INTRODUCTION

Adolescence is the life period in which is more likely to develop alcohol consumption as a social habit (^{Andrade, Betancourt, Moreno, & Alvis, 2017}; ^{Gázquez et al., 2016}; ^{Londoño, & Valencia, 2012}; ^{Moral, Rodríguez, & Sirvent, 2006}). This transition period between childhood and adult life is marked by an "age culture" adolescents feel members of, in which they start developing their own behavior, interiorizing values, and sharing spaces and normative trends, all of which contributes to creating their psychosocial identity. In this stage, adolescents start to make decisions autonomously about interpersonal links, belonging to certain peer groups, and constructing their own identity (^{Failde, Dapia, Alonso, & Pazos, 2015}; ^{Pedreira, Blanco, Pérez-Chacón, & Quirós, 2014}).

Regarding leisure practices and psychoactive substance experimentation, according to the World's Health Organization report (WHO, 2014), alcohol consumption represents a threat to public health, with multiple factors associated with it, such as emergencies in car crash casualties with positive alcohol levels, acute poisoning, violent clashes, suicide, violation of criminal law, high-risk sexual behavior, etc. (^{Bejarano, & Sáez, 2008}; Farke, & ^{Anderson, 2007}; ^{Galicia, Alonso, & Nogué, 2014}; ^{Isorna, Fariña, Sierra, & Vallejo, 2015}). Alcohol consumption in adolescence is certainly considered as one of the most severe public health issues as it can increase the likelihood of consumption remaining the same or even exacerbating during adulthood, associated with the consumption of other psychoactive substances (^{Laespada, 2010}; ^{Musitu, Suárez, Del Moral, Martínez, & Villareal, 2015}; Natera, Juárez, Medina, Mora, & Tiburcio, 2006). In addition, the macrostudy by ^{Scoppetta, Pérez and Lanziano (2011)} in Colombian students demonstrated that consumption profiles vary according to each stage of adolescence, with higher risks in adolescents with an earlier consumption onset and more significant previous imbalances.

At the European level, binge drinking is becoming increasingly important. This practice involves the intake of large quantities of alcohol, in short hours, mostly during the weekend leisure period, maintaining a certain level of inebriation and with a certain degree of control loss (^{Cortés, Espejo, Martín, & Gómez-Íñiguez, 2010}; Farke, & ^{Anderson, 2007}; ^{Motos, Cortés, Giménez, & Cadaveira, 2015}). Specifically, in Spain, Intensive Alcohol Consumption (IAC) among youngsters is associated with the consumption of multiple toxic substances, representing a risk factor for subsequent development of alcohol abuse/dependency (^{Balodis, Potenza, & Olmstead, 2009}). Regarding alcohol-related hospital emergencies in youngsters, this is particularly frequent in Spain at weekends or during public holidays (Sánchez, Redondo, ^{García, & Velázquez, 2012}). However, adolescents with higher alcohol intakes have a distorted perception of their negative effects, even though they are informed and well aware of them (^{Morales et al., 2011}; Morales et al., 2015).

According to the World's Health Organization latest report (WHO, 2014) on alcohol consumption, consumption patterns in Western societies are undergoing a profound change. In this respect, recent studies increasingly report that consumption tends to start earlier and earlier. They also note changes in consumption patterns and consumption leveling between both sexes (ESTUDES, 2014; ^{López, & Rodríguez-Arias, 2010}; OEDT, 2015, ^{Romo, Marcos, Gil, Marquina, & Tarragona, 2015}). As outlined by ^{Villarreal-González, Sánchez-Sosa, and Musitu (2013)}, group alcohol consumption is already part of young culture. This involves a specific conception of space and time constructed by them through the interaction reflecting collective rules and values. The results from the Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Students (ESTUDES, 2014) demonstrated that six out of ten students aged 14-18 got drunk at least once in their life, with three having done so in the last month. According to the Home Survey on Alcohol and other Drugs (EDADES, 2015), alcohol is present in 95% of multiple consumptions. The survey confirmed that alcohol remains the most used psychoactive substance, with a slight increase. The Spanish Drug and Toxic Addiction Observatory (2015) states that alcohol is the most used psychoactive substance within the Spanish population. In 2015, 93.1% of individuals aged 15-64 had consumed an alcoholic drink at least once in their lives, which represents a slight increase as compared to 2011, with consumption onset mean age at 16.7, similar to that from previous years. All of this represents a true socio-sanitary emergency (^{Moral, Bringas, Ovejero, Morales, & Rodríguez, 2017}).

