SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.66 issue1Effects of temperature wild chili pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) germination grown under two light conditionsMapping soil compaction using indicator kriging in Santa Fe province, Argentina author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • On index processCited by Google
  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO
  • On index processSimilars in Google

Share


Acta Agronómica

Print version ISSN 0120-2812

Acta Agron. vol.66 no.1 Palmira Jan./Mar. 2017

https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n1.52454 

Articulos Originales

Chemical and physical changes in an Argisol under agrosilvopastoral system in Votuporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil

Alterações químicas e físicas em um argissolo sob sistema agrossilvipastoril em Votuporanga, SP, Brasil

Wander Luis Barbosa-Borges 1  

Isabela Malaquias Dalto de Souza 2  

Vanda Aparecida-Bazzo 3  

1Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológicos dos Agronegócios do Noroeste Paulista, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Brasil. Instituto Agronômico - IAC, Brasil.

2Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Campus de Araras, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Brasil.

3Superintendência de Água, Esgotos e Meio Ambiente de Votuporanga- SAEV , Brasil.


Abstract

Conservation management systems that have intended to prevent wear or soil degradation have been widespread in agriculture. The study was conducted in Site São Luiz at Simonsen district, Votuporanga, São Paulo State, in order to evaluate the chemical and physical changes in an area with agrosilvopastoral system and deployed with three soil management (treatments): Full (conventional tillage, liming and application of gypsum, phosphate and potassium); intermediate (no tillage, liming and application of gypsum at surface) and basic (no tillage and surface liming). The soil was managed in July 2009 and the planting of eucalyptus was realized in January 2010, on the terraces. Between the terraces it was cropped maize intercropped with Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. In April 2014 it was held the disturbed and undisturbed soil sampling soil at depths of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, collecting three sub samples per plot. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with three replications, with plots of approximately 1.0 ha. It was concluded that in the layer of 0-0.05m, the intermediate management provided increase in the levels of organic matter, Ca, P and K and the basic management provided lower levels of Ca and lower pH and basis saturation values and higher potential acidity; the complete and intermediate managements provided raising the pH in the two layers evaluated; the use of liming associated with gypsum application improves the chemical characteristics of Argisols under agrosilvopastoral systems; in the layer of 0.05-0.20 m the basic management provided lower bulk density and the complete management the largest; the different managements did not differ with respect to porosity and aggregate stability.

Keywords: Corymbia citriodora; Eucalyptus urograndis; integrated systems; soil management; Urochloa brizantha

Resumo

Sistemas de manejo conservacionistas que têm o intuito de evitar o desgaste ou a degradação do solo vêm sendo difundidos na agricultura. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no sítio São Luiz, no distrito de Simonsen, município de Votuporanga, SP, com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações químicas e físicas em uma área com sistema agrossilvipastoril e implantada com três manejos de solo (tratamentos): completo (preparo convencional do solo, calagem, gessagem, fosfatagem, potassagem); intermediário (sem preparo, calagem e gessagem superficial) e básico (sem preparo e calagem superficial). O solo foi manejado em julho de 2009 e em janeiro de 2010, foi realizado o plantio de eucalipto sobre os terraços e milho em consórcio com Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, entre os terraços. Em abril de 2014 foram realizadas as amostragens deformada e indeformada do solo nas profundidades de 0-0.05 e 0.05-0.20 m, coletando-se três sub amostras por parcela. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições, com parcelas de aproximadamente 1.0 ha. Constatou-se que na camada de 0-0,05 m, o manejo intermediário proporcionou aumento nos teores de matéria orgânica, Ca, P e K e o manejo básico propiciou menores teores de Ca e menores valores de pH e saturação por bases e maiores valores de acidez potencial; os manejos completo e intermediário proporcionaram elevação do pH nas duas camadas avaliadas; a utilização da calagem associada à gessagem melhora as características químicas de Argissolos sob sistemas agrossilvipastoris; na camada de 0,05-0,20 m o manejo básico proporcionou menores valores de densidade do solo e o completo maiores; os diferentes manejos não diferiram em relação à porosidade e à estabilidade de agregados.

Palavras-chave: Corymbia citriodora; Eucalyptus urograndis; manejo do solo; sistemas integrados; Urochloa brizantha

Introduction

Conservation management systems, intending to prevent soil wear or degradation, have been widespread in agriculture.

