with the greatest economic impact in poultry production. Additionally, chemotherapeutic growth promoters are being substituted for safer alternative strategies.

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of feeding oleoresins from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the performance, survival rate, and the Productive Efficiency Index of broilers from 1 to 21d challenged by Eimeria sp.

Methods:

A total of 700 male 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) challenged with Eimeria sp, were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) negative control diet, without anticoccidial agent or growth promoters; (2) control diet+0.05% salinomycin; (3) negative control diet+100g/ton; and (4) negative control diet +140g/ton of test product (Curcuma longa L. plus Capsicum annuum oleoresins).

Results:

Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and Productive Efficiency Index did not differ between broilers fed anticoccidial chemotherapeutics and oleoresins. In addition, there was no difference in feed intake and survival rate between dietary treatments.

Conclusion:

Broilers supplemented with chili pepper and turmeric oleoresins from 1 to 21d present similar body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, and Productive Efficiency Index compared to broilers supplemented with chemotherapeutic anticoccidials without affecting feed intake or survival rate.

Keywords: antibiotic alternatives; antibiotics replacement; bacterial resistance; broiler; chili pepper; coccidiosis challenge; oleoresins; performance; phytogenic supplements; protozoa resistance; poultry production; turmeric

Resumen

Antecedentes:

El impacto económico generado por la coccidiosis en el sector avícola es el mayor en relación con otras enfermedades. Adicionalmente, los promotores de crecimiento quimioterapéuticos se han venido reemplazando por estrategias alternativas.

Objetivo:

Evaluar el efecto de oleorresinas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum) y cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) sobre el desempeño zootécnico, tasa de supervivencia y el Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en pollos de engorde de 1 a 21 dias desafiados con Eimeria sp.

Métodos:

Se utilizaron 700 pollos machos (Cobb500) de 1 día de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos: (1) dieta control negativo sin agentes anticoccidianos ni promotores de crecimiento; (2) dieta control+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta control negativa+100g/ton; y (4) dieta control negativa +140g/ton del producto a evaluar (oleorresina de Curcuma longa L. y Capsicum annuum).

Resultados:

Se obtuvieron resultados similares repecto a peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en los tratamientos que contenían anticoccidiano quimioterapéutico y los que contenian oleorresinas. Además, no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de alimento ni en la tasa de supervivencia entre los tratamientos dietarios.

Conclusión:

Los pollos de engorde suplementados entre 1 y 21 d con oleorresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma presentan similar peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en comparación con los suplementados con anticoccidianos quimioterapéuticos, sin afectar el consumo de alimento ni la viabilidad.

Palabras clave: alternativas a los antibioticos; azafrán; desafío con coccidiosis; desempeño; pollos de engorde; oleorresinas; pimiento; producción de aves; reemplazo de antibióticos; resistencia bacteriana; resistência a protozoários; suplementos fitogénicos

Resumo

Antecedentes:

O impacto econômico da coccidiose é o maior quando comparado a outras doenças na produção avícola. Além disso, promotores de crescimento quimioterápicos tem sido substituídos por estratégias alternativas.

Objetivo:

Avaliar o efeito das oleoresinas da pimenta Chilli (Capsicum annuum) e açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) no desempenho zootécnico, taxa de sobrevivência e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva de frangos de corte de 1 a 21d desafiados por Eimeria sp

Métodos:

Foram utilizados 700 pintos de 1d, machos (Cobb500) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro tratamentos: (1) dieta controle negativo, sem agente anticoccidiano ou promotores de crescimento; (2) dieta controle+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta controle negativa+100g/ton; e (4)+140g/ton de produto teste (oleoresina de Curcuma longa L. mais Capsicum annuum) e desafiados por Eimeria sp.

Resultados:

Houve resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva entre frangos alimentados com dietas contendo anticocidiano quimioterápico e dietas contendo oleoresinas. Além disso, não houve diferença para consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência entre os tratamentos dietéticos.

Conclusão:

Frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com oleorresinas de pimenta chili e açafrão-da-terra apresentaram resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva que frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com anticoccidianos quimioterápicos de 1 a 21d, sem afetar o consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência dos animais.

Palavras-chave: açafrão-da-terra; desafio com coccidiose; desempenho; frango; oleoresinas; pimenta chili; produção avícola; resistência bacteriana; resistência a protozoários; substituição de antibióticos; suplementos fitogênicos.

