METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL FOR CORRELATION STUDIES OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS BASED ON PETROGRAPHIC AND LITHOGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS: EXAMPLE OF ITS APPLICATION ON CENOZOIC ROCK FROM THE LISAMA FORMATION (MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY, COLOMBIA)

PROPUESTA DE UNA METODOLOGÍA PARA ESTUDIOS DE CORRELACIÓN DE SEDIMENTOS FLUVIALES A PARTIR DE ANÁLISIS PETROGRÁFICOS Y LITOGEOQUÍMICOS: EJEMPLO DE SU APLICACIÓN EN ROCAS CENOZOICAS DE LA FORMACIÓN LISAMA (VALLE MEDIO DEL MAGDALENA, COLOMBIA)

Julián-Francisco Naranjo-Vesga^1*, Pedro-David Gómez-Gutiérrez¹, Jaime-Ricardo Gélvez-Llanez², Noria-Elena Duque-Pardo³ and Néstor-Raúl Moreno-Gómez¹

¹Ecopetrol S.A. - Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, A.A. 4185 Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
²Ecopetrol S.A., Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
³ANSALL LTDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia

E-mail: julian.naranjo@ecopetrol.com.co

(Received: Aug. 16, 2012; Accepted: Dec. 19, 2013)

*To whom correspondence should be addressed

ABSTRACT

The petrographic and lithogeochemical analyses of fluvial sediments from the Lisama Formation suggest potential for the association of compositional and chemical changes of rocks with the identification and correlation of Cenozoic stratigraphic units in the Middle Magdalena valley basin. The integration of different compositional techniques enable the subdivision of the Lisama Formation into three petrographic zones. The zoning proposed herein match the palynological biozoning defined in the same stratigraphic sections, demonstrating their potential as a complementary correlation tool to biostratigraphy. This methodology of integrating petrographic and lithogeochemical analyses can be used in subsequent studies in the Middle Magdalena Basin, mainly in geographic areas where the palynomorph recovery is low or null. This work integrates Thin Section Analyses, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) in two correlatable outcrops in the Western and Eastern flanks of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline (NMS).

Keywords: Lisama Formation, Petrology, Lithogeochemistry, Stratigraphic correlations, Middle Magdalena valley basin, Colombia (South America).

RESUMEN

Los análisis petrográficos y litogeoquímicos realizados en sedimentos fluviales de la Formación Lisama, sugieren un buen potencial para la asociación de cambios composicionales y químicos de las rocas con la identificación y correlación de unidades estratigráficas Cenozoicas en la cuenca del valle Medio del Magdalena. La integración de diferentes técnicas composicionales permiten la subdivisión de la Formación Lisama en tres zonas petrográficas. Las zonaciones acá propuestas tienen coincidencia con las biozonaciones palinológicas definidas en las mismas secciones estratigráficas, demostrando su potencial como herramienta de correlación complementaria a la bioestratigrafía. Esta metodología de integración de análisis petrográficos y litogeoquímicos es aplicable para posteriores estudios en la cuenca del valle Medio del Magdalena, especialmente en aquellas áreas geográficas donde el recobro de palinomorfos es bajo o ausente. En este trabajo se integraron análisis de secciones delgadas, espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado (ICP-OES), espectrometría de masas de plasma acoplado (ICP-MS) y difracción de rayos X (DRX) en dos afloramientos correlacionables a través de los flancos oriental y occidental del Sinclinal de Nuevo Mundo (SNM).

Palabras clave: Formación Lisama, Petrología, Litogeoquímica, Correlaciones estratigráficas, Cuenca del valle Medio del Magdalena, Colombia (Sur América).

RESUMO

As análises petrográficas e litogeoquímicas realizadas em sedimentos fluviais da Formação Lisama, sugerem um bom potencial para a associação de mudanças composicionais e químicas das rochas com a identificação e correlação de unidades estratigráficas Cenozoícas na bacia do vale do Magdalena Médio. A integração de diferentes técnicas composicionais permite a subdivisão da Formação Lisama em três zonas petrográficas. As zonações aqui propostas têm coincidência com as biozonas palinológicas definidas nas mesmas seções estratigráficas, demonstrando seu potencial como ferramenta de correlação complementar à bioestratigrafia. Esta metodologia de integração de análises petrográficas e litogeoquímicas é aplicável para posteriores estudos na bacia do Vale do Magdalena Médio, especialmente naquelas áreas geográficas onde a recuperação de palinomorfos é baixa ou ausente. Neste trabalho foram integradas análises de seções finas, espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado (ICP-OES), espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado (ICP-MS) e difração de raios X (DRX) em dois afloramentos correlacionados através dos flancos oriental e ocidental do Sinclinal de Nuevo Mundo (SNM).

