Presence of Ruvettus pretiosus (Gempylidae) in the Colombian continental Caribbean

Presencia de Ruvettus pretiosus (Gempylidae) en el Caribe continental colombiano

Presencia de Ruvettus pretiosus (Gempylidae) no Caribe continental colombiano

Maria Camila Gómez-Cubillos¹*, Marcela Grijalba-Bendeck¹

Edited by Juan Carlos Salcedo-Reyes (salcedo.juan@javeriana.edu.co)

¹Programa de Biología Marina. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano. Grupo de Investigación en Dinámica y Manejo de Ecosistemas Marino-Costeros DIMARCO. Carrera 2 No. 11-68 Edificio Mundo Marino, Rodadero, Santa Marta (Magdalena) Colombia.
^*camila_gomezc@hotmail.com

Maria Camila Gómez-Cubillos
Marine Biologist, M.Sc Candidate in Environmental Sciences with emphasis on water resources management. Specialist in Environmental Law Research interests focus on fish reproductive, biology and environmental toxicology with emphasis on fish community, determining how pollution is affecting these organisms emphasizing histological and biochemical processes.

Marcela Grijalba-Bendeck
Marine Biologist, Ph.D Candidate, Assistant Professor Marine Biology B.Sc.and Marine Conservation M.Sc Program from the Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta Campus. Research interests are taxonomy of neotropical marine fish, fish physiology, fisheries, fish bioecology, deep-sea fisheries and in the impacts of unburnt coal on coastal marine ecosystem but also in the strong links between the research community, fishermen, industry and policy.

Funding: N/A
Electronic supplementary material: N/A

Received: 09-07-2015 Accepted: 21-11-2015 Published on line: 25-02-2016

Para citar este artículo / To cite this article

Gómez-Cubillos MC, Grijalba-Bendeck M. Presence of Ruvettus pretiosus (Gempylidae) in the Colombian continental Caribbean, Universitas Scientiarum, 21 (1): 53-61, 2016. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC21-1.porp

Abstract

The first record of Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833 for the Colombian continental Caribbean is presented. The specimen was collected at Los Cocos, department of Magdalena (11° 16' 33, 84'' N 73° 53' 33, 01'' W), using a demersal longline gear placed at 100 m depth. Biometrics, diagnosis and comments regarding its distribution, ecology and biology are included in the description. This new record expands the distribution of the species in the Caribbean Sea and increases the reported number of gempylids for Colombia to five.

Keywords: Gempylidae; Ruvettus pretiosus, Caribbean; Colombia; Oilfish.

Resumen

Se presenta el primer registro de Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833, para el Caribe colombiano continental. El especimen fue colectado en Los Cocos, Departamento de Magdalena, (11° 16' 33, 84'' N 73° 53' 33, 01'' W), usando un palangre sumergible colocado a 100 m de profundidad. En la descripción se incluye biometría, diagnóstico y comentarios sobre su distribución, ecología y biología. Este nuevo registro amplía la distribución de la especie en el Mar Caribe e incrementa a cinco el número de gempílidos reportados en Colombia.

Palabras clave: Gempylidae; Ruvettus pretiosus, Caribe; Colombia; pez aceitero.

Resumo

É apresentado o primeiro registro de Ruvettuspretiosus Cocco, 1833, para o Caribe Colombiano continental. O espécime foi capturado na vereda Los Cocos, Departamento de Magdalena (11° 16' 33, 84'' N 73° 53' 33, 01'' W), utilizando palangres horizontais demersales a uma profundidade de 100 m. Estao incluídos neste manuscrito dados biométricos, diagnóstico das espécies e comentários sobre a sua distribuiclo, ecología e biología. Com este novo reporte a distribuiclo das espécies no Mar do Caribe se expande, aumentando para cinco o números de espécies da família Gemphelidae na Colombia.

Palavras-chave: Gempylidae; Ruvettus pretiosus; Caribe Colombiano; Oilfish.

Introduction

Biodiversity of marine fauna in the tropical zone is concentrated in two conspicuous peaks, one in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and the other one in the Atlantic Ocean, specifically in the southern Caribbean Sea (Briggs, 2007). This zone acts as a centre of origin and evolutionary radiation and includes the Colombian Caribbean Sea. This zone is characterized by a high fish diversity represented by hard bottom, demersal, and pelagic species, occupying all the available ecosystems, including deep-sea. Despite its importance, fish biodiversity in Colombia is poorly understood and the discovery of a new species must be incorporated into existing databases (Díaz & Acero, 2003; Rey & Acero, 2015). Recently, the cataloguing action and the new distributional records have acquired a new urgency through the fact that global biodiversity is changing and declining under multiple mounting threats (Bello et al. 2014). The majority of the marine fishes compromising the existing baseline is related to shallow reef and estuarine areas, with the existing fish fauna in oceanic and deep environments still being relatively unknown (Roa-Varón et al. 2003).