Introduction

Coccidiosis is one of the most common and detrimental diseases in broiler production, mainly because of serious economic losses to the industry attributed to increased drug costs and low animal performance (Drăgan et al., 2014; Tanweer et al., 2014). In general, anticoccidial agents, such as ionophores, monensin, lasalocid, and salinomycin are used for strategic control and treatment, and have been used for several decades (Chapman, 1997; Jenkins et al., 2010). However, unregulated use of these agents can cause a loss of efficiency due to protozoa resistance (Löhren et al., 2009; Kheirabadi et al., 2014). In addition, the use of chemical antimicrobials for growth promotion has been banned in many countries due to its linkage with antimicrobial resistance and meat residues (Bajpai et al., 2012). Thus, there is an increased interest in finding alternative feed additives that can substitute chemical antimicrobials.

Plant extracts, such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have gained popularity due to their antimicrobial effect similar to chemotherapeutics based on antioxidative status improvement, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties (Majolo et al., 2014; Araújo et al., 2015). Studies suggest that phytogenic supplements can improve antioxidative status by removing free radicals and improving the immune system. Phytogenic supplements protect infected tissue against oxidative stress damage, thus maintaining intestinal integrity during coccidial infection and reducing the negative impacts of coccidiosis (Allen and Fetterer 2002). Studies show positive effects on growth performance, intestinal lesions and pro-inflammatory cytokines of broilers challenged by Eimeria sp. and Clostridium sp. and fed capsaicin and thymol-supplemented diets (Lee et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2015).

Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oleoresins from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the performance, survival rate, and Productive Efficiency Index of broilers from 1 to 21d challenged by Eimeria sp.

Materials and methods

Ethical considerations

All procedures and protocols were approved by the Ethical Committee for the Use of Animals of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo, in accordance with the Arouca Law (No. 11,794 of October 8, 2008).

Housing and husbandry

A total of 700 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) obtained from a local commercial hatchery were used. The feed was provided by tubular feeders, and water was supplied in pendular drinking troughs arranged in the center of the pens. The pens measured 180x220 cm, were covered with pine wood shavings, and the density and ambient temperature were in accordance with the bird lineage manual (Cobb Vantress, 2012).

Experimental design

The 1-day-old chicks were distributed into four experimental treatments, a corn and soybean meal-based diet being formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of male chicks from 1-21 days (Rostagno et al., 2011): (1) the negative control diet, free of anticoccidial agents and growth promoters (Table 1); (2) the positive control (PC) diet was supplemented with 0.05% salinomycin (Coxistac® 12%, Phibro Brazil Animal Health Corporation; Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil; (3) the negative control diet plus 100 g/ton of the test product (NC+10%); and (4) the negative control diet plus 140 g/ton of the test product (NC+14%), totalling four treatments with seven replicates of 25 animals each.

Table 1 Ingredient composition and nutrients of the experimental diet. 

NC = negative control diet; PC = Positive control diet (0.05% of salinomycin); NC+10% = negative control diet plus 0.008% of test product; NC+14% = negative control diet plus 0.015% of test product; **Premix mineral vitamin without anticoccidial or growth promoters. Nutritional vitamin/mineral level per kg of diet from 1 to 21d of age: pantothenic acid: 12 mg; folic acid: 1.25 mg; biotin: 0.06 mg; niacin: 35 mg; thiamine: 1.5 mg; vit. A: 10000 IU; pyridoxine (B6): 3mg; riboflavin (B2): 6.5 mg; cobalamin (B12): 20 mg; vit. D3: 3000 IU; vit. E: 25 IU; vit. K3: 2 mg; Cu: 9.5 mg; Fe: 40 mg; I: 1.1 mg; Mn: 70 mg; Se: 0.33 mg; Zn: 60 mg.

The product tested consisted of 4% oleoresin of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and 4% oleoresin of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). At 7d, the chicks were infected by oral inoculation with an attenuated live commercial vaccine containing E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima (5x106), and E. necatrix (1x106) (1ml/bird; Livacox® Q, Biopharm, Prague, Czech Republic).