As far as sex is concerned, there is seemingly a reduction in the gap of women's intensive consumption (WHO, 2014), these changes being more obvious in adolescence. According to the Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Students (ESTUDES, 2014/2015), 1.7% of adolescents aged 14-18 consumed alcohol in the last month on a daily basis. In addition, it reveals a growing incorporation of girls to legal drug consumption, with their levels surpassing those of boys in alcohol, tranquilizer, and tobacco consumption - indeed, the number of girls aged 14-16 getting drunk is higher than that of boys the same age. According to ^{Romo et al. (2015)}, excess alcohol consumption was initially associated to male sex, but now it is not considered as an exclusive aspect any more.

Young criminal conduct is another commonly studied risk behavior in this life stage (^{Bringas, Rodríguez, Moral, Sánchez, & Ovejero, 2012}; ^{Muñoz et al., 2011}; Rodríguez, Rodríguez-Franco, López-Cepero, & Bringas, 2012; Rodríguez et al., 2016). In addition, psychoactive substance consumption by juvenile offenders has fostered a growing awareness, as outlined by ^{Delisi, Angton, Behnken, and Kusow (2015)}. In this respect, a consistent consumption pattern of varied substances has been found in minors with antisocial behaviors (^{Contreras, Molina, & Cano, 2012}; ^{Ramírez, 2003}; Rivas et al., 2015, ^{San Juan, Ocáriz, & Germán, 2009}). According to ^{Loeber (1988)}, the occurrence of antisocial behavior at early ages, which will continue during adolescence, is an important predictor of substance use. However, the results from other researches indicate an inverse relationship - i.e., consumption onset age would be the variable predicting future consumption and violent acts, so adolescents with a violent behavior will start to use psychoactive substances at an earlier age (Rodriguez, Bringas, Moral, Pérez, & Estrada, 2012). Be that as it may, young violence in leisure contexts is an issue of concern as it becomes increasingly frequent (^{Bellis, Hughes, Korf, & Tossman, 2004}; ^{Blay et al., 2010}). According to Blay et al. (2010), in countries such as the United Kingdom, violence increase has been associated with the expansion of the alcohol and drug consumption-related model (^{Anderson et al., 2007}). Various studies posit that night leisure contexts are associated with drug abuse and other risks for health such as violence (^{Calafat et al., 2007}; ^{Farke, & Anderson, 2007}).

The analysis of risk behavior in adolescents associated with social, emotional, and cognitive human development mechanisms has been a subject of study (see ^{Dussaillant, 2010}). Cognitive schemes, particularly when associated with an impulsive style of solving problems, could be considered as a risk factor for substance consumption and other antisocial behavior (^{Calvete, & Estévez, 2009}). These schemes work by facilitating cognitive contents related to the desire for an immediate reward. And this, combined with an impulsive style, could hinder adequate reflections on risk behavior consequences. The relationship between low assertiveness, lower impulse control, and emotion management imbalances with drug use has also been suggested (^{Velázquez, Arellanez, & Martínez, 2012}).

