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Revista MVZ Córdoba

Print version ISSN 0122-0268

Rev.MVZ Cordoba vol.21 no.2 Córdoba May/Aug. 2016

https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.600 

ORIGINAL

Use of probiotics in diets of animal or vegetable origin for broilers

Uso de probióticos en dietas de origen animal o vegetal para pollos de engorde

Ricardo Nunes1 

Carina Scherer1 

Angela Poveda P2  * 

Wagner da Silva1 

Matias Appelt1 

Luis Bruno1 

1Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia. Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Campus Universitário. Marechal Cândido Rondon-Paraná, Brasil.

2Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Zootecnia. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário. Londrina-Paraná, Brasil.


ABSTRACT

Objective.

Evaluate the use of probiotics in diets whit ingredients of animal or vegetable origin in production variables of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age.

Materials and Methods.

Were used 1056 one-day-old chicks, male, of lineage Ross 308, divided in to an experimental randomized design in 2X4 factorial arrangement, two origin of diet (animal or vegetable) and four promoters (antibiotic, two probiotics and a negative control) whit 6 replicates and 22 birds per unit.

Results.

At 7 days old there was a difference (p<0.05) in daily food intake, weight and weight gain and 14 days for weight, weight gain and mortality among diets. The feed conversion of 1-7 days did interaction (p<0.05) between types of diet and promoters. There was a difference (p<0.05) for weight and weight gain at 14 days of age between promoters. At 21 days of age presented mortality difference (p<0.05) for the type of diets; weight, weight gain, daily feed together and feed conversion showed difference for developers. At 28, 35 and 42 days old mortality and productive efficiency index showed difference (p<0.05) between the types of diets.

Conclusions.

The type of diet and growth promoter did not affect production variables, however, the viability improvement animal diets.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; animal performance; animal growth promoters

Objetivo. Evaluar el uso de probióticos en dietas con ingredientes de origen animal o vegetal sobre las variables productivas de pollos de engorde de 1 a 42 días de edad.

Materiales y métodos.

Fueron utilizados 1056 pollitos de un día de edad, machos de linaje Ross 308, distribuidos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar en un arreglo factorial 2X4 (dieta de origen animal o vegetal) y cuatro promotores (antibiótico, dos probióticos y un control negativo) con 6 repeticiones y 22 aves por unidad.

Resultados.

A los 7 días de edad hubo diferencia (p<0.05) en el consumo diario de alimento, peso y ganancia de peso y a los 14 días para peso, ganancia de peso y mortalidad entre las dietas. La conversión alimenticia de 1 a 7 días tuvo interacción (p<0.05) entre los tipos de dieta y los promotores. Hubo diferencia (p<0.05) para el peso y la ganancia de peso a los 14 días de edad entre los promotores. A los 21 días de edad la mortalidad presentó diferencia (p<0.05) para el tipo de dietas; el peso, ganancia de peso, consuno diario de alimento y conversión alimenticia presentaron diferencia para los promotores. A los 28, 35 y 42 días de edad la mortalidad y el índice de eficiencia productiva presentaron diferencia (p<0.05) entre el tipo de dietas.

Conclusiones.

El tipo de dieta y de promotor de crecimiento no afectan las variables productivas; sin embargo, la viabilidad mejora con las dietas de origen animal.

Palabras clave: Bacillus subtilis; desempeño animal; promotores del crecimiento animal

INTRODUCTION

The poultry industry is constantly optimizing production to achieve better economic results and produce safer food. Including functional foods such as prebiotics in diets enhances an animal's immune system. These foods improve productive variables, act against pathogens and environmental factors like stress, act efficiently in vaccinations, and improve nutrient digestibility 1.2. They are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States as safe substances that depend on the balance of intestinal micro flora through beneficial microorganisms.

Available probiotics mainly consist of carbohydrates and are metabolized in the colon rather than the small intestine. They act as a source of energy and stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms and the accumulation of metabolites such as acetate, butyrate and propionate, which maintain dynamic and innate microbiota 1.