Data collection

At 21d of age, the birds and the leftover feed were weighed in a mobile digital scale (e= 0.050) to assess weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), and the Productive Efficiency Index was obtained as follow:

PEI is the Productive Efficiency Index; BWG is body weight gain (kg); Sv is the survival rate (%); FC is the feed conversion (kg:kg).

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute, 2009), version 9.2, by the GLM procedure. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level.

Results

Similar results were observed for FBW, WG, FC, and PEI of broilers fed the diet containing anticoccidial chemotherapeutics and diets containing oleoresins (Table 2; p<0.05). However, broilers not supplemented with any additive presented lower BW, FI, FC and PEI compared to the supplemented diets. In addition, there was no difference in feed intake and survival rate between dietary treatments.

Feed conversion was improved by the positive control treatments compared to the negative control. However, the supplemented treatments presented averages similar to the positive and negative control groups.

Table 2 Final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), Productive Efficiency Index (PEI), and survival rate of broilers from 1 to 21d fed diets supplemented or not with essential oils. 

a, b p<0.05 (Tukey test); SEM= standard error of the mean; NC = negative control, free of anticoccidial agent and growth promoter; PC = positive control, diet with anticoccidial agent (salinomycin) and growth promoter; NC+10% = negative control+10% of test product (4% Capsicum annuum and 4% of Curcuma longa L. oleoresins); CN+14% = negative control+14% of test product. WG = weight gain; FI = Feed intake; FC = Feed conversion; PEI = Productive Efficiency Index; FWB = final body weight.

Discussion

Some studies suggest that growth performance and immunological response is improved in broilers fed diets supplemented with turmeric and capsicum under challenge conditions (Lee et al., 2010a, b, 2013; Kim et al., 2015). Our performance results corroborate those of Kim et al. (2015), who found similar weight gain for animals challenged with Eimeria sp./Clostridium sp. and supplemented with Curcuma Longa L. Furthermore, those researchers observed that diets supplemented with Capsicum sp. and Curcuma longa L. derivatives reduced the negative effects on body weight caused by intestinal lesions resulting from necrotic enteritis.

Previous studies suggest that mRNA from macrophages and spleen cell proliferation increased in birds submitted to Curcuma longa L. (Lee et al., 2010a). In addition, a decrease in intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines in birds fed a diet supplemented with Capsicum sp. oleoresins and challenged with necrotic enteritis, demonstrating increase weight gain, low E. acervulina fecundation rate, and reduction of the side effects of the disease (Lee et al., 2010b). Thus, it is possible that the essential oil compounds have an immunomodular role in the immune profile of the birds, directly reflected in the performance of the animals.

Based on the performance results, it is possible to suggest that there was a synergistic effect between chili pepper oleoresin (which contains capsaicin as the main active compound) and turmeric oleoresin (which has thymol as the main active compound), promoting weight gain similar to the anticoccidial chemotherapeutic used, while not affecting feed intake or feed conversion. It is possible that supplementation of vegetable oil compounds in critical stages of development, demonstrated by coccidiosis exposure, minimizes the energy expenditure of the immune system, thus utilizing the absorbed nutrients for other functions, such as growth (Bento et al., 2013). The literature regarding the effects of plant extracts or oleoresins on metabolizable energy and body weight gain is inconsistent. However, it has been reported that plant compounds can stabilize digestive functions (Pirgozliev et al., 2018).

In conclusion, broilers fed diets supplemented with chili pepper and turmeric oleoresins presented similar results on body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, and Productive Efficiency Index similar to those fed a diet supplemented with chemotherapeutic anticoccidials from 1 to 21d. In addition, dietary inclusion of 4% oleoresins from chili pepper and turmeric could substitute for chemotherapeutic antimicrobials, such as salinomycin, as demonstrated in the present study.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the people at Universidade de São Paulo for their support.

