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Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia

Print version ISSN 0121-246X

Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq vol.28 no.2 Medellín Jan./June 2017

https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfo.v28n2a2 

Original article

CIGARETTE SMOKING AT THE UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTIOQUIA SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY AND RELATED FACTORS. MEDELLÍN, 20121

Andrés A. Agudelo-Suárez2  * 

Fanny Lucía Yepes-Delgado3 

Victoria Patricia Castro-Naranjo4 

Carlos Mario Cano-Restrepo5 

Claudia Marcela Campuzano-Peláez6 

2 DMD. Specialist in Health Services Administration. PhD in Public Health. Associated Professor. School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia. Email: oleduga@gmail.com

3 DMD. Specialist in Comprehensive Dentistry of the Adult. Master’s degree in Sociology of Education. Associate Professor. School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia. Email: faluyede@gmail.com

4 Social Communicator. Specialist in Health Promotion and Prevention of Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases. Professor at the School of Medicine. Coordinator of the program “A Smoke-Free Area” ENT#091;Espacio Libre de Humo de CigarrilloENT#093;, Universidad de Antioquia. Email: promocionyprevenciondelasalud@yahoo.es

5 DMD. Head of the Student Health Services in the Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention of University Welfare. Coordinator of the Young Researchers Group for the Promoters of Welfare and Health Program. Universidad de Antioquia. Dentist at the Metrosalud Health Institution ENT#091;E.S.E.ENT#093;, Medellín. Professor at the School of Dentistry, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de Las Américas. Email: carlos.cano@udea.edu.co

6 Social Communicator. Specialist in Organizational Communication. Communicator and Coordinator of the University Welfare Program, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia. Email: claudia. campuzano@udea.edu.co


ABSTRACT.

Introduction:

the goal of this study was to determine the frequency of cigarette smoking among staff from Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry and its related factors.

Methods:

cross-sectional study by means of a self-completion survey administered to professors, students, and employees. Variables: sociodemographic conditions, characteristics of the habit of smoking, weight and height (BMI), and relations with co-workers and classmates. Regarding smoking cessation, prevalence (P: current use) and experience (E: current/past use) were considered. The description of variables was done separately for women (W) and men (M). The association of experience and prevalence to sex, physical activity, and BMI was studied through logistic regression, calculating crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (ORc and ORa, respectively), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results:

sex was significantly associated with smoking, being higher in men (P: ORa 5.34; IC95% 2.73-10.45 and E: ORa 2.93; IC95% 2.08-4.14). Physical activity also had statistically significant association to prevalence (ORa 5.78; 95% 2.02-16.53). Nearly a quarter of men and 8% of women have considered smoking sometime in their lives (p < 0.0001). In a greater proportion, the surveyed population reported that their co-workers or classmates smoke near them (M: 25%, W: 16%, p = 0,007). More than 75% of smokers of both sexes consider the possibility of quitting the habit, or have tried to do so.

Conclusions:

the habit of smoking showed differences in terms of sociodemographic factors. Promotion and prevention strategies are needed to encourage healthier lifestyles.

Key words: smoking; epidemiology; lifestyle; cross-sectional studies

RESUMEN.

Introducción:

el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en determinar la frecuencia del consumo de cigarrillo en el personal de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia, así como sus factores relacionados.

Métodos:

estudio transversal mediante encuesta autodiligenciada a docentes, estudiantes y empleados. Variables: sociodemográficas, características del hábito de fumar, peso y talla (IMC), y relaciones de convivencia. Con respecto al hábito de fumar, se tuvieron en cuenta la prevalencia (P: consumo actual), y la experiencia (E: consumo actual/pasado). Se realizó una descripción de las variables en forma separada para hombres (H) y mujeres (M). Se estudió la asociación entre la experiencia y la prevalencia con el sexo, la actividad física e IMC por medio de regresión logística, calculando Odds Ratio crudas (ORc) y ajustadas (ORa), con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%).

Resultados:

el sexo se asoció significativamente con el consumo de cigarrillo, el cual fue mayor en los hombres (P: ORa 5,34; IC95% 2,73- 10,45 y E: ORa 2,93; IC95% 2,08- 4,14). La actividad física también tuvo asociación estadísticamente significativa para el caso de la variable prevalencia (ORa 5,78; IC95% 2,02- 16,53). Casi una cuarta parte de los hombres y un 8% de las mujeres han considerado fumar en alguna vez en la vida (p<0,0001). En mayor proporción, la población encuestada reportó que sus compañeros de trabajo o estudio fuman cerca de ellos (H: 25%, M: 16%, p=0,007). Más del 75% de los fumadores de ambos sexos piensan dejar el hábito de fumar, o han intentado hacerlo.