Certainly, impulsiveness has been associated with numerous disorders such as substance abuse (^{Martínez-Loredo, Fernández-Hermida, Fernández-Artamendi, Carballo, & García-Rodríguez, 2015}). The relationship between impulsiveness and substance consumption is a very important issue, since previous studies have demonstrated a link between substance use and other risk behaviors during adolescence (^{Peters et al., 2015}). In this respect, a relationship between low self-control and criminal behavior can be noted, with such unlawful conduct remaining over time (^{Contreras, Molina, & Cano, 2011}; ^{Mulvey et al., 2010}). In addition, it has been observed that adolescents with antisocial and/or criminal behavior have high impulsiveness and low self-control (^{Sanabria, & Uribe, 2009}). The alcohol consumption and high impulsiveness profile, as well as that of dual pathology in young offenders, have also been demonstrated to be high. These individuals are defined by ^{Ribas et al. (2015)} as "multi-problematic youngsters."

Based on the above, the general objective of this research was to analyze which variables predict antisocial behavior in the adolescent population. This general objective gave rise to other specific objectives, such as assessing the relative importance of each variable to determine the phenomenon, and calculating which percentage of antisocial behavior differences could be predicted using them. Another objective was to find out whether there are significant age- and sex-related differences in antisocial behavior and alcohol consumption.

The underlying hypothesis was that alcohol consumption and impulsiveness are the two variables predicting antisocial behavior in adolescents more accurately.

The second hypothesis was the achievement of higher scores by women in alcohol consumption, and higher scores by men in antisocial behavior, as well as greater significant differences both in alcohol consumption and antisocial behavior in the late adolescence age group as compared to early and mid-adolescence.

METHOD

RESULTS

This section presents the results found when comparing the two hypotheses. First, the relative importance of the investigated variables to determine antisocial behavior in adolescents is assessed, with alcohol consumption and impulsiveness' importance as explicative variables having been anticipated. Second, the results from the analysis of sex- and age-related differences in alcohol consumption and antisocial behavior are presented.

First, it has been noted that cognitive impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness, unplanned impulsiveness, and alcohol consumption predicting variables, when considered individually, have significant correlations with the criterion (antisocial behavior) (p<.01). The four variables allow us to explain 36.6% of differences in this criterion - antisocial behavior scores. The multiple determination coefficient is statistically significant (p<0.01). However, although motor impulsiveness and unplanned impulsiveness variables, when considered individually, present a significant correlation with the criterion, this correlation disappears when entering the regression equation. Therefore, the main explicative variables in the regression equation are alcohol consumption and cognitive impulsiveness. Alcohol consumption allows to explain 30.1% of differences in the criterion, and using both variables together allows to increase this number up to 35.5%. The absolute value of beta coefficients reveals that alcohol consumption is more important to predict antisocial behavior than cognitive impulsiveness (see Table 1).

The results obtained when comparing alcohol consumption patterns according to sex (see Table 2) show that there are no significant sex-related differences (p>.05), with a medium effect size (Cohen's d =.36). However, there are significant differences in antisocial behavior according to sex, with a small size effect (Cohen's d =.25).

To control whether age has an impact on alcohol consumption and antisocial behavior, the first task was to recodify the age variable in three new groups or age levels: early adolescence (12-13, n=81), mid-adolescence (14-15, n=89), and late adolescence (16-18, n=42). An ANOVA of one factor was then carried out. Regarding age-related alcohol consumption differences, the highest mean corresponds to the late adolescence group. Significant differences were confirmed between at least two age levels compared (F_{2 209}=26.082, p<.01). The size effect is medium (partial eta squared =.20). Our model, which only includes the age level effect, allows us to explain 20% of differences in alcohol consumption. To find out which age groups presented such differences, the results from Games-Howell test were taken into consideration, as there was no homoscedasticity. These results are shown in Table 3, which demonstrates significant differences between all age groups, with numbers being higher for late adolescence than for the rest.

In antisocial behavior results according to age level, the highest mean corresponds to early adolescence. There are significant differences between at least two age levels compared (F_{2 209}=19.339, p<.01) with a medium size effect (partial eta squared =.156). Our model allows to explain 15.6% of differences in antisocial behavior due to the age level effect.