Palavras-chave: Formação Lisama, Petrologia, Litogeoquímica, Correlações estratigráficas, Bacia do vale do Magdalena Médio, Colômbia (América do Sul).

1. INTRODUCTION

In the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (VMM), the correlation of sandy siliciclastic sediments deposited in fluvial continental environments is complex, because in this type of lithologies, recovery using conventional biostratigraphic correlation techniques is generally low. Although biostratigraphy is very useful, this article suggests an alternative, complementary correlation technique by integrating petrographic analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The integration of these analytical techniques allows the subdivision of stratigraphic units in petrographic zones that can be used as a complementary correlation tool to biostratigraphy.

Therefore, the objective of this article is to show how the integration of biostratigraphic information with compositional analyses that include petrology, lithogeochemistry and XRD has potential as correlation tools in basins with the predominance of sandy lithologies where biostratigraphic recovery is difficult.

The methodology of integrating petrographic and lithogeochemical analyses can be used in subsequent studies in the Middle Magdalena Basin, mainly in geographic areas where the palynomorph recovery is low or null. This pilot study was conducted in the Lisama Formation by selecting the best correlatable outcrop columns through the Nuevo Mundo Syncline (NMS) with palynomorph recovery, in order to validate the results of the petrographic zones.

The main regional factors controlling the distribution of siliciclastic sediments deposited in fluvial and coastal continental environments are sea level, tectonics and climate variations (Catuneanu et al., 2011). These factors in turn have a high impact on sediment composition, texture and diagenesis, which is why petrographic variations can be used to identify stratigraphic units and surfaces by association of compositional, textural and diagenetic variations in rocks (Zuffa, Cibin & Di Giulio, 1995; Kasper-Zubillaga & Dickinson, 2001; Ketzer, Holz, Morad & Al-Aasm, 2003; Ketzer, Morad & Amorosi, 2003; Ketzer & Morad, 2006; Khidir & Catuneanu, 2009; Morad, Al-Ramadan, Ketzer & De Ros, 2010; Amorosi & Zuffa, 2011; Kordi, Turner & Salem, 2011; Morad, Ketzer & De Ros, 2012).

Recently, different authors have demonstrated the relationship between the compositional and diagenetic changes in rock with sequence stratigraphy and the usefulness, thereof, as a stratigraphic correlation tool (Racey, Love, Bobolecki & Walsh, 1995; Hussain, 2007; Amorosi & Zuffa, 2011; Morad et al., 2012). This is possible because sediment composition and sequence stratigraphy are sensitive to the allogeneic and authigenic processes controlling sediment distribution and preservation in the stratigraphic record and the relationship between Accommodation Space (A) vs. Sediment Supply (S), Cross, (2000).

2. GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK STUDY AREA

The Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (VMM) has been subjected to major deformation events. It has a tectonically complex history, starting around the Jurassic -Late Cretaceous when there was a distensional tectonic phase. After that, from the Maastrichtian to the present, the deformational styles of compression have predominated (Cooper et al., 1995; Gómez et al., 2005). During the distensional tectonic phase, a synrift megasequence took place with the formation of back-arc type basins such as the Tablazo-Magdalena (Cooper et al., 1995). Transitional continental and marine sediments were deposited in this sub-basin (Fabre, 1983). Later during the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene, the accretion of the Western Mountain Range took place, causing a change in the tectonic regime, along with changes in the sedimentation conditions from marine environments to continental environments (Cooper et al., 1995).

The VMM basin was originated by the segmentation of an ancestral foreland basin (Cooper et al., 1995; Caballero, Parra & Mora, 2010); it is geographically bordered on the west by the Central Mountain Range and on the east by the Eastern Mountain Range. The uplift of the Central Mountain Range occurred around the Late Cretaceous (Gómez, 2005; Caballero et al., 2013). The tectonic inversion of the Eastern Mountain Range began in the Paleocene - Early Eocene (Mora et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2013; Caballero et al., 2013).