In the composition most probiotics, two bacterial genera include, Bacillus and Bifidobacterium; these genres are highlighted by having resistance to low pH of the stomach and tolerance to bile salts 3.

According to the Brazilian Association of Animal Recycling (ABRA), Brazil produced about 12 million tons of animal waste in 2012 and generated 3.27 million tons of meals and 1.9 million tons of fat. Animal products such as viscera, meat and bone flour are often used in broiler diets as a source of protein, and can be used to substitute soybean meal 4. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of probiotics in diets containing animal or vegetable ingredients on the productive variables of broilers from 1 to 42 days old.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study site and animals: The experiment was performed at the Experimental Aviary located in the Antonio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa Experimental Station at the State University of Western Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon campus (Paraná-Brazil), located at an altitude of 420 meters at coordinates 24°33'21 south latitude and 54°03'25" west longitude, with a humid tropical pre-mountain forest climate and an average temperature of 21°C, ranging from 16 to 27°C and 1700 mm annual rainfall.

The east-west facing experimental aviary has a concrete floor and clay tiles, and was divided into 48 boxes, 1.30 x 1.35m each. Each box had a feeder tray and a pressure bottle during the initial phase; for the other phases a semi-tubular feeder and Nipple water dispenser was used. The birds were kept warm with 250 watt infrared bulbs. The bedding material was recycled pine sawdust, covered with a centimeter of new sawdust.

Were used 1056 male broilers, day-old Ross 308. Their initial weight was 40.45g, from 39 week old matrices. The birds were vaccinated in the hatchery against Marek, Fowl Pox and Infectious Bronchitis. The chickens were individually weighed and randomly distributed between the experimental units.

Treatments: The experimental diets were calculated according to the feed composition and nutritional requirements proposed by Rostagno 5.

Nutritional composition and centesimal are found in Table 1. Treatments are described as follows:

Table 1 Centesimal and chemical composition of experimental diets. 

Ingredients (kg) Pre initial Initial Growth Final
RA RV RA RV RA RV RA RV
Corn 55.73 51.82 60.33 56.14 67.07 60.78 67.38 61.07
Soy cake 35.92 41.22 30.48 36.02 22.88 31.19 21.60 29.92
Oil 0.69 2.02 1.86 3.24 1.73 3.80 3.12 5.19
Meat and bone flour 2.00 -- 2.00 -- 3.00 -- 3.00 --
Intestine flour 2.00 -- 2.00 -- 3.00 -- 3.00 --
Calcareous 34% 0.96 1.38 0.86 1.28 0.40 1.03 -- 0.95
Bicalcium phosphate 0.87 1.77 0.87 1.77 0.30 1.65 -- 1.49
Sodium chloride 0.45 0.48 0.40 0.43 0.36 0.41 0.31 0.36
L-Lysine (78%) 0.31 0.25 0.25 0.19 0.31 0.22 0.29 0.19
DL-Met. (99%) 0.35 0.35 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.23
L-Threonine (98%) 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.07
Antioxidant1 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Mineral Supplement2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Vitamin Supplement3 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Choline chloride 60% 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Organic acids 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Inert 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Nutritional Composition
EM (kcal/kg) 2970 3100 3200 3300
Raw protein, % 23.70 21.56 19.78 19.18
Lysine digestible, % 1.363 1.189 1.099 1.048
Digestible methionine, % 0.666 0.563 0.529 0.499
Digestible Met+Cis, % 0.968 0.844 0.791 0.755
Digestible threonine, % 0.886 0.773 0.714 0.681
Digestible tryptophan, % 0.263 0.236 0.212 0.205
Digestible arginine, % 1.457 1.315 1.187 1.149
Calcium, % 1.000 0.950 0.837 0.775
Available phosphates, % 0.460 0.450 0.418 0.386
Sodium chloride, % 0.220 0.200 0.190 0.170
Potassium, % 0.980 0.889 0.807 0.782

DAA: Animal diet with antibiotics - diet with animal products supplemented with antibiotics until 35 days.

DVA: Vegetable diet with antibiotics - diet with vegetable products and supplemented with antibiotics until 35 days.