Thus, the integrated crop-lifestock (ICL) has become an advantageous option and benefited two activities of economic importance, providing mutual benefits to the producer (Mateus et al. 2011). In order to promote technological innovation of agricultural activities, this system has been studied in several regions of the world (Allen et al. 2007; Tracy & Zhang, 2008; Balbinot Júnior et al. 2009; (de Faccio Carvalho et al., 2010)

The adoption of ICL, contributes to facilitate the NTS with the straw produced by well managed tropical pasture. Moreover, the pasture provides a better structured soil to the crop, due to the extensive root system and the organic material residue left on the surface and subsurface soils (Loss et al. 2011; Silva et al. 2011).

The production systems with ICL managed under NTS have shown increased profitability per area, increased diversification of activities, less economic risk and lower production costs (Balbinot Júnior et al. 2009; Macedo, 2009). However, to be feasible, it is necessary to identified at regional scale, production systems with medium and long term, integrating the production of grain with perennial pastures that dominate the site (Santos et al. 2011).

The traffic of agricultural machines induce compaction, while the animal trampling may compromise the physic quality of the superficial layer of soil, which may present an increase in the density and a reduction in porosity (Giarola et al. 2007).

The study of soil properties through time allows the quantification, the magnitude and the duration of changes caused by different management systems (Silveira et al. 2011).

The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemical and physical alterations in an Argisol under three soil managements and cultivated under agrosilvopasture system, in the municipality of Votuporanga, SP, Brazil.

Material and methods

The research was performed with an Red Yellow Argisol (100 g kg-1 clay on the horizon A), in the Farm São Luiz, located in the district of Simonsen, Votuporanga, SP, Brazil, with geographic coordination of: latitude 20°26'78'' S, longitude 49°52'58'' W and mean altitude of 488 m, in an area of 10 ha on degraded pasture, which was part of the "Projeto de Produção Integrada de Sistemas Agropecuários em Microbacias Hidrográficas no Subtrópico Brasileiro e no Cerrado Sul Matogrossense - MAPA" (Project of Integrated Agricultural and Livestock Production Systems in the Brazilian subtropics and Cerrado vegetation from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil).

Soil sampling was performed to evaluate the soil fertility in the layer 0-0.20 m in march 2009 and the analysis presented the following mean values: Organic matter: 17.0 g kg-1; pH (CaCl2): 4.5; P (resin): 5 mg dm-3; K: 1.9 mmolc dm-3; Ca: 9 mmolc dm-3; Mg: 4 mmolc dm-3; V: 37 %.

A penetrometry was performed in the area, till 0.60 m, in 2009, sampling ten random points of the area, and a resistance to soil penetration superior to 2.0 MPa in the layer 0.16-0.20 m was registered (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Soil penetration resistance in the layer of 0-0.60 m, Votuporanga, SP, Brazil, 2009. 

The randomized block with three replications was used as experimental design, with parcels of approximately 1.0 ha, using three different soil management (treatments):

- Complete: conventional soil preparation, by means of plowing, harrowing and subsoiling; application of 3000 kg ha-1 limestone, with 34 % of Ca and 9 % of Mg with surface with subsequent incorporation; application of 1200 kg ha-1 of natural reactive phosphate with subsequent incorporation; application of 1000 kg ha-1 of agriculture plaster in the surface; application of 100 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride in the surface;

- Intermediary: without soil preparation; desiccation of the original grassland with 6 L ha-1 of glyphosate (commercial product); application of 1000 kg ha-1 of limestone, in surface, with 34 % of Ca and 9 % of Mg and 1000 kg ha-1 of plaster;

- Basic: without soil preparation; desiccation of the original pasture with 6 L ha-1 of glyphosate (commercial product); application of 1000 kg ha-1 of limestone, in surface, with 34 % of Ca and 9 % of Mg.

The soil management was performed in July 2009, with the support of the Agricultural Patrol of Votuporanga.

Eucalyptus plantation was conducted on 01/08/2010, on the terraces with a population of 287 plants ha-1, with a spacing of 2.5 m between plants. Two species were used: C. citriodora and E. urograndis, planting, alternately, a line of each species on each terrain.

On 01/19/2010, the corn culture was seeded among terrains, with a space of 0.8 m between rows. On the following day, a line of U. brizantha cv. Marandu was seeded, in the corn interline, using 10 kg ha-1 of seeds with 10 % weight of triple superphosphate, to facilitate the distribution in the planting furrows.