The deformation of the Middle Eocene enabled the formation of folds and thrusts in the VMM, which were subsequently eroded and covered with clastic sediments from the Upper Eocene (Cooper et al., 1995). Since then, the evolution of the basin has been characterized by filling with sediments from the Central and Eastern Mountain Ranges, which underwent the most deformation around the Miocene (Villamil, 1999; Sarmiento, 2001).

The NMS is a broad asymmetrical structure with a pitch to the north, located on the Western edge of the Eastern Mountain Range and in the eastern central VMM. It is bordered on the west by La Salina Fault with the tight Western flank, and angles of 70° - 80° E. The eastern flank is smooth and extended with angles of 30° - 50° W. This structure acquired its current configuration during the early Plio-Pleistocene deformation and contains a sedimentary wedge from the Cenozoic of more than 6000 meters (Caballero 2010; Gómez et al., 2005).

The Lisama Formation of this study is generally reported to be from the Paleocene (Figure 1), and it underlies the shallow marine to parallic lithologies of the Umir Formation. Transitional contact is documented between the two formations by the register of regressive sedimentation associated with major features from deltaic systems and alluvial plains (Gómez et al., 2005).

3. METHODOLOGY

The methodology covered the compositional and chemical analysis of correlatable stratigraphic columns through the Eastern and Western flank of the NMS (Figure 3). The compositional analyses were conducted in the laboratories of the Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo -ICP and consist of compositional and textural counts of petrography, XRD and whole-rock geochemical analysis (ICP-MS and ICP-OES).

These results were integrated with the analyses of stratigraphic cycles interpreted in the outcrops of interest and with the palynological biozoning defined in the sections.

The petrological analysis of sandstones was conducted using the count from 350 to 400 points for composition following the Indiana method (Weltje, 2002) and ± 250 points for texture. The detrital rock was classified taking into account the compositional and textural parameters of average and selection proposed by Folk (1974). Counts included a detailed description of grain types in order to determine the modal compositions and triangular diagrams of Dickinson et al. (1983 and 1985).

Geochemical analysis included the determination of the concentrations of major (10), trace (17) and rare earth elements (REE, 13) using ICP-OES Perkin Elmer 2100 DV and ICP-MS Perkin Elmer ELAN 6000. The treatment method used to analyze metals is referenced by the name CLR-LES-I-012, which is an internal methodology developed in the Spectroscopy Lab of Ecopetrol S.A. - ICP. This methodology describes the procedure for the analysis of majority metals in a closed system. In addition, this document establishes the procedure to analyze minority metals (trace metals and rare earth elements) in an open system. This methodology uses EPA 3052, ASTM D 4698 and ASTM D 1977 as a reference. The analytical results were calibrated by the systematic analysis of international standards (SCO-1, GSP-2, AGV and BIR-1A of the USGS).

Mineralogical analyses were conducted using XRD in a Siemens D500 diffractometer, with the Diffrac Plus Software to determine the mineralogical compositions of both whole rock, and the fraction lesser than 2 microns or clay fraction.

4. RESULTS

Localization and Predominant Lithologies of the Samples Analyzed:

In this article, lithogeochemical and petrographic characterization of the Lisama Formation in the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin in Colombia (South America) was carried out. The geographic area selected consists of two correlatable outcrops located on the Eastern and Western flanks of the NMS (Figure 2). Stratigraphic columns were uplifted in this sector (Ruiz, Gómez and Ruiz, 2008) and they were taken as a reference for this study in which compositional analyses were conducted using petrography, XRD and whole-rock geochemistry (ICP-MS and ICP-OES). (Table 1, Table 2 and Annex 1). The biostratigraphic zoning of the columns was carried out by Rodríguez, (2009), which provided a temporary context, making it possible to compare and validate the petrographic and chemical zones. This demonstrates the potential of these techniques as a complementary correlation tool in fluvial siliciclastic sediment for the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin.