Conclusiones:

se encontraron diferencias en el hábito de fumar según factores sociodemográficos. Se requieren estrategias de promoción y prevención que conlleven a estilos de vida saludables.

Palabras clave: hábito de fumar; epidemiología; estilo de vida; estudios transversales

INTRODUCTION

Cigarette smoking, or tobacco use as is known in other fields, is considered an important aspect within the priorities and strategies of countries in terms of public health,1,2 since the scientific evidence has documented the association between tobacco use and various illnesses, such as respiratory diseases;3 in terms of the stomatognathic system,4 it has been associated to oral cancer, periodontal disease,5 and conditions such as halitosis.6 The World Health Organization, in its Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases (2010),1 states that around 6 million people die from tobacco use each year, both for direct and indirect consumption, which could bring the number closer to 8 million by the year 2030. This same institution mentioned, in another report on smoking (2013),2 that 12% of the deaths that occurred that year in adults over 30 years of age may be attributed to smoking.

In Colombia, according to global data from the Ministry of Health in its National Survey on Public Health (Encuesta Nacional de Salud Pública, ENSP-2007), the prevalence of smoking among the population aged 18 to 69 years is 13% (men: 20%, women: 7%).7 This problem has been characterized for the university population (professors, students, and other employees), and there are local studies available in different cities of the country.8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 It is worth noting that some studies focus on students in the field of health.13,14,15 Overall, the prevalence of consumption depend on geographical area, type of indicator, and the surveyed population.

Chapter II of Act 1335 of July 21, 2009 identifies the need to establish policies and strategies for the control of smoking, as well as educational programs for the control of tobacco use. These measures are carried out jointly by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social) and the Ministry of National Education (Ministerio de Educación Nacional).16 These national policies are related to global strategies such as the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC)17 and the Monitor, Protect, Offer, Warn, Enforce, Raise strategy (MPOWER).18 One of the most significant advances of the FCTC is the paradigm shift, developing a regulation strategy based on the reduction in cigarette demand and supply. The MPOWER strategy brings about a set of measures intended to monitor consumption, protect people from tobacco smoke, offer help in quitting the habit, alert of its dangers, and enforce bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco use.

As of 2003, the Universidad de Antioquia School of Medicine started a research line on tobacco use, which led to the creation of “ACigarette and Smoke- Free Area”, one of the first programs of this kind in the country. Since 2008, this school has become a smoke-free area,19 in compliance with Resolution 1956 of the Ministry of Social Protection, on the need to create smoke-free areas in academic institutions.20 This is an educational project seeking to establish an institutional anti-smoking policy within Universidad de Antioquia and to educate health staff in the proper management of smokers by means of curricula, promotion of healthy lifestyles with no tobacco use, and recreational activities that promote tobacco cessation and its prevention. Similarly, the program assists other academic units in the implementation of new smoke-free areas.

The School of Dentistry, by means of Agreement 177 of the Board of Directors (January 23, 2012),21 was declared “a smoke-free area”, implementing actions to comply with the law. An important step for the achievement of plans based on social reality and people’s needs involves the characterization of the problem within the School. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the frequency of cigarette smoking among members of the Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry, as well as its related factors.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study. The study population included staff from Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry (professors, undergraduate and graduate students, and administrative staff). This study is part of a larger project seeking to create smoke-free areas, with the participation of different academic units, such as the Schools of Medicine and Dentistry and the Office for University Welfare. Therefore, sampling was not conducted, but the largest possible number of people was included through different educational workshops and meetings by population groups. 706 people participated in the study with 74.3% overall response rate (professors: 43%, undergraduate students: 83%, graduate students: 87%, employees: 90%). Data collection was conducted between the months of April and June 2012.

A self-completion questionnaire was used (which is available and can be requested to the authors), containing demographic information, cigarette smoking characteristics, weight and height data, and relationships with co-workers and classmates. Specifically, the following variables were used in this study: 1) age: ≤ 24, 25-40, over 41; 2) marital status: single, married, in cohabitation, other (divorced, widow/er); 3) relationship to the School of Dentistry; 4) physical activity (yes/no); 5) personal relationships: very kind, kind, average, not very kind, conflicting, and 6) body mass index (BMI), which was calculated using this formula: Using this information, and complying with the WHO standards,22 the following characteristics were established: a) underweight: BMI ≤ 18.50; b) normal weight: BMI between 18.50 and 24.99; c) overweight: BMI between 25.00 and 29.99); d) obesity: ≥ 30.00.

