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Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - INVEMAR
versión impresa ISSN 0122-9761
Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. vol.47 no.2 Santa Marta jul./dic. 2018
https://doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2018.47.2.753
NOTE
First record of the leafscale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre) (Chondrichthyes: Centrophoridae) in the Colombian Caribbean
1 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (Invemar), Calle 25 No. 2-55 Playa Salguero, Santa Marta, Colombia. maria.parrado@invemar.org.co.
2 Calle Madrid 20, 2 H Sanxenxo, Pontevedra, España. willizu@hotmail.com.
This article presents the first record of Centrophorus squamosus for the Colombian Caribbean. This species is known to occupy bathypelagic habitats between 145 and 4000 m depth; its main feature is the shape and arrangement of its dermal denticles. The specimen found was caught with longline near Punta Polno, La Guajira department. This is the first evidence of the occurrence of this species in Colombian Caribbean offshore waters.
KEYWORDS: Bathypelagic; Dermal denticles; Longline; La Guajira
Se presenta el primer registro de Centrophorus squamosus para el Caribe colombiano. Esta especie es conocida por ocupar hábitats batipelágicos entre 145 y 4000 m de profundidad, y su característica principal es la forma y disposición de sus dentículos dérmicos. El espécimen encontrado fue capturado con palangre cerca a Punta Polno, departamento de La Guajira. Esta es la primera evidencia de la ocurrencia de esta especie en aguas por fuera de la plataforma del Caribe colombiano.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Batipelágico; Dentículos dérmicos; Palangre; La Guajira
The family Centrophoridae (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes), which primarily contains gulper sharks, is characterized by the presence of five gill slits anterior to the pectoral fin, large spiracles behind the eyes, pointy teeth and a marked difference between the upper and lower jaws. Additionally, these sharks are characterized by a long, strong and striated spine in the anterior margin of each of the two dorsal fins, absence of an anal fin and presence of a subterminal notch in the caudal fin (Compagno, 1984; Carpenter 2002). Two genera are currently recognized, Deania and Centrophorus, the former containing four species and the latter containing 15, some of which, such as C. squamosus, were included by Compagno under the family Squalidae in 1973 and 1984.
The genus Centrophorus presents marked differences between the upper and lower jaws, the upper teeth being triangular, awl-like, narrow, tall and large, whereas the lowers are short and stout. The rear tips of the pectoral fins are short, angular to elongated and sharply pointed. The diagnostic features that distinguish C. squamosus from its other congeners include: the rear tips of the pectoral fins are free and considerably angular and do not extend beyond the origin of the spine of the first dorsal fin, and the dermal denticles have multiple lateral ridges, which can be seen more clearly in adulthood (Compagno, 1984).
This species was first described by Bonnaterre in 1788 as Squalus squamosus, based on a specimen from the northeastern Atlantic. Later, Krefft and Tortonese (1973a, 1973b) cited this species as Lepidorhinus squamosus, based on specimens from the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In 1983, Shirai validated the species as Centrophorus squamosus based on specimens from the northeastern Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk (Amaoka et al., 1983). Cervigón and Alcalá (1999) recorded the presence of the species in the Venezuelan Caribbean in the western Atlantic based on a specimen captured during the expeditions of F. Nansen, but they noted a questionable identification. Compagno (Carpenter, 2002) again recorded the species at the same locality, stating the need for a revision due to the possibility of improper identification. Sáez and collaborators (2010) cited the presence of C. squamosus in the Gulf of Ancud, Chile, southeastern Pacific, and Acuña- Marrero et al. (2013) noted this species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve in Ecuador.
During an expedition in the Jarara exploratory drilling area of interest (AIPE- área de interés de perforación exploratoria), located in the Tayrona block, Colombian Caribbean Sea, at the longitude of Punta Polno, La Guajira, a male specimen of Centrophorus squamosus was captured at 12°46’45.4” N; 71°36’00.8” W (Figure 1a) between 600 and 670 m depth with a vertical longline and a size 11 curved hook. The specimen was fixed in 10% formaldehyde onboard for later preservation in 70% ethanol. The identification was based on the taxonomic keys by Compagno (1984, 2002). The shark was deposited in the reference collection of the Marine and Coastal Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar), Santa Marta, Colombia under the number INV-PEC-9006.
Figure 1 a. Capture location of the Centrophorus squamosus specimen at the Jarara Area (AMI). b. Captured specimen of Centrophorus squamosus.