The predominant lithologies in the outcrops analyzed in the Lisama Formation are sandstones with cross-stratified trough, interspersed with laminated siltstones and mudstones. The sandy packages near the base contain poorly calibrated sets with intraclasts and floating grains that vary between medium-grained sand and gravel. The fine facies in general are multiple colors where alteration and bioturbation is common. On a local level, the sandstone is in flasser lamination and rippled in bi-directional flows, interpreting coastal channels, crevasse complexes and proximal bars, probably related to a deltaic plain with a tidal influence (Ruiz et al., 2008).

The sedimentological and ichnological analyses of the stratigraphic columns in the area under study suggest that the bottom of the Lisama Formation was deposited in an environment related to fluvial channels and interdistributary bay with tidal influence. In the middle and upper part, it is interpreted that there is a greater degree of stacking of sandy sediments associated with fluvial channels, crevasse complexes and probable proximal bars.

Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Cycles of the Lisama Formation in the Outcrops Analyzed in the Nuevo Mundo Syncline

Ruiz et al., (2008) interpreted stratigraphic cycles of a third and fourth order in the stratigraphic columns used in this study. The methodology proposed by Cross (2000) was used for their identification, which is based on the relationship between sediment input and accommodation space (A/S), taking into account environmental variations and sediment stacking trends. This defined four maximum flood surfaces (L1M, L3M, L5M and L7M) and five minimum accommodation surfaces (L0m, L2m, L4m, L6m and L8m) (Figure 3).

Biostratigraphic Dating the Lisama Formation in the Outcrops Analyzed in the Nuevo Mundo Syncline

The biostratigraphic zoning defined for these sections (Rodríguez, 2009) associates the bottom of the sequence with Biozone E. protofranciscoi associated with the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), thus leading to the interpretation that the base of the stratigraphic sequence corresponds to the transition zone between the Umir and Lisama Formations. The middle and top of the sections are associated with Biozone B. Annae from the Paleocene (Figure 3).

Integration of Results

The integration of different petrographic techniques including thin section analysis, ICP-OES, ICP-MS and XRD enables the subdivision of the Lisama fields in three (3) petrographic zones, defined and based on the modal and chemical characteristics of the rocks, known as Lisama A, B and C. Due to the better preservation of the stratigraphic column of the Lisama Formation on the Eastern flank of the NMS, both the petrographic and the lithogeochemical zones are more complete and better defined on this flank (Figures 4 and 5).

Lisama A Zone

Petrographically, it is characterized by a high lithic content (Q₄₅, F₉, L₄₆). The quartz and rock fragments of a volcanic and sedimentary origin are the main components of the framework; there are also feldspars and glauconite to a lesser proportion.

Compositionally, they are classified as litharenites and feldespathic Litharenites. This area is predominated by sedimentary and volcanic lithics sub-classified as sedarenite and volcarenite, according to Folk (1974). Chemically, it is characterized by having generally low concentrations of Ba, Ce, Cr, Ga, Rb, Nb, K₂O and MnO. Inversely, there is enrichment of Na₂O, Al₂, TiO₂, MgO, Sc and Ni. Similarly, XRD analyses associate this interval with low illite and quartz content, and high percentages of sodium feldspar (Figure 5 and Annex 1).

Lisama B Zone

The middle zone of the Lisama Formation is characterized by a marked decrease in lithic content (Q₈₄, F₂, L₁₄). Compositionally, they are classified as quartzare-nite and sublitharenite (Folk, 1974); predominant lithics are sedimentary, so they are sub-classified as sedarenite (Figure 4).

Chemically, this interval is similar to zone A, although there is a marked depletion of Ni, Sc, MgO, Al₂O₃ and Na₂O concentrations (Figure 5 and Annex 1). XRD values suggest a comparative enrichment in zone A of the illite and quartz content and, inversely, a depletion in sodium feldspar (Figure 5 and Annex 1).

Lisama C Zone

The top of the section is petrographically characterized by the increase in lithics (Q₆₄, F₇, L₃₀), and the predominance of metamorphic rock fragments. Compositionally, they are classified as litharenites and feldespathic litharenites, and sub-classified as phyllarenite (Figure 4) according to Folk (1974).

Chemically, it shows enrichment of the major elements, particularly K₂O, MnO, Na₂O, Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and MgO. In addition, the concentrations of Ba, Ce, Cr, Ga, Rb, Sc, Nb and N have increased (Figure 5 and Annex 1). At the same time, the values of illite and sodium feldspar have increased in XRD; inversely, quartz contents have decreased in this zone.