DACN: Animal diet, negative control - diet with animal products without growth promoters.

DVCN: Vegetable diet with negative control - diet with vegetable products without growth promoters.

DAPA: Animal diet with Probiotic A - diet with animal products supplemented with Probiotic A (0.005%) from 1 to 42 days.

DVPA: Vegetable diet with Probiotic A- diet with vegetable products supplemented with Probiotic A (0.005%) from 1 to 42 days.

DAPB: Animal diet with Probiotic B - diet with animal products supplemented with Probiotic A (0.04%) from 1 to 42 days.

DVPB: Vegetable diet with Probiotic B - diet with vegetable ingredients supplemented with Probiotic A (0.04%) from 1 to 42 days.

The antibiotics used in the DAA and DVA treatments were: Lasalocid 15% (0.03%), avilamycin 10% (0.005%) and colisitin 8% (0.0094%) for the pre-initial phase; lasalocid 15% (0,06%), avilamycin 10% (0.01%) and colisitin 8% (0.0188%) for the initial phase and narasin 10% (0.08%), avilamycin 10% (0.008%) and colisitin 8% (0.0125% for the growth phase. Promoters were substituted in relation to inert material in the diet.

For treatments with probiotic (Bacillus subtilis), 2 products of different brands were used, one for DAPA and DVPA diets and one for DAPB and DVPB diets. Probiotics were included to replace inert material.

Sampling: At 7, 21 and 42 days all birds and feed leftovers were weighed to evaluate production parameters. Weight gain, final weight, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality were determined from 1 to 7 days, 1 to 21 days, and 1 to 42 days. Data obtained were used to calculate the index of production efficiency (IEP) at 42 days.

The maximum, minimum and current temperature and relative humidity were observed daily at 0800 h and 1800 h using two thermohygrometers installed inside the shed 5 centimeters above the birds. The lighting program was constant, with 24 hours of light (natural and artificial light).

Experimental Design: A completely randomized experimental design was used with a 2x4 factorial arrangement, two types of diets (animal and plant), and four different growth promoters (antibiotics, two promoters and a negative control) with 6 replicates and 22 birds per experimental unit.

The results of the production parameters were analyzed in a SAEG statistical program; joint analysis of variance and a SNK 5% test were performed.

RESULTS

From 1 to 7 days there was no interaction (p>0.05) between types of diet and growth promoters for final weight, weight gain and feed intake (Table 2). Birds fed diets containing animal products had a higher (p<0.05) final weight, weight gain and feed consumption from 1 to 7 days (Table 2).

Table 2. Productive variables of birds from 1 to 7 days. 

DA DCN DPA DPB Mean CV (%)
Initial weight (g)
RA 40.44 40.41 40.47 40.55 40.47 1.63
RV 40.52 40.36 40.50 40.37 40.44
Mean 40.48 40.37 40.48 40.44
Final weight (g)
RA 188.30 186.30 185.00 184.10 185.94a 3.55
RV 187.90 176.60 179.60 183.10 181.81b
Mean 188.11A 181.45B 182.3B 183.6B
Weight gain (g)
RA 147.90 145.90 144.60 143.60 145.48a 3.09
RV 147.40 136.20 139.10 142.70 141.37b
Mean 147.63A 141.05B 141.9B 143.15B
Feed consumption (g)
RA 165.00 169.70 163.40 168.10 166.56a 2.71
RV 162.20 162.90 164.50 162.00 162.90b
Mean 163.30 166.30 163.90 165.00
Feed conversion* (g/g)
RA 0.877Aa 0.911Aa 0.883Ab 0.909Aa 0.896 3.43
RV 0.863Ba 0.923ABa 0.916Aba 0.885ABa 0.897
Mean 0.870 0.917 0.899 0.897
DA: Diet with antibiotics; DCN: Negative control diet; DPA: Diet with probiotic A; DPB: Diet with probiotic B. *Interaction; Values followed by upper case letters in the same line differ from the SNK test (5%); values followed by lower case letters in the same column differ from the F test (5%); CV- variation coefficient.