RESULTS
Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788).
Synonyms. Squalus squamosusBonnaterre, 1788; Machephilus dumerili Johnson, 1868; Centrophorus foliaceus Günther, 1877; Lepidorhinus hinbei Tanaka 1918; Centroscymnus fuscus Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924; Centrophorus nilsoni Thompson, 1930; Encheiridiodon hendersoni Smith, 1967; Centrophorus ferrugineus Meng, Hu & Li, 1982.
Common names. Quelvacho negro (Spanish), Leafscale gulper shark (English) (Figure 1b).
The specimen presents a moderately elongated snout, dorsoventrally compressed face, anterolateral upper teeth with erect to semi-oblique cusps (Figure 2a). Both dorsal fins are preceded by a strong spine, a conspicuous character of the genus (Figure 2b). The height and base length (measured from the origin of the anterior column) of the first dorsal fin are 3.6 and 10.3% of the total length, respectively. The first dorsal fin is higher than the second. The posterior tips of the pectoral fins are elongated and pointed, whereas the inner corner tends to be square or slightly extended (Figure 3) (Cervigón and Alcalá, 1999).
Figure 2 a. Diagnostic character of genus Centrophorus: height and obliqueness of the upper jaw showing differences between the teeth of the upper and lower jaws. b. Family-level diagnostic characteristics: spine at the anterior margin of the dorsal fin.
Figure 3 Diagnostic character of genus Centrophorus: posterior tip of the pectoral fins elongated and pointed.
The first set of dermal denticles on the sides of the body are superposed, with narrow pedicels that raise flat, leaf-like crowns with tall and medium ridges, and a small lateral crest on each side (Cervigón and Alcalá, 1999). In adults, lateral cusps are evident on the posterior edges of the denticles (Figure 4). The specimen presents uniform gray to dark brown coloration.
The maximum reported size for this species is 164 cm, from Indonesia (White et al., 2006). The specimen captured in this investigation presented a total length of 98.2 cm (Table 1). There are occurrence records for this species between 145 and 4,000 m of depth, both in the lower depths of the continental slope and in the upper regions of the pelagic zone (Last and Stevens, 1994; Bañon et al., 2006), and therefore, this shark is considered as benthic and occasionally mesopelagic (Blache et al., 1970). The teeth of this species present sexual dimorphism, characterized by the height and obliqueness of the upper jaw and the degree of compression of the crowns of the lower teeth (Keyes, 1984) (Figure 2a).
Table 1 Morphometric characters of a male specimen of Centrophorus squamosus captured at the Tayrona block, Jarara exploratory drilling area of interest (AIPE), and reference measurements from other authors.
| Caracteres morfométricos Morphometric characteristics | Medidas (cm) / Measurements (cm) | Garrick (1959) | Acuña-Marreno et al. (2013) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longitud total (LT) / Total length (TL) | 98.2 | 142 | 95 | |
| Longitud horquilla / Fork length | 85.5 | |||
| Longitud precaudal / Precaudal length | 78 | |||
| Longitud origen segunda dorsal / | ||||
| Length to the origin of second dorsal fin | 75 | |||
| Longitud origen primera dorsal / | ||||
| Length to the origin of first dorsal fin | 32 | |||
| Longitud espacio interdorsal / | ||||
| Interdorsal space | 24 | 27.6 | ||
| Longitud entre 2da aleta dorsal y caudal / | ||||
| Distance between 2nd dorsal fin and caudal fin | 7.8 | 5.6 | ||
| Longitud cabeza / Head length | 25 | |||
| Longitud prebranquial / Prebranchial length | 20.5 | |||
| Longitud preorbital / Preorbital length | 5.5 | |||
| Longitud prepectoral / Prepectoral length | 25 | |||
| Longitud entre aletas pectoral y pélvica / | ||||
| Distance between pectoral and pelvic fins | 35 | 43.5 | ||
| Longitud prepélvica / Prepelvic length | 65 | |||
| Diámetro ocular / Eye diameter | 4.5 | 4.2 | ||
| Longitud prenarial / Prenarial length | 3.2 | 3.5 | ||
| Longitud preoral / Preoral length | 8 | 8.1 | ||
| Longitud margen anterior aleta pectoral / | ||||
| Length of anterior margin of pectoral fin | 12 | 10.5 | ||
| Longitud altura aleta pectoral / | ||||
| Height of pectoral fin | 11.7 | |||
| Longitud base de la pectoral / | ||||
