EDITORIAL

Postconflict in the Colombian Carib

In the Caribbean region, between the years 2002 and 2008 the manpower increased in 40 %. In the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, they installed Alta Montana's Battalions in order to border and to control the strategic corridors of the guerrilla warfares in 3 departments (Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira). In fulfillment of his aim to control territorialmente the Sierra Nevada, the Military Forces did presence by means of Alta Montana's Battalion No. 6 (major Robinson Daniel Ruiz Garzon), in the township of Santa Clara, municipality of Fundacion, department of Magdalena; the I Division of the Army; the Brigade No. 10, Battalion Rondon with headquarters in Valledupar; the Center of Instruction and Training El Cenizo in Tucurinca's township, in Aracataca. In turn, the State Police installed Policeman's positions in several places as in Atanquez, indigenous security Kankuamo (Villarraga, 2009, p. 305).

In this period, it appreciates that in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, there has been consolidated substantially the presence of the Public Force. His units develop in wide areas military operations, actions of patrullaje and control of routes, being outlined those of access to the road section Valledupar-Bosconia and to the river Ariguani; the program was implemented Soldados de Mi Pueblo, one installed again the Policeman's position in Pueblo Bello (Cesar) and an interinstitutional group conformed to the Technical Body of Investigations of the Fiscalia, the Administrative Department of Security and the Police to jurisdiction in Valledupar.

In the same period of time, in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta the following military operations went forward: Flaming, Mercury, Marshall, Fierce Nicaragua, West, Monserrate and Tactical Mission Job, with the aims to obtain control of the territory, to neutralize the armed insurgencia and to offer safety to the population. In the same line, the military presence has had as supports, military workforce assigned to the I Division of the Army, the Ilnd Brigade, X Brigada, Battalion of Artillery No. 10 Santa Barbara (La Guajira), Troops of Divisional Reaction FURED, Battalion Cordova, Battalion Counterguerrilla warfares No. 2 Guajiros, Battalion of Infantry Mechanized Antonio Narino, Battalion of Artillery La Popa, Alta Montana's Battalion No. 7 (Raul Guillermo Mahecha), Battalion of Infantry No. 6, Battalion Counterguerrilla warfare No. 98 (major Carlos Alberto Lara Rozo), Battalion Cartagena and Mechanized Group No. 2 Rondón (Villarraga, 2009, p. 290).

The confrontation armed in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta between the years 2006 and 2008 was marked by the strengthening of the presence and the action of the Public Force, which I interlace with a communication strategy directed to the civil population and the armed insurgencia, by means of radial emission, which were seeking to stimulate the desertion of his militants, taking as a base the offer ofjuridical and social benefits for his social reimbursement. The significant recovery of the territory on the part of the Public Force was achieved with to a great extent by the creation of battalions as that of Infantry No. 5 and that of Alta Montaña No. 6; the accomplishment of several military operations (Operation Firmness), as well as the creation of Policeman's positions, as part of the operative ones orientated to throbbing and removing units of the fronts ofthe ELN and the FARC-EP.

The Front 19 of the FARC-EP has been most struck; in 2008 there was had knowledge of the desertion and demobilization before the authorities of 159 of his soldiers; also, there have taken place numerous captures that included 3 average commanders and 15 soldiers were given of fall in combats. For The Operative Major Unit of the Army the year 2008 was key in his intention of "the Front 19 defeated or to neutralize totally with influence in the department of Magdalena" (Villarraga, 2009, p. 295).

The coup de grace for the guerrilla structures that were operating in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, attached troops of the Army gave it to the Caribbean Command, on February 23, 2010 in rural zone of Dibulla's municipality (La Guajira), on having captured Alberto Villarreal Yance (Emel), Commander of the Front 19 ofthe FARC-EP, the one who had been entrusted by the Staff Officer of the Caribbean Block to realize takes again it ofthe Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (radiosantafe.com, 2010).