There was interaction for feed conversion (p<0.05) between the type of diet and growth promoter, where the animal diet with probiotic A showed better feed conversion (CA) when compared to the vegetable diet. Among the different growth promoters, antibiotics added to vegetable diets provided better CA (p<0.05) when compared with other treatments.

From 1-21 days no interaction (p>0.05) on productive variables between the types of diet and growth promoters was observed (Table 3).

Table 3. Productive values for broilers from de 1 to 21 days. 

DA DCN DPA DPB Mean CV (%)
Final weight (g)
RA 974.3 966.9 957.4 923.0 955.40 2.83
RV 969.1 951.1 955.4 914.9 947.62
Mean 971.7A 959.0A 956.4ª 918.9B
Feed consumption (g)
RA 1251.2 1261.0 1240.2 1208.7 124.44 2.17
RV 1231.7 1236.8 1243.7 1215.7 123.89
Mean 1241.4AB 1248.5A 1241.9AB 1212.2B
Weight gain (g)
RA 933.8 926.5 917.0 882.5 914.93 2.97
RV 928.6 910.7 914.9 874.5 907.18
Mean 931.2A 918.6A 915.9A 878.5B
Feed conversion (g/g)
RA 1.285 1.305 1.295 1.310 1.308 2.36
RV 1.272 1.300 1.302 1.330 1.303
Mean 1.278A 1.303AB 1.299AB 1.320B
Mortality (%)
RA 5.30 3.03 3.03 6.82 4.55a 130.62
RV 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52b
Mean 3.41 2.28 2.28 4.17
DA: Diet with antibiotics; DCN: Negative control diet; DPA: Diet with probiotic A; DPB: Diet with probiotic B. Values followed by upper case letters in the same line differ from the SNK test (5%); CV- variation coefficient. Values followed by lower case letters in the same column differ from the F test (5%); CV- variation coefficient.

Final weight, feed intake and weight gain during 1-21 days of age was lower (p<0.05) and feed conversion was worse for diets containing probiotic B when compared with other treatments. Mortality for this period was higher (p<0.05) for birds fed animal ingredients.

From 1-42 days no interaction (p>0.05) between the type of diet and growth promoters used (Table 4) was observed. Higher mortality (p<0.05) at 42 days for animals that received diets containing animal products was observed.

Table 4 Productive variables for broilers from 1 to 42 days. 

DA DCN DPA DPB Mean CV (%)
Final weight (g)
RA 2557.1 2633.8 2617.5 2586.5 2598.72 3.43
RV 2647.6 2576.7 2564.7 2656.6 2611.40
Mean 2602.3 2605.2 2591.1 2621.5 2605.02
Feed consumption (g)
RA 4520.2 4669.6 4623.2 4531.5 4586.12 3.05
RV 4631.8 4598.7 4535.9 4599.1 4591.37
Mean 4576.0 4634.1 4579.5 4565.3 4588.72
Weight gain (g)
RA 2516.7 2593.4 2577.0 2545.9 2558.25 3.49
RV 2607.1 2536.4 2524.2 2616.3 2571.00
Mean 2561.9 2564.9 2550.6 2581.1 2564.62
Feed conversion (g/g)
RA 1.769 1.774 1.766 1.752 1.765 2.29
RV 1.750 1.785 1.770 1.730 1.758
Mean 1.759 1.779 1.768 1.741 1.761
Mortality (%)
RA 9.09 6.82 4.55 10.61 7.77a 89.30
RV 3.79 4.55 4.55 5.30 4.55b
Mean 6.44 5.68 4.55 7.95 6.16
DA: Diet with antibiotics; DCN: Negative control diet; DPA: Diet with probiotic A; DPB: Diet with probiotic B. Values followed by lower case letters in the same column differ from the F test (5%); CV- variation coefficient.

Viability at 42 days of age was higher (p<0.05) for birds fed vegetable products, regardless of the growth promoter used. The production efficiency factor (IEP) was affected by the type of diet (Table 5).

Table 5 Daily weight gain, viability and productive efficiency index (IEP) of broilers 1 to 42 days old. 