Regarding cigarette smoking, two variables were considered: prevalence (P: current consumption), obtained from the question “Do you smoke currently?”, and experience (E: current or past consumption), obtained from the question “Have you ever smoked?” Additionally, the following smoking-related variables were used: 1) would you consider smoking sometime in your life? (yes/no); 2) people who smoke near you: family, partner, colleagues, other persons; 3) time with the habit (years): ≤ 5, 6-9, ≥10; 4) type of consumption: daily, ≥ 3 times a week, once a week, occasionally/socially; 5) with regard to the habit of smoking: trying to quit, have tried to quit, have used some method to quit, have not considered quitting. Two questions for ex-smokers were included: 6) time when you quitted the habit: in the last year, in the last 5 years, in the last 10 years, more than 10 years ago, and 7) reason to quit: health reasons, considered it a bad habit, personal reasons, aesthetics, social reasons.

An initial description of the variables was conducted, calculating absolute and relative frequencies and using Chi square tests for distribution of frequencies. The analyses were carried out separately for men and women. This was followed by a multivariate analysis to study the association between experience and prevalence of the habit of smoking to sex, physical activity, and BMI, through logistic regression, calculating crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (ORc and ORa, respectively) by different socio-demographic variables and related variables, and with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

This study meets the ethical requirements for research in health, in accordance with national23 and international24 laws and regulations. This study was approved as part of a program instituted by the School’s directives and with the anonymous, confidential and voluntary participation of study subjects. Partial feedback of the findings was offered to various members of the School of Dentistry, and as a follow up there will be a health promotion program aimed at interesting participants, according to their own interests and motivations.

RESULTS

Table 1 Prevalence and experience of smoking according to socio-demo- graphic variables. School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, 2012 (n = 706) 

Variables Men Women
n P (%) E (%) n P (%) E (%)
Age (years)
≤ 24 166 16.9 57.2 279 2.9 28.3
25-40 52 11.5 46.2 99 5.1 22.2
Over 41 42 4.8 45.2 57 7.0 38.6
Marital status
Single 200 15.0 53.5 352 3.4 28.4
Married - Cohabiting 59 10.2 52.5 71 5.6 26.8
Other (divorced-widow/er) 1 0.0 0.0 12 0.0 33.3
Relation to the School
Undergraduate student 183 16.9 56.3 311 3.2 28.6
Graduate student 23 13.0 43.5 28 0.0 21.4
Professor 46 20.2 50.0 45 0.0 26.7
Employee 9 11.1 22.2 53 13.2 32.1
Physical activitya
No 127 22.8 60.6 261 3.1 26.4
Yes 77 3.9 44.2 76 2.6 34.2
BMI Classificationb
Underweight 7 42.9 85.7 28 0.0 17.9
Normal 163 15.3 53.4 348 3.7 29.3
Overweight 67 7.5 47.8 35 20.9 28.6
Obese 9 22.2 77.8 3 0.0 33.3
Relationshipsc
Very friendly 35 5.7 45.7 60 3.3 23.3
Friendly 132 21.2 58.3 216 1.4 28.7
Average 28 14.3 57.1 51 9.8 33.3
Not very friendly 2 0.0 100.0 1 0.0 0.0
Conflicting 0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 20.0
Total 261 13.8 52.9 437 3.9 28.4

Note: n = sample size, P: prevalence; E: experience. Lost data (sex: n = 8; age, marital status: n = 9)

a Only responded by students (n = 543) b Respondents to this question n = 660 c Respondents to this question n = 530

Table 1 shows sample distribution, as well as smoking prevalence and experience in relation to the variables under study. Prevalence and experience are more common among men, especially in single men aged 24 years. Prevalence is higher in professors, and experience is most common among undergraduate students; it is also more frequent among respondents who are not physically active. Regarding BMI classification, the two smoking categories appear in overweight and underweight persons. In the case of women, current and past cigarette consumption are present in greater proportion among those older than 41 years old, who are married (prevalence), widowed or separated (experience), as well as among employees and women who do not get physical activity (prevalence), and are overweight (prevalence) or obese (experience).