The family Gempylidae, comprising 16 genera and 24 species, is associated with mesopelagic and benthopelagic environments. Gempylids are primarily distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas worldwide, with little being known about them, both in Colombia and around the world (Nakamura & Parin, 2002; Lopes et al. 2003). Species included in this family are characterized by short snouts, presenting two nostrils on each side of the head, large and non-protractible mouth, sometimes possessing two strong fang teeth in the upper jaw or a pair in the front of the lower jaw. Gempylid species have varying body shape, forked caudal fin, two dorsal fins and finlets. The lateral line is inconspicuous and the skin is notoriously rough. They can reach total lengths of up to 3 m (Nakamura & Parin, 2002).

Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833, is commonly known as oilfish, escolar, escolar clavo or escolar raposo, and is a benthopelagic species occurring in coastal marine waters at depths of 100-700 m in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean south of Bay of Biscay, commonly found near Madeira and the Canaries (Grey, 1953). Worldwide, R. pretiosus has been recorded in the northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste) (Bettoso & Dulcic, 1999; Dulcic et al. 2014), North Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Izmir and Iskenderun Bay) - Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002; Gurlek et al. 2013) and in the southwestern Indian Ocean (Fricke et al. 2007; 2009). In the western Atlantic it has been reported in Belize (Claro, 1994), Venezuela (Cervigón, 1994); Brazil (Carvalho-Fihlo, 1999; Lopes et al. 2003), Gulf of Mexico (McEachran & Fechhelm, 2005) and Mexican Caribbean (García-Rivas et al. 2013).

Among the known Colombian species of the Gempylidae family, are: Prometichthys prometeus (Acero & Rueda, 1992), Diplospinnus multistriatus (Roa-Varón et al. 2003), Neoepinnula americana (Roa-Varón et al. 2003), Lepidocybiumflavobrunneum (Álvarez-León, 2002). In the Colombian Caribbean Sea, R. pretiosus has been previously reported only for the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago (Bolaños-Cubillos et al. 2015). No previous reports are available for the species on the continental shelf.

Materials and Methods

The examined specimen was captured on October 21, 2009 and was part of the artisan fish landings in Los Cocos (11° 16' 33, 84'' N 73° 53' 33, 01'' W) (Figure 1) - Magdalena Department, Colombian Caribbean. The specimen was obtained using an artisanal demersal horizontal longline, made of nylon and equipped with 200 hooks (No 7) (Cuellar, 2010), and targeted at 100 m depth. Los Cocos is located in the Colombian Caribbean coast and is under the influence of the north-south movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ZCIT) and the movements of trade winds. These movements lead to upwelling events that increase nutrients in the surface layers, enriching phytoplankton communities and delineating high productivity zones for the area (Franco-Herrera, 2005).

The specimen was analysed at the facilities of the Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta campus. Biometrics (meristic and morphometric data) were collected following Nakamura & Parin (2002). The specimen was fixed in 4 % formalin, preserved in 70 % alcohol, and introduced into the Colombian Marine Natural History Museum at the Marine and Coastal Research Institute INVEMAR (INV-PEC9011), Fish collection (Figure 2).

The collected biometric data considered for the species identification followed Bettoso & Dulcic (1999) and are presented in Table 1.

Results and discussion

One specimen of R. pretiosus was obtained for first time by a coastal artisan fishery during the research project 'Bio-economical valuation of artisanal fisheries with emphasis on the current determination of maturity mean lengths of fish species with commercial importance, in the disembarking sites located between Tasajera and La Jorará (Department of Magdalena).' Detailed information about our documented record is presented below, which is in agreement with the treatment of first record material and related data proposed by Bello et al. (2014) for the first reports in ichthyology.

Identification References: Eschmeyer (2015)

Order Perciformes
Family Gempylidae
Species Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco 1833

Synonymy: Rovetus temminckii, Ruvettus tydeemani, Ruvettus whakari, Ruvettus delagoensis, Ruvettus pacificus, Thyrsites acanthoderma, Thyrsites scholaris and Tetragonurus simplex (Eschmeyer, 2015).

Common names: Escolar clavo (Spanish), Oilfish (English), Rouvet (French).

Materials reviewed: One specimen obtained on October 21, 2009 in the coastal margin before the rural area at Los Cocos (11° 16' 33, 84'' N 73° 53' 33, 01'' W), Department of Magdalena, Colombian Caribbean (Figure 1).

