Introduction

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a complex systemic vasculitis-like disease that affects vessels of medium and small caliber.¹ It is known by the eponym of Wegener's disease, in honor of its first describer, the German pathologist Friedrich Wegener. ⁽² This pathology has a complex multifactorial etiology, low incidence and prevalence, and occurs in different forms. The diagnosis is usually made through a com bination of clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, while treatment depends on several factors that influence the out come, as well as the progression of the disease. ⁽³

This article is a case report of a 16-year-old male patient diagnosed with GPA, with an early and severe systemic pre sentation, who was admitted with symptoms suggestive of pneumonia associated with hemoptoic expectoration, and did not respond to different lines of antimicrobial management during his hospitalization, for which he required management in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to ventilatory failure. The final diagnosis of GPA was made with a clinical autopsy 16 days after the onset of symptoms.

The objective of this article is to record and analyze the clinical case of a patient with GPA, which had a systemic and early presentation that was fulminant.

Case report

A 16-year-old male patient with a history of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, hyperhidrosis managed with bilateral sympathectomy and a maternal history of hypothyroidism, who consulted due to symptoms of 10 days of evolution of hyaline rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, odynophagia, non-productive cough, general malaise, global headache, epistaxis and fever quantified in 39 ° C. On admission, he presented the follow ing vital sign values: heart rate of 121, weight of 67 kg, height of 161 cm, BMI of 25.8 kg/m², without abnormal lung sounds, oxygen saturation of 95%, and no other findings on phys ical examination. The chest X-ray showed a consolidation in the right upper lobe (Fig. 1), for which management for community-acquired pneumonia was started, on an outpa tient basis, with oral erythromycin for 7 days.

Fig. 1 Chest X-ray, PA projection: signs of pulmonary consolidation involving the entire right apex. 

24 h after, the patient was readmitted due to persistence of the symptoms, to which nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dyspnea were added, and for this reason was managed with nebulized bronchodilators, intravenous fluids, metoclopramide, and intravenous dipyrone, with partial improvement in symptoms. Later, he presented clinical deterioration, with the appearance of hemoptysis, foul-smelling stools, vital signs with blood pressure of 112/57 mmHg, heart rate of 109, respi ratory rate of 18, temperature of 36.8 ° C, oxygen saturation of 96%, appearance of fine rales in the right apex, without lesions in the nostrils, significant leukocytosis (16,680), eosinophilia (11.4%) and 9% bands (Table 1). For this reason, he was hospi talized and empirical management with ampicillin sulbactam and clarithromycin was initiated. The Gram stain and the sputum culture were negative, the chest tomography showed parenchymal opacities that compromised the apical segment of the right upper lobe and micronodular images that formed a tree-in-budwith minimal central necrosis (Fig. 2). New blood and stool cultures were taken, which were negative. The patient presented a new prolonged febrile peak that was diffi cult to manage, so vancomycin was started. Bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchoscopy was performed, in which potassium hydroxide, Koch's bacillus and bacteria were negative.

Fig. 2 Chest tomography A) axial section. B) Coronal section. Parenchymal opacity in the apical segment of the right upperlobe, with areas suggestive of cavitation with micronodular images, which configure a¨tree-in-bud¨. 

After 5 days, the patient presented an inadequate response to management, a complement test was requested that showed increased C3, with positive ANCA-PR3 (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic proteinase 3 antibody), and persis tence of leukocytosis (14,880) and eosinophilia (9.2%) was detected in the blood count. A tuberculin skin test (PPD) which was negative, a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses which was normal and new blood cultures which were neg ative were performed. Eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitis vs. granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's disease) were suspected; intravenous corticosteroids were started and the antibiotic treatment was changed to ceftriaxone with clindamycin. The patient presented a new febrile peak, the antibiotic was escalated again to vancomycin, and ceftriaxone was continued. The control blood cultures were negative, leukocytosis persisted (17,000) and thrombocytosis started (744,000). The patient presented epigastric abdominal pain and emetic episodes, for which omeprazole was started, with no improvement, and it was taken an abdominal ultrasound that showed hepatomegaly and diffuse alteration of renal echogenicity, but with preserved renal function.

Sixteen days after admission, the patient presented poor general condition, grade 2 dehydration, generalized pallor, heart rate of 135, and oxygen saturation of 92% with FiO2 at 50%. Likewise, he was polypneic, with supraclavicular retrac tions, decreased vesicular murmur, decreased hemoglobin (7.8) and frank leukocytosis (27,800). A new chest X-ray showed generalized alveolar infiltrates with a predominance of peripheral formation, which is why it was considered that the patient had a diffuse alveolar hemorrhage vs. adult respiratory distress syndrome, for which he was transferred to the ICU. Already in the unit, the patient presented deterioration in his respiratory pattern, oxygen saturation of 82% with FiO2 at 50%, severe coughing fits with frank hemoptysis, and per sistent respiratory distress, for which orotracheal intubation was performed and mechanic ventilation was started. The urinalysis showed proteinuria and hematuria, and the coagu lation times were normal; he also had hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Packed red blood cells were transfused, a viral panel and a new sputum smear and blood culture were performed, which were negative. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension (psap = 72mmHg), with hypertrophy and dysfunction of the right ventricle, for which treatment was started with dobutamine, norepinephrine and intravenous cyclophosphamide with corticosteroid pulses. A new fibrobronchoscopy was per formed and moderate hemoptysis was evidenced. The patient continued to deteriorate, so management with milrinone was added, without improvement, and plasmapheresis was started. In addition, he presented pulmonary-renal syndrome, with non-oliguric renal failure and severe diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Plasma and albumin replacement was started, but the patient did not respond to management and the oxy genation disorder persisted.