The amount of nutrients used in the several managements, at the seeding moment and in the first and second corn covers, are demonstrated in Table 1.

Table 1 Amounts of nutrients used at the moment of seeding and corn coverage in different management systems (kg. ha-1)

The fertilizing used in the basic management was based on the standard seeding fertilization used for most of the regional producers.

After the corn harvest, the area remained in fallow, and, in January 2011, the beef cattle breed started, and the animals remained in continuous grazing system till slaughter. The animal stocking rate varies according to the availability of forage. In the pasture, no fertilization and application of corrective surface was performed.

In April 2014, a deforming soil sampling was performed, in order to evaluate the fertility in depths of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, collecting three sub samples per parcel. Those three sub-samples (single samples) were homogenized in a composed sample. The samples were chemically analyzed for the determination of pH, exchangeable bases, aluminum, extractable hydrogen and assimilable phosphorus.

The undeformed soil sampling was also performed, in April 2014, in three points per parcel, in depths of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, using rings of approximately 100 cm3. The soil density (SD) was determined in the laboratory of soil physics of the "Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Seringueira e Sistemas Agroflorestais (IAC)" (Advanced Technological Research Center of Agricultural business of Rubber tree and Agroforestry), by the volumetric method of total porosity (TP), the percentage of soil water saturation the microporosity and macroporosity soil and the "tension table".

To determinate the water stability of aggregates, three sub-samples (single samples) per parcel were collected, in layers of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, and homogenized in a compost sample. The sampling was done with a mattock, without destroying the clods, which were placed in plastic bags and subsequently air dried.

For the determination of distribution of aggregate classes, the wet sieving was calibrated to run for 10 min with 30 oscillations per minute.

For the separation of the aggregate classes, the following classes were determined: > 4.0 mm; among 4.0-2.0 mm; among 1.0-0.50 mm; among 0.50-0.25 mm; < 0.125 mm. After the separation of the aggregated classes, the mean weighted diameter (MWD) was calculated, in mm.

Data were submitted to the tests F and Tuckey (P < 0.05), for comparison of the averages, using the software Assistat (tm).

Results and discussion

Regarding the organic matter (OM), the intermediate soil management provided higher contents in the layers 0-0.05 m depth (Table 2).

Table 2 Chemical attributes evaluated in soil layers of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, Votuporanga, SP, Brazil, 2014. 

Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ accordingly to Tuckey test (P < 0.05).

(1)organic matter; (2)base saturation; (3)coefficient of variation

According to Potes et al. (2010), the increasing in soil organic matter (SOM) in not revolved soils, is caused by the decrease of microbial OM decomposition rate in soil by lowering the temperature and aeration, increasing soil coverage and no fractionation and incorporation of plant residues.

Regarding the initial values, the complete and intermediary management provided increases in the pH values, in both layers (Table 2). On the other hand, Santos et al. (2009), noticed a reduction in pH values in treatments with ICL and mentioned that soil acidification was due to the long period in which the area was free of liming, which was not observed in this study, in the basic management.

The basic management provided low values of pH, higher acid potential and lower base saturation, in both evaluated layers, differing from the complete management, and also providing the lower levels of Ca in the superficial layer (0-0.05 m), differing from the intermediate treatment (Table 2). These results pointed out to the importance of the use of liming, associated to the plastering in Argisols, such as those from the study region, including agroforestry systems.

In the surface layer, the intermediate management provided increasing in the values of OM and pH and in the levels of Ca, P and K, comparing to the initial levels (Table 2), corroborating with Santos et al. (2011), who cite the levels of Ca, MO, P and K of soil are positively affected by the production systems with ICL. According to Bayer et al. (2006), the adoption of conservationist practices based on the minimal revolving, in the correct management of residues and in the inclusion of perennial grasses in crop rotation, may prevent the degradation of OM, and even increase the level of SOM (Volpe et al. 2008).

There was no difference related to the levels of P and K among the managements, in both evaluated layers, and that the NTS and minimal cultivation system tend to equalize over the years.

Although the managements did not provide differences among themselves (P < 0.05) regarding the levels of P, the intermediated management, that presented the higher levels of OM, provided level of P 55 % superior to the others, in layers of 0-0.05 m, and of 87 % superior, in level of 0.05-0.20 m. According to Brady and Weil (2002), cited by Rocha et al. (2015), this is due to the fact that some fractions of OM, especially fulvic acids, occupy the P absorption sites in the soil, increasing its availability. This statement was corroborated by Rocha et al. (2015), which observed a higher availability of P in the areas presenting higher levels of Corg in the soil.