DA DCN DPA DPB Mean CV (%)
Daily weight gain (g)
RA 59.92 61.75 61.34 60.62 60.91 3.49
RV 62.07 60.39 60.10 62.30 61.21
Mean 60.99 61.07 60.72 61.46 61.06
Viability (%)
RA 90.91 93.18 95.45 89.39 92.23b 5.86
RV 96.21 95.45 95.45 94.70 95.45a
Mean 93.56 94.31 95.45 92.04 93.84
IEP
RA 306.6Ab 322.8Aa 330.8Aa 306.3Ab 316.66 6.88
RV 340.6Aa 321.7Aa 323.3Aa 340.5Aa 331.54
Mean 323.6 322.2 327.0 323.4 324.1
DA: Diet with antibiotics; DCN: Negative control diet; DPA: Diet with Probiotic A; DPB: Diet with Probiotic B. Values followed by different uppercase letters in the same line differ among themselves in the SNK test (5%); values followed by lower case letters in the same column differ among themselves in the F test (5%); CV - variation coefficient.

Birds fed diets of animal products and probiotic A and the negative control group had the highest (p<0.05) levels of production efficiency, while diets containing animal products with antibiotics and probiotic B had the lowest IEP.

DISCUSSION

Higher values obtained for final weight and weight gain for birds fed diets containing animal products may be due to the fact that these diets adequately address nutritional requirements and the nutrients are used more effectively from 1 to 7 days 6.

Improvement observed in birds supplemented with antibiotics during the first 7 days may be because these additives benefit the host, provide intestinal microbial balance, and act on the immune system 7.

The effects of probiotics on productive variables from 1 to 7 days obtained in this study were similar to those observed by Applet et al 7, who evaluated probiotics in diets with animal and vegetable products in broilers, and Bellaver et al 8, who replaced animal meal with vegetable products, and Carvalho et al 4, who evaluated animal meal, and Rigobelo et al 9 and Rocha et al 10, who evaluated probiotics in broilers.

The results for feed conversion may be due to the innumerable benefits of probiotics in the pre-initial stage, such as the best intestinal microbial balance and modulatory action 7. Improved conversion of birds fed with animal products is due to the high nutrient density and the availability of nutrients for the birds. One factor that affects production parameters of diets containing vegetable products is the content of non-starch polysaccharides which reduce digestibility and increase viscosity and intestinal motility 11.

Similar results were observed by Applet et al 7, who observed improved CA in birds fed diets containing probiotics and animal products.

Results obtained using probiotic B on productive parameters from 1 to 21 days may be due to several factors, including the development of the intestinal tract of the birds, which can be affected by the presence of additives. Additionally, we must consider that the efficiency of probiotics depends on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of microorganisms. The amount used may also interfere with the action of the probiotic 12. Some species, such as Bacillus subtilis, colonize with a larger number of microorganisms than, for example, Lactobacillus acidophilus, mainly due to its spore form and because it is not destroyed when manufacturing diets 13.

Similar results were obtained by Bittencurt et al 14, who evaluated the effect of probiotics on the performance of broiler chickens. The results of feed conversion were similar to those obtained by Appelt et al 7 from 1-21 days.

The absence of interaction between diets and growth promoters from 1-42 days indicates that the productive response does not depend on the use of probiotics or antibiotics 15. However, other factors that can influence the productive response are hygiene in the environment, bedding quality, health status of the animals, and the concentration and composition of microorganisms.

The lower rate of productive efficiency in animal diets with probiotic B and antibiotics may be due to the high mortality that occurred with these treatments. This mortality may be associated with metabolic problems that may be related to the higher genetic potential for growth and feed efficiency of broilers. These metabolic problems usually affect birds with increased productivity and are associated with cardiovascular deficiencies and cause sudden death 16.

In conclusion, using probiotics stimulates a similar effect than that of antibiotics and a diet free of growth promoters, and can be used in broiler diets without affecting productive parameters. Diets with vegetable products are more viable in comparison with diets containing animal products.

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Received: May 2015; Accepted: October 2015

Correspondence: angelpov@gmail.com

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