Three days after admission to the ICU, the patient pre sented progressive bradycardia with hypotension, without response to vasopressors at maximum doses. Marked desaturation (40%) persisted with maximum ventilatory support; successively he presented 3 episodes of cardiac arrest, which responded to management with adrenaline and chest com pressions. In the last event he presented asystole that did not respond to management, advanced cardiopulmonary resusci tation was performed, but the presence of vital signs was not achieved, so death was declared.

A clinical autopsy was requested due to an unclear cause of death, and at the macroscopic level, an irregular lesion with induration and an area of necrosis on the surface was found in the upper right lobe of the lung. Multiple nodular lesions were observed in the lung parenchyma and a hemorrhagic appearance in the rest of it. At the microscopic level, the lung parenchyma presented alveolar hemorrhages and areas of necrosis (Fig. 3), in addition to granulomas surrounded by an area of fibroblastic proliferation with leukocyte infiltrate and giant multinucleated cells with obliterated vessels due to vasculitis. Special Periodic Acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen and Gromory stains were performed, which were negative for microorgan isms and positive for fibrinogen in the alveolar spaces. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of GPA (Wegener's granulomatosis).

Fig. 3 Image of clinical autopsy, lung tissue: 40x magnification. Sample of giant cells in the lung tissue with evidence of granulomas, which confirms the diagnosis. 

Discussion

GPA is an ANCA-associated systemic disease, defined by the international Chapel Hill consensus as a necrotizing vasculitis with involvement of vessels of small to medium caliber, associated with granulomatous inflammation that can com promise the upper and lower airways and the kidney, with glomerulonephritis and focal necrosis. ⁽⁴ This pathology has an estimated incidence in North America of 10.8 new cases per million people/year (95% CI: 10.7-12.9), ⁽⁵ and in South America of 9 cases per million people/year, with a prevalence of 7.4 per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI: 2.8-12). ⁽⁶ Its presentation in the pediatric population is higher in women (70%)⁷; however, in our case it presented in a young man, 16 years old, with no risk factors or important antecedents.

From the beginning, the clinical manifestations presented corresponded to a compromise of the lower airway, with a slight involvement of the upper airway (hyaline rhinorrhea), ⁽⁸ which demonstrates the heterogeneity in its presentation, since the commitment reported in clinical studies usually consists of kidney involvement, constitutional symptoms (fever, weight loss, myalgia, among others) and otorhinolaryngological manifestations. ⁽⁹ Initially, the poor response to the use of antimicrobials should have indicated that it was not an infectious pathology. Multiple blood cultures, direct cultures of bronchoalveolar lavages and sputum samples did not isolate any germ. However, it has been determined that infections with bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus may suggest a pos sible etiology of this vasculitis. ⁽¹⁰ There are other studies that describe different risk factors, such as decreased exposure to ultraviolet rays or greater latitude, which could predispose to presenting this disease, ⁽¹¹ as well as the antecedent of use of certain medications such as antithyroid drugs or antibiotics, can favor the production of ANCA by polyclonal B lymphocytes. ⁽¹²

As for the management received, the start of intravenous corticosteroids could condition the response to treatment, obtaining a plateau in the progression of the disease, since it is within the lines of management proposed by the Euro pean League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), but no response was seen when boluses of cyclophosphamide were used, nor was any change seen when plasmapheresis was performed. ⁽¹³ The use of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against the CD-20 antigen of B lymphocytes, ⁽¹⁴ was considered, but the inadequate response and the presence of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage shortened his survival, so management with this drug could not be attempted.

Given the heterogeneous clinical manifestations, the poor clinical evolution and the poor response to pharmacological management, with a fatal outcome for the patient, it was decided to confirm this diagnosis with a clinical autopsy, since the presence of fever during hospitalization prevented from performing a lung biopsy to confirm the GPA. Finally, the pathology report showed the existence of granulomas with areas of necrosis in alveolar spaces, which demonstrated that it was indeed a GPA, but with a fulminant early systemic pre sentation.

Conclusions

GPA is a complex multifactorial pathology, with various clini cal manifestations, and specific criteria have not been unified to be able to issue an early diagnosis and timely start of treatment. The study Diagnostic and Classification Criteria in Vas culitis, an observational study that will unify these criteria and will allow adequate early management of patients is being conducted at this time. ⁽¹⁵ The early and severe forms of presen tation influence the prognosis of the disease, and therefore its mortality, so clinical trials that inquire into this type of presentation are required. ⁽¹⁶ The treatment suggested by the EULAR is in force, and the follow-up must be carried out in accordance with the proposed guidelines. ⁽¹⁴ The objective in the future for current medicine will be to make a timely and early identifica tion of this type of cases, in order to initiate early management of the disease and achieve a significant impact on survival and thus improve its prognosis.