The active paramilitary presence in the municipal head-boards and principal routes carreteables, isolated the insurgencia of the principal urban centers of the region and of his political, economic, logistic and sanitary networks, limiting his mobility to the average and high parts of the mountainous systems before indexed.

With the demobilization of the Block North of the AUC in the year 2006 and the dismantlement between the year 2004 and 2009 of the fronts and guerrilla companies of the Caribbean Block of the FARC-EP and the Front of War North of the ELN that they were producing in Maria's Mounts and the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and the doubling of his remaining units towards the high parts of the Serrania of the Perija (border with Venezuela), specifically to the department of La Guajira, for effect of the actions advanced by the paramilitarismo and the Public Force, might steady that on the Caribbean Colombian coast the postconflict should have begun in the year 2010, more if there is born in mind that alone the Front 59 of the FARC-EP. It supports a limited military operability in the department of La Guajira, concentrated in actions of sabotage to the coal-bearing infrastructure of the company Drummond and sporadic assaults by Force Public.

With this context as backdrop, which one has come presenting in this region of Colombia, it is a mutation of the "traditional" types of violence, since of the counterstate violence-semistate, it passed to a very diffuse violence of criminal type, tied to the drug trafficking and the extortion, with a high power corrupting and directed specifically against the civil society.

The demobilization of the Block North of the AUC, it did not give finished the paramilitary phenomenon and all his networks of illegality in the Caribbean Colombian region, but on the contrary, it gave beginning to a complex plot of reconfigurations and mutations of the structures and armed groups that did not take part in the process of demobilization, others that rearmed and others that emerged. Debit was clarifying that these "new paramilitary groups", it supports a narrow line of continuity with the structures of the AUC.

The nature purely delincuencial and the atomization of the above mentioned groups, they have produced a complex scene in which his continuous configuration and reconfiguration is a common place, for example Avila and Guerra (2012), register between 2006 and 2012 only in Cesar's departments, Magdalena and La Guajira, the presence of 12 armed different groups (without Contrainsurgencia Wayuu of the AUC includes the Front). The above mentioned groups are: "Forehead Arhuaco", "Rural Independent Self-defenses", "The Nevados", "Self-defenses Gaitanistas of Colombia", "The Urabenos", "The Paisas", "The Rastrojos", "Aguilas Negras", "Armed Illegal Group of Codazzi", "Groups Armed Illegal of the Cesar", "Armed Illegal Group of The Copey" and "Armed Illegal Group of the South of the Cesar". To these groups, it is necessary to add armed structures established in La Guajira, which are previous to the establishment of the paramilitarismo in the above mentioned department, between them are outlined "The Conoconitos", armed group composed by families Wayuu of the Clan Uriana, "The Aguaditos" shaped by Wayuu of the Clan Jusayu, to the service of the family Boscan (Avila and Guerra, 2012); and the band "The Curicheros", commanded by Marcos Figueroa, that as lasillavacia.com (2013), it possesses 800 armed men and controls great part of the routes of the smuggling in Cesar's departments, Magdalena and La Guajira.

For effects of clashes armed between bands, alliances, cooptions and territorial reaccommodation of these groups, until the year 2013, on the Caribbean Colombian Coast they were doing active presence "The Urabenos", "The Paisas" and "The Rastrojos".

These groups direct his violent action in opposition to the civil population, which is reflected in the continuation of serious problematic humanitarian as the forced displacement and the assaults against defenders of the Human rights and ethnic groups.

LUIS FERNANDO TREJOS ROSERO
Doctor in American Studies with mention in International Studies (IDEA/USACH).
Teacher and investigator of the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the University of the North, Barranquilla (Colombia).
Investigator Asociated of the Institute of High Studies of Latin America and the Carib, University of the North.
Member of the Groups of Investigation International Agenda and Conflict and postconflict in the Caribbean Colombian region of the University of the North