The several adopted managements did not differ (P < 0,05) considering the TP of the soil (Table 3), corroborating studies conducted by Silveira et al. (2011), and all TP values were below 0.50 m3 m-3, and only the intermediary soil management, in the layer of 0.05-0.20 m, provided values of top microporosity of 0.33 m3 m-3.

Table 3 Physic soil attributes evaluated in the layers 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, Votuporanga, SP, Brazil, 2014. 

Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ accordingly to Tuckey test ( P < 0.05).

In the superficial layer (0-0.05 m), there was no difference (P < 0,05) among the management adopted in relation to the SD (Table 3), in accordance to Spera et al. (2009). On the other hand, in the layer of 0.05-0.20 m, the basic soil management provided a lower SD and differed from the complete management, who performed the higher SD (Table 4), despite the initial soil tillage.

Table 4 Distribution of size of stable aggregates in water, in the layers of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m, Votuporanga, SP, Brazil, 2014. 

Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ accordingly to Tuckey test (P < 0.05).

(1) mean weighted diameter.

These results differed from those found from Silveira Neto et al. (2006) and Silveira et al. (2008), who verified that the continuous DP provided higher SD and lower values of macroporosity and TP in the layers of 0-0.3 m. According to Reeves (1995); Stone & Silveira (2001) cited by Silveira et al. (2008), the SD under TS may decrease with time, due, in part, to the increase in the OM level in the superficial layer, once it favors a bigger aggregation of soil, improving the structure quality and then, increasing the porosity value and decreasing the SD value.

There was no significant effect of different soil management on all soil aggregates classes and on their AWD. Silveira et al. (2011), identify differences between treatments in the layer 0-0.20 m of soil, and state that all treatments containing Urochloa ruziziensis presented higher percentages of aggregates larger than 2 mm that the treatment without U. ruziziensis, probably being this, the fact of different managements of soil do not present differences, once all presented U. brizantha.

It is noteworthy that the used management strategies provided a percentage of aggregates larger than 4 mm top to 60 % in the superficial layer (0-0.05 m), superior to 48 % in the layer of 0.05-0.20 m, highlighting the importance of forage in soil aggregation. Salton et al. (2008) also observed the apparent grazing contribution in increasing the average size of stable aggregates.

The high percentage of aggregates larger than 4 mm in the intermediate handling, in the surface layer (0-0.05 m), superior to 80 %, is related to the accumulation of OM in this layer.

Conclusions

In the layer of 0-0.05 m, the intermediary management provided an increasing in organic matter content, Ca, P and K, while the basic management provided lower levels of Ca and lower levels of pH and base saturation and higher values of potential acidity.

The complete and intermediary management provided pH elevation in both evaluated levels. The use of liming associated with plastering improves the chemical characteristics of Argisols under agroforestry systems.

In the layer of 0.05-0.20 m, the basic management provided lower values of soil density, while the complete management provided higher values. The several managements did not differ related to porosity or to aggregates stability.

Acknowledgment

To the cooperator companies of the project, which donated all the inputs used in this research.

References

Allen, V. G., Baker, M. T., Segarra, E., & Brown, C. P. (2007). Integrated irrigated crop-livestock systems in dry climates. Agron J 99(2), 346-360. http://dx.doi.org/1 0.2134Ingron j2006.0 14 B Links ]

Balbinot-Júnior, A. A., Moraes, A., Veiga, M., Pelissari, A., & Dickow, J. (2009). Integração lavoura-pecuária: intensificação de uso de áreas agrícolas. Ci Rural. 39(6), 1925-1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009005000107Links ]

Bayer, C., Lovato, T., Dieckow, J., Zanatta, J.A., & Mielniczuk, J. (2006). A method for estimating coefficients of soil organic matter dynamics based on long-term experiments. Soil Till Res 91(1-2), 217-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.12.006Links ]

de Faccio Carvalho, P. C., Anghinoni, I., de Moraes, A., de Souza, E. D., Sulc, R. M., Lang, C. R., Bayer, C. (2010). Managing grazing animals to achieve nutrient cycling and soil improvement in no-till integrated systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 88(2), 259-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-010-9360-xLinks ]

Giarola, N.F.B., Tormena, C.A., & Dutra, A.C. (2007). Degradação física de um Latossolo Vermelho utilizado para produção intensiva de forragem. R. Bras Ci Solo. 31(5), 863-873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832007000500004 Links ]