Interpretation of Petrographical and Lithogeochemical Data in the Outcrops Analyzed of the Lisama Formation in the Nuevo Mundo Syncline

The rocks from the lower interval (Zone A) are characterized by low compositional maturity, as evidenced by the predominance of volcanic and sedimentary lithics. Plagioclase prevails in this interval over potassium feldspar, suggesting the influence of sinsedimentary volcanism or the presence of important volcanic litho-types in the source area. The influence of volcanogenic debris in this segment and probable magmatic activity is also recognized in the chemical compositions of the sediment, as illustrated in the diagram differentiating the types of source rock proposed by Roser and Korsch (1986), in which the lithologies from this interval are associable with Active Continental Margins (ACM) (Figure 6). The sedimentary lithics are interpreted as recycled sediments originated during the initial stages of orogenic dismantling caused by the tectonic inversion of the Mesozoic extensional basin during the early Paleocene (Mora et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2013; Caballero et al., 2013).

In the middle and upper part of the Lisama Formation (Zones B and C), the nature of the lithics varies considerably with respect to Zone A with the predominance of Sedimentary and low to medium metamorphic fragments, schists and metagranitc lithic. Chemically, these segments also are differentiated from the previous zone and their origin is associated with Passive Margins (PM), according to the classification of Roser and Korsch (1986) (Figure 6).

5. CONCLUSIONS

• The petrographic zones defined for the Lisama Formation in the Middle Magdalena Valley in general match the biostratigraphic zoning, suggesting potential for implementation as an Alternative stratigraphic correlation technique. This methodology of integrating petrographic and lithogeochemical analyses can be used in subsequent studies in the Middle Magdalena Basin, mainly in geographic areas where the palynomorph recovery is low or null.
• Lower Zone A of the Lisama Formation is characterized by its high lithic content (Q₄₅, F₉, L₄₆), mainly of a volcanic and sedimentary origin; chemically, this lower segment has low concentrations of Ba, Ce, Cr, Ga, Rb, Nb, K₂O and MnO. Inversely, the concentrations of Na₂O, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, MgO, Sc and Ni are high. This zone has the input of sedimentary and volcanic debris associated with sinsedimentary volcanism and the orogenic dismantling caused by the tectonic inversion of the Mesozoic extensional basin during the early Paleocene. Sediments in this zone were deposited in environments related to fluvial channels and interdistributary bays with tidal influence.
• The middle of the formation or Petrographic Zone B is identified by the marked decrease in lithic content (Q₈₄, F₂, L₁₄), predominated by those of a sedimentary origin. Chemically, this interval is similar to zone A, although there is a marked depletion of Ni, Sc, MgO, Al₂O₃ and Na₂O. The presence of sedimentary lithics is associated with the erosion of the sedimentary Mesozoic or Paleozoic rock cover. This zone has the most stacking of sandy sediments associated with fluvial channels, crevasse complexes and probable proximal bars, showing greater shallowing and energy in the environment compared with the underlying zone.
• Finally, Zone C is characterized by the increase in lithics (Q₆₄, F₇, L₃₀) mainly metamorphic in origin; chemically, it shows enrichment of the major elements K₂O, MnO, Na₂O, Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and MgO. In addition, the concentrations of Ba, Ce, Cr, Ga, Rb, Sc, Nb and Ni have increased. The source area suggests sediment inputs from levels in the metamorphic domains. In this zone, the percentages of K₂O, MnO, Na₂O, TiO₂ and MgO increase, reason for which it is associated with environmental conditions of greater meteorization of the sediment following their deposition, which coincides with the greater preservation of facies associated with paleosols near the top of the stratigraphic column analyzed. There is also a marked increase in the concentrations of Ce, Cr, Ga, Rb, Sc, Nb and Ni; these elements are associated with changes in sediment source rock (Pearce et al., 2010 a, b; Ractliffe et al., 2004).
• The integrated use of lithogeochemical and petrographic techniques has helped improve the presence and correlation of stratigraphic cycles, showing great usefulness in the correlation of formations with low resolution in biostratigraphy, as well as in zones with partial rock exposure.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spectrometry and XRD Laboratories of the Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP) for conducting the compositional analyses. They would also like to thank the Sub-Andean Basin Project for its financial support and approbation for the publication of this paper.

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