References

Allen PC, Fetterer RH. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clin Microbiol Ver 2002; 15:58-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.1.58-65.2002Links ]

Araújo RGM, Assis D, Lemes SR, Melo-Reis PR, Araújo LA, Paiva ES, Silva CB. Estudo de caso: Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial do açafrão (Curcuma longa)*. Estud Goiânia 2015; 42:425-431. [ Links ]

Bento MHL, Ouwehand AC, Tiihonen K, Lahtinen S, Nurminen P, Saarinen MT, Schulze H, Mygind T, Fischer J. Essential oils and their use in animal feeds for monogastric animals-effects on feed quality, gut microbiota, growth performance and food safety: A review. Vet Med (Praha) 2013; 58:449-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/7029-VETMEDLinks ]

Bajpai VK, Baek KH, Kang SC. Control of Salmonella in foods by using essential oils: A review. Food Res Int 2012; 45:722-734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.052Links ]

Chapman HD. Biochemical, genetic and applied aspects of drug resistance in Eimeria parasites of the fowl. Avian Pathol 1997; 26:221-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459708419208Links ]

Drăgan L, Györke A, Ferreira JFS, Pop IA, Dunca I, Drăgan M, Mircean V, Dan I, Cozma V. Effects of Artemisia annua and Foeniculum vulgare on chickens highly infected with Eimeria tenella (phylum Apicomplexa). Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-56-22Links ]

Jenkins M, Klopp S, Ritter D, Miska K, Fetterer R. Comparison of Eimeria species distribution and salinomycin resistance in commercial broiler operations utilizing different coccidiosis control strategies. Avian Dis 2010; 54:1002-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1637/9137-111109-Reg.1Links ]

Kim JE, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Kim GB, Lee SH, Lillehoj EP, Bravo DM. Dietary Capsicum and Curcuma longa oleoresins increase intestinal microbiome and necrotic enteritis in three commercial broiler breeds. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:150-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.022Links ]

Kheirabadi KP, Katadj JK, Bahadoran S, Silva JAT da, Samani AD, Bashi MC. Comparison of the anticoccidial effect of granulated extract of Artemisia sieberi with monensin in experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:129-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.022Links ]

Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Jang SI, Lillehoj EP, Ionescu C, Mazuranok L, Bravo DM. 2010a. In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of chicken lymphocytes and macrophages. Br Poult Sci; 51:213-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071661003745844Links ]

Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Kim DK, Ionescu C, Bravo D. Effect of dietary curcuma, capsicum, and lentinus, on enhancing local immunity against Eimeria acervulina infection. J Poult Sci 2010b; 47:89-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.009025Links ]

Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Lillehoj EP, Min W, Bravo D. Dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with Capsicum and turmeric oleoresins increases resistance to necrotic enteritis. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:840-847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512006083Links ]

Löhren U, Ricci A, Cummings TS. Orientações para o uso de antimicrobianos em aves domésticas. In: Guardabassi L, Jensen LB, Kruse H, editors. Guia de antimicrobianos em veterinária. 1st ed. Artmed; 2009. p. 160-177. [ Links ]

Majolo C, Nascimento VP, Chagas EC, Chaves FCM. Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de rizomas de açafrão (Curcuma longa L.) e gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) frente a salmonelas entéricas isoladas de frango resfriado. Rev Bras Plantas Med 2014; 16:505-512. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-084X/13_109Links ]

Pirgozliev V, Mansbridge SC, Rose P, Bravo D. Plant extracts, energy, and immune modulation in broilers. In: Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention 2018;103-119. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77220Links ]

SAS Institute Inc. SAS User’s Guide: Version 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA; 2009. [ Links ]

Tanweer AJ, Chand N, Saddique U, Bailey CA, Khan RU. Antiparasitic effect of wild rue (Peganum harmala L.) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2951-2960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3957-yLinks ]

Funding This study was made possible by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

* To cite this article: Nacimento RA, Moro MEG, Ferrari VB, Sanfelice LV, Pelissari PH, Sartore YGA, Cuadros ML, Ulloa JAR, Araújo CSS, Araújo LF. Oleoresins from chili pepper and turmeric can substitute for salinomycin in broilers. Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2020; 33(3): 195-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v33n3a03

Received: April 14, 2018; Accepted: December 07, 2019

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the work presented in this report.

Author contribution

Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro, Cristiane Soares da Silva Araújo and Lúcio Francelino Araújo were responsible for the study design. Rafael Araújo Nacimento, Viviane Borba Ferrari, Luís Vinícius Sanfelice, Paulo Henrique Pelissari, Yasmin Gonçalves de Almeida Sartore, Mariana Llaqe Cuadros and Jose Antonio Rivera Ulloa were in charge of experiment conduction and data collection. Viviane Borba Ferrari and Rafael Araújo Nacimento carried out the statistical analysis. Rafael Araújo Nacimento and Lúcio Francelino Araújo drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License