Loss, A., Pereira, M.G., Giácomo, S.G., Perin, A., & Anjos, L.H.C. (2011). Agregação, carbono e nitrogênio em agregados do solo sob plantio direto com integração lavoura-pecuária. Pesq Agropec Bras. 46(10),1269-1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000022 Links ]

Macedo, M.C.M. (2009). Integração lavoura e pecuária: o estado da arte e inovação tecnológicas. Rev Bras Zootecn. 38 (n.spe), 133-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300015Links ]

Mateus, G.P., Crusciol, C.A.C., Borghi, E., Pariz, C.M., Costa, C., & Silveira, J.P.F. (2011). Adubação nitrogenada de sorgo granífero consorciado com capim em sistema de plantio direto. Pesq Agropec Bras . 46(10),1161-1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000007Links ]

Potes, M.L., Dick, D.P., Dalmolin, R.S.D., Knicker, H., & Rosa, A.S. (2010). Matéria orgânica em Neossolo de altitude: influência do manejo da pastagem na sua composição e teor. R Bras Ci Solo. 34(1), 23-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832010000100003 Links ]

Reichert, J.M., Kaiser, D.R., Reinert, D.J., & Riquelme, U.F.B. (2009). Variação temporal de propriedades físicas do solo e crescimento radicular de feijoeiro em quatro sistemas de manejo. Pesq Agropec Bras . 44(3), 310-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2009000300013 Links ]

Rocha, J.H.T., Santos, A.J.M., Diogo, F.A., Backes, C., Melo, A.G.C., Borelli, K., & Godinho, T.O. (2015). Reflorestamento e recuperação de atributos químicos e físicos do solo. Floresta Ambient. 22(3), 299-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.041613Links ]

Salton, J. C., Mielniczuk, J., Bayer, C., Boeni, M., Conceição, P. C., Fabrício, A. C., Broch, D. L. (2008). Agregação e estabilidade de agregados do solo em sistemas agropecuários em Mato Grosso do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 32(1), 11-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832008000100002 Links ]

Santos, H.P., Fontaneli, R.S., Spera, S.T., & Tomm, G.O. (2009). Efeito de sistemas de produção integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) sobre a fertilidade do solo em plantio direto. Acta Sci Agron. 31(4),719-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v31i4.925 Links ]

Santos, H.P., Fontaneli, R.S., Spera, S.T., & Dreon, G. (2011). Fertilidade e teor de matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas de produção com integração lavoura e pecuária sob plantio direto. R Bras Ci Agrár. 6(3), 474-482. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v6i3a1266 Links ]

Silva, R.F., Guimarães, M.F., Aquino, A.M., & Mercante, F.M. (2011). Análise conjunta de atributos físicos e biológicos do solo sob sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária. Pesq Agropec Bras . 46(10), 1277-1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000023Links ]

Silveira, P.M., Stone, L.F., Alves-Júnior, J., & Silva, J.G. (2008). Efeitos do manejo do solo sob plantio direto e de culturas na densidade e porosidade de um Latossolo. Biosci. J. 24(3), 53-59. [ Links ]

Silveira, P.M., Silva, J.H., Lobo-Junior, M., & Cunha, P.C.R. (2011). Atributos do solo e produtividade do milho e do feijoeiro irrigado sob sistema integração lavoura-pecuária. Pesq Agropec Bras . 46(10), 1170-1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000008 Links ]

Spera, S.T., Santos, H.P., Tomm, G.O., Kochhann, R.A., & Ávila, A. (2009). Atributos físicos do solo em sistemas de manejo de solo e de rotação de culturas. Bragantia. 68 (4), 1079-1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052009000400029Links ]

Tracy, B.F., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Soil compaction, corn yield response, and soil nutrient pool dynamics within an integrated crop-livestock system in Illinois. Crop Sci. 48(3),1211-1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.07.0390 Links ]

Volpe, E., Marchetti, M.E., Macedo, M.C.M., & Rosa-Junior, E.J. (2008). Renovação de pastagem degradada com calagem, adubação e leguminosa consorciada em Neossolo Quatzarênico. Acta. Sci. Agron. 30(1), 131-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v30i1.1162Links ]

Received: August 11, 2015; Accepted: March 09, 2016

Author for correspondence: wanderborges@iac.sp.gov.br

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License