Diagnosis: Identification of the specimen followed the characters described by Nakamura & Parin (1993; 2002), Lopes et al. (2003) and Eschmeyer (2015).

Size: Specimen TL of 881 mm. Keller & Kerstetter (2014) reported a TL range (cm) between 19.0 and 88.5 cm from a sample of 56 individuals collected in the Gulf of Mexico and western North Atlantic.

Meristics: First dorsal low XIII to XV spines, second dorsal fin with 15 to 18 soft rays followed by 2 finlets (specimen examined with XIV, 17 and 2 finlets); anal with 15-18 soft rays and followed 2 finlets (specimen: 18 and 2 finlets); pectoral with 15 rays (specimen: 13 rays); pelvic I spine and 5-rays (specimen: I, 15) and devoid of caudal keels (Nakamura & Parin, 2002).

Morphometrics: Body height is typically 4.3 to 4.9 times the standard length (the specimen examined: 4.6) and the head length 3.3 to 3.7 times the standard length (specimen: 3.5) (Nakamura & Parin, 2002). Morphometric characteristics of the studied specimen are presented in Table 1.

Coloring: The body of living adults is brown to dark brown and the tips of the pectoral and pelvic fins are black. In juvenile, the edges of the second dorsal and anal fins are white (Nakamura & Parin, 1993).

Biology and reproduction: R. pretiosus migrates during the night for food and feeds on cephalopods and teleost fishes from the orders Gadiformes, Perciformes and Anguilliformes (Vasilakopoulos et al. 2011; Viana et al. 2012). It is a solitary, gonochoristic species with no evidence of sexual reversals being observed. Testes are white and ovaries pink. Populations exhibit a bathymetric stratification by sex: males are usually found in deep areas while females inhabit shallower waters in relation to food supply during the spawning period (July - August) (Vasilakopoulos et al. 2011).

Habitat: Pelagic-oceanic, inhabits in all tropical and temperate seas of the world on the upper continental slope (Venu, 2009), within a wide depth range (100-800 m) but usually 200-400 m (Nakamura & Parin, 2002).

Fishery: Associated with industrial tuna fishing, its catch is very low at the artisanal level (Nakamura & Parin, 2002).

Distribution: For the western Atlantic it has been reported in the eastern part of Bermuda, Cuba, Haiti and the Florida Keys in the Caribbean (Nakamura & Parin, 2002); for the Colombian Pacific in Gorgona and Malpelo Islands (Rubio et al. 1992; UNESCO, 2005), but also in the Galapagos Islands and the coastal marine waters of Ecuador and Peru (Cabanilla, 2007).

The presence of R. pretiosus described as a macro-carnivorous fish with a calculated trophic level of 4.2 ± 0.57 (Fishbase.org) in the continental slope of the Colombian Caribbean Sea, could be related to several areas of high concentration of commercially important deep-sea crustaceans (i.e. Aristaeomorpha foliacea, Pleoticus robustus, Penaeopsis serrata;Metanephrops binghami) located between 200-550 m depth and described in recent studies (Paramo & Saint-Paul 2012a, 2012b, 2012c). Additionally it could be due to the presence of complex demersal fish assemblages (Paramo et al. 2012). Both factors can be explained by the contribution of important sources of organic matter from the phyto-detritus of the pelagic zone exported from upwelling productive areas to the demersal and deep-sea ecosystems (Rice et al. 1986).

Conclusion

This manuscript confirms the presence of R. pretiosus in the continental waters of the Colombian Caribbean Sea and raises the number of species of the family Gempylidae reported in Colombia to five. This species is rarely found in artisanal fishery catches and occurs in deeps waters, which is why many of its biological and ecological traits are unknown. Future studies on the species and its populations are required in order to determine its role in the demersal fish assemblages.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the fishermen community at Los Cocos for providing the specimen examined, in particular to Ángel Arroyo, Ángel Arroyo Jr. and Ángel Moreno. Also, to D. Kieckbusch for his useful comments on the manuscript. This manuscript is a contribution of the Grupo de Investigación de Dinámica y Manejo de Ecosistemas Marino-Costeros DIMARCO of the Marine Biology Program at the UTadeo, Santa Marta campus. Financial support was provided by the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ministerio de Agricuturay Desarrollo Rural de Colombia) (CONTRACT N° 2007T6682 289/07), the Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano (UTadeo), CoopesTaganga, Aunap (Incoder), Museo del Mar Foundation and SilaKangama.

Conflict of interest

This paper does not present any conflict of interest.

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