In order to find out which groups presented such differences, Scheffe tests results were taken into consideration, since homoscedasticity was present. There are significant differences between early adolescence and mid-adolescence (p<.01) (Cohen's d = .64), and between early adolescence and late adolescence (p<.01) (Cohen's d=1.01). However, there are no significant differences between mid-adolescence and late adolescence in antisocial behavior (see Table 4).

DISCUSSION

The first objective of this study was to find out which variables predict antisocial behavior in adolescents more accurately. In addition, sex- and age-related differences both in alcohol consumption and antisocial behavior were studied.

In this respect, it was found that the most accurate variables predicting antisocial behavior in adolescents are alcohol consumption and cognitive impulsiveness, even though alcohol consumption has a higher predictive capacity than cognitive impulsiveness, as suggested by other researchers (^{Contreras et al., 2012}, ^{San Juan et al., 2009}).

Another objective was to find out whether there are significant sex- and age- related differences in antisocial behavior and alcohol consumption. The results found when comparing alcohol consumption patterns according to sex demonstrate that there are no differential sex-related patterns. This is consistent with other researches (^{Romo et al., 2015}), which show a growing amount of women drinking alcohol, to the point of exceeding that of men. According to ^{Lyons and Willott's interpretation (2008)}, this may stem from the fact that women consider those acts as a change in their current social position (Lyons, & Willott, 2008).

Regarding antisocial behavior, there are significant differences between men and women, with numbers being higher for women (^{López, & Rodríguez-Arias, 2010}). But previous researches have shown different results. For instance, some studies suggest that male individuals present more antisocial and criminal behavior, with higher frequency and severity than women. However, according to ^{Pozo (2012)}, the differences found tend to be increasingly smaller as girls participate in violent situations with growing frequency.

Regarding age-related differences in the participating adolescents, our investigative interest led us to use three levels: early adolescence, mid-adolescence, and late adolescence. It was found that, in alcohol consumption, there are significant differences between all age levels, with numbers being higher for late adolescence than for the rest. In this respect, previous researches agree that age plays an important role, demonstrating differences between young adolescents and older adolescents in consumption (^{Cava et al., 2008}; ^{García et al., 2012}; Rodríguez-Arias, 2010; ^{Moral, & Ovejero, 2009}). Additionally, even though identifying consumption and acting patterns among younger adolescents is of the upmost importance, pre-adolescents and early adolescents are not usually included in researches (^{Luengo et al., 2008}).

In antisocial behavior, significant differences were found between early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and between early adolescence and late adolescence. The scientific literature cannot seemingly find a common explanation for this; there is no clear agreement among authors regarding the age of antisocial behavior's onset and occurrence. Some authors, such as ^{Rechea (2008)}, state that antisocial behavior starts at the age of 13, and point out that it presents a more or less stable nature until adulthood (^{Estévez et al., 2007}), when it intensifies, potentially giving rise to criminal behavior (^{Cifuentes, & Londoño, 2011}).

The present study has some limitations. One is that the sample selection is not randomized, so results cannot be extrapolated to the whole adolescent population, and it also should be limited to social and cultural conditions where intensive alcohol consumption is well spread. On the other hand, this is a cross-sectional study, which prevents from establishing a relation of cause. Another limitation would be that the questionnaire was applied to adolescents in their classrooms at school, which may pose a certain social desirability bias.

Finally, it is underlined that future research considers the importance of including other variables of analysis representing psychosocial risk factors both for intensive alcohol consumption and for antisocial behavior, focused on identity aspects and family socialization factors. Since this is a cross-determined problem, both subjects of study - alcohol consumption amongst youngsters and antisocial behavior in minors - have numerous implications, as we found out in many researches (see ^{Moral, & Ovejero, 2009}, 2011; Moral et al., 2016; Moring et al., 2015; ^{Rodríguez, Ovejero, Bringas, & Moral, 2016}). Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to carry out a more profound comprehensive and full study of the interrelationship between both problems so as to develop and implement psychosocial intervention and prevention measures.