Figure 1 shows the different associations of smoking prevalence and experience to sex, physical activity, and BMI. Sex was significantly associated with smoking, being higher in men (P: ORa 5.34; 95%IC 2.73-10.45 and E: Ora 2.93; 95%IC 2.08-4.14). Physical activity also had statistically significant association for prevalence (ORa 5.78; 95%IC 2.02-16.53), which means that people who do not get physical activity are more likely to smoke cigarette. In the case of BMI, while there were associations, these were not significant in either the crude nor the adjusted model, except in the case of experience in relation to obese people in the crude model (this association disappears when adjusting by logistic regression).

a OR adjusted by age, marital status, and weight classification b OR adjusted by sex, age, marital status, and weight classification c OR adjusted by sex, age, marital status and physical activity

Figure 1 Multivariate analysis of smoking prevalence and experience by sex, physical activity, and weight classification. School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, 2012 

Finally, Table 2 shows the percent distribution of variables related to cigarette smoking. Nearly a quarter of men and 8% of women have considered smoking sometime in their lives (statistically significant differences p < 0.0001). In a higher proportion, they reported the presence of co-workers or classmates smoking near them (M: 25%, W: 16% with statistically significant differences p = 0.007) or other person who do (M: 20%; W: 25% without statistically significant differences p = 0.10). Slightly over half of the men reported smoking daily, and 38% of women smoke casually or socially. More than 75% of both sexes are considering or have tried quitting. As for the ex-smokers, a little more than 60% of men and women quitted 5 years ago or less, and 61% of men and 72% of women quitted because they considered it a bad habit.

Table 2 Percentage distribution of variables related to cigarette smoking. Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry, 2012 

Variables Men Women p-valuea
n % n %
Would you consider smoking sometime in your life?
Yes 63 24.1 34 7.8 < 0.0001
No 198 75.9 403 92.2
People who smoke near youb:
Family 40 15.3 61 14.0 0.619
Partner 9 3.4 33 7.6 0.027
Co-workers or classmates 64 24.5 71 16.2 0.007
Other people 49 19.8 108 25.4 0.10
Time with the habit (years); n = 49
≤ 5 17 51.5 9 56.2 0.749
6-9 11 33.3 4 25.0
≥ 10 5 15.2 3 18.8
Type of consumption (n = 51)
Daily 18 51.4 4 25.0 0.353
≥ 3 times a week 8 22.9 5 31.3
Once a week 1 2.9 1 6.3
Occasionally/socially 8 22.9 6 37.5
With respect to smoking (n = 50)
Are you planning to quit? 17 50,0 9 56.3 0.434
Have you tried quitting? 12 35.3 3 18.8
Have you used a method? 1 2.9 0 0.0
Have not considered quitting? 4 11.8 4 25.0
For ex-smokers: time when you quitted (n = 147)
In the last year 19 25.0 18 25.4 0.411
In the last 5 years 27 35.5 26 36.6
In the last 10 years 7 9.2 12 16.9
More than 10 years ago 23 30.3 15 21.1
For ex-smokers: reason for quitting (n = 154)
Health reasons 18 24.0 12 15.2 0.313
Considered it a bad habit 46 61.3 57 72.2
Personal reasons, aesthetics and social reasons 11 14.7 10 12.7

a Chi Square Test for distribution of frequencies

b Non-mutually exclusive responses based on the positive responses to each item

DISCUSSION

The main findings of this study suggest that the prevalence and experience of cigarette smoking are influenced by socio-demographic factors and clinical parameters. The analysis segmented by sex shows differential characteristic, with tobacco use being higher in men. The lack of physical activity was significantly associated with the highest prevalence of current cigarette smoking among both men and women. A good part of respondents has considered smoking at some point in their lives (especially men), and a quarter of the smoking population has considered quitting.

A large proportion of women consider themselves social smokers. Our explorations allow concluding that this is the first study in the School of Dentistry which evaluates smoking among different groups (professors, students, and employees) in a comprehensive manner.

A smoking prevalence of 13.8% was found in men and 3.9% in women, and these results were lower in comparison with population data supplied by the ENSP-2007,7 although both studies agree that prevalence is higher among men. A smoking experience of 52.9% was found in men and 28.4% in women, and these results are higher than those reported in a study on professors, students, and employees from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana;8 both studies found differences according to respondent type (differences were higher among students).

Prevalence of tobacco use was 16.9% in men and 3.2% in undergraduates of the Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry. These results were lower than those reported by a study carried out at a private university in Barranquilla,12 and by another study on factors of cardiovascular risk in young university population from Cartagena.25 The differences observed in these studies are mainly related to the demographic and academic characteristics of students (as their study population includes students initiating university life). Concerning the studies on population in the health areas, tobacco use was lower than that reported by the medical students from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana,14 and somehow higher (in the case of men) than the level reported in a study in Cali.10 A study conducted at the Universidad de Antioquia School of Nursing13 reported a prevalence of 20.7% in men and 13.0% in women; while the percentages reported by this institution were higher, the studies in both schools agree in the differences found by sex.

Smoking at the Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry (considering both prevalence and experience) is higher among women who are in non- teaching and administrative positions. These results are consistent with those reported by Universidad Santiago de Cali.9 A study aimed at identifying the prevalence and associated factors of daily tobacco use among adult females from Bucaramanga26 found a slightly lower prevalence (6%) than that reported by the School of Dentistry in its non- teaching staff. The literature reports the existence of social differences related to sex and social class or socio-economic position.27 In addition, there may be factors related to the consumption of alcohol and caffeine, and the presence of poor mental health.26

The differences observed by sex in the overall results and those discriminated by participating staff type can be analyzed and supplemented by new qualitative studies that allow to understand the perceptions of men and women on the habit of smoking and its originators. Similarly, it is important to identify causes and explanations based on the current legislation and its acceptance by the population. Gender as a transversal category serves as a variable to establish differences in terms of self-care practices and lifestyles between men and women, as well as the roles they play in society and their impact on knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning smoking.

A significant association was found between current tobacco use or its prevalence and the absence of physical activity. In this regard, previous studies show that tobacco use is associated to other unhealthy lifestyles, such as sedentarism,28 poor nutrition,29 and other aspects related to the presence of stressors in the workplace or employment conditions.30 Specifically in the student population, a study conducted in dental students from Saudi Arabia found out that a high proportion (47.8%) of smokers reported stress as the main reason for smoking.31 Future studies should focus on factors associated with tobacco use and characteristics related to the presence of stressors in the workday or school day and physical, mental and psychosocial health conditions. Regarding the relationship between cigarette smoking and body mass index, the associations were not significant, agreeing with the literature on this matter.32,33

Finally, some factors related to the period of time smokers have had the habit were analyzed. In the case of smokers, a good proportion has been smoking for quite a long time, and more than half of them smoke daily. On the other hand, ex- smokers generally quitted recently (less than one or five years ago). Many smokers have tried or wanted to quit for different reasons. Knowing the profile of smokers’ behavior, as well as their habits and lifestyles, is important for effective intervention strategies based on the social reality of the persons directly involved. New studies based on qualitative strategies are needed, in order to recognize the perceptions and beliefs of individuals concerning smoking. Similarly, it is necessary to assess the impact of measures and strategies implemented institutionally for promoting smoking cessation.

It is important to note the strengths and limitations of this study. It included a big proportion of the School of Dentistry population groups, allowing a comprehensive approach to the study population, since the literature focuses mostly on students. The measuring instruments were standardized and reviewed by means of a pilot test, avoiding bias for the most part. One of the limitations was the overall percentage (25.7%) of the study population who did not respond to the questions (differential by population groups), which must be taken into account for the cautious interpretation of findings. However, considering the characteristics of the surveyed population, our findings are adjusted to the social reality of the institution. Finally, we cannot deny the possibility of errors associated to the implementation of a self-completion survey-an instrument commonly used in studies with this type of questionnaires. The relation between BMI and smoking prevalence and experience was not clear enough, and no causality can be established due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. This study established the group that most commonly smokes or has smoked according to BMI. Other analyses conducted by the research team found no significant associations between smoking and inappropriate weight according to the WHO standards. With the abovementioned limitations, this study offers an interesting view that can be used in intervention studies consistent with the strategies proposed by national and international agencies.

In order to promote equity in health, alternatives to the approach to tobacco use should be offered by establishing epidemiological surveillance systems that lead to a deep understanding of the problems, promoting comprehensive access to strategies of education and health promotion in health care centers and schools, establishing mechanisms for reducing the prevalence of tobacco use among groups considered to be vulnerable, and generating cross-sectoral governmental policies.34

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research group acknowledges the persons who participated in this study, whose selfless contributions allowed a better understanding of an important social reality.

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1 Research article derived from the project “A Cigarette and Smoke- Free Area” [Espacio Libre de Humo de Cigarrillo], coordinated by the schools of Medicine and Dentistry and with the support of the University Welfare Program.

Agudelo-Suárez AA, Yepes-Delgado FL, Castro-Naranjo VP, Cano-Restrepo CM, Campuzano-Peláez CM. Cigarette smoking at the Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry and related factors. Medellín, 2012. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2016; 28(2): 261-277. DOI: 10.17533/udea.rfo.v28n2a2 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfo.v28n2a2

CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare not having any conflict of interest.

Received: October 28, 2014; Accepted: October 27, 2015

*CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Andrés A. Agudelo-Suárez Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Antioquia (+574) 219 5741 oleduga@gmail.com Calle 64 N° 52-59 Medellín, Colombia

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