| Base length of pectoral fin | 6 | |||
| Longitud margen anterior primera dorsal / | ||||
| Length of anterior margin of first dorsal fin | 13 | |||
| Longitud margen posterior primera dorsal/ | ||||
| Length of posterior margin of first dorsal fin | 3.5 | 3.7 | ||
| Longitud base primera dorsal / Base length of first dorsal fin | 17 | 9.9 | ||
| Longitud margen anterior segunda dorsal / | ||||
| Length of anterior margin of second dorsal fin | 9 | |||
| Longitud base segunda dorsal /Base length of second dorsal fin | 13 | 4 | ||
| Longitud aleta pélvica / Length of pelvic fin | 8 | |||
| Longitud margen anterior aleta pélvica / | ||||
| Length of anterior margin of pelvic fin | 7 | |||
| Longitud base aleta pélvica / Base length of pelvic fin | 7.5 | |||
| Longitud margen interno aleta pélvica / | ||||
| Length of inner margin of pelvic fin | 3.5 | 4.9 | ||
| Longitud margen posterior aleta pélvica / | ||||
| Length of posterior margin of pelvic fin | 9 | |||
| Longitud margen dorsal aleta caudal /Length of dorsal margin of caudal fin | 19 | |||
| Longitud margen preventral aleta caudal / | ||||
| Length of preventral margin of caudal fin | 11.5 | |||
| Longitud margen subterminal aleta caudal / | ||||
| Length of subterminal margin of caudal fin | 2.7 | |||
| Longitud margen terminal aleta caudal / Length of terminal margin of caudal fin | 6.5 | |||
| Longitud lóbulo aleta caudal / Length of lobe of caudal fin | 14.5 | |||
| Longitud interna clásper / Internal length of clasper | 13.5 | |||
Generally the females mature to 125 cm, and males 101 cm. Reproduction is ovoviviparous (Compagno and Niem, 1998). Their diet consists of bony fish, cephalopods, crustaceans and chimaeras (Compagno, 2002).
The distribution of C. squamosus covers the eastern Atlantic (Springer, 1990), Iceland and the North Sea (George, 2009), the Mediterranean Sea (Whitehead et al., 1984, Bañon et al., 2006), the Atlantic platform in Senegal, Faroese, Madeira, Azores (Arruda, 1997), Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia (Bianchi et al., 1993) and South Africa (Bass et al., 1986; Muñoz-Chápuli and Ramos, 1989; Compagno et al., 1991); in the western Indian Ocean, the islands of Aldabra, Almirantes, Arabian Sea and Sri Lanka (Morón et al., 1999; Baranes, 2003; Manilo and Bogordsky, 2003); in the central Indian Ocean, India (Akhilesh et al., 2010) and Maldives Islands (Adam et al., 1998); and in the western Pacific, Japan (Masuda et al., 1984; Nakabo, 2000; Shinohara et al., 2001), Philippines (Compagno et al., 2005), China (Randall and Lim, 2000), Australia (Hutchins, 2001; White, 2008) and New Zealand (Garrick, 1959; Paulin et al., 1989; Paxton et al., 1989; Amaoka et al., 1990; Last and Stevens, 1994). This distribution allows to describe the taxon with a generalized form of bipolar distribution, in temperate waters (Compagno, 1984) (Figure 5). The present finding is the first record with physical evidence that confirms the presence of this species (C. squamosus) in the Caribbean, after the specimens cited off the Venezuelan coast, for which both Cervigón and Alcalá (1999) and Compagno (2002) questioned the identification (Figure 6).
Figure 5 Map of worldwide localities of Centrophorus squamosus occurrence records (Sutton et al., 2017).
In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. squamosus is usually caught with longlines, due to the depth that it inhabits. C. squamosus is consumed salted and used in the production of fishmeal (Bañon et al., 2006). The meat and fins have low market value, whereas the liver oil and mature eggs may reach a higher value (Bañon et al., 2006). This species is considered vulnerable according to the red list of threatened species (IUCN, 2013).
ACKOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Petrobras Colombia Ltd. and Invemar for logistic and financial support (project CSC 007-012). We also thank H. Sáenz and everyone that participated in the collection of biological material and field work, especially biologist L. Mejía, fisheries engineer F. Herrera, assistants J. Asís and H. Asís, and the crew of M/N Don Rodrigo.
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Received: December 28, 2017; Accepted: September 19, 2018
Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons
