SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.49 issue1Public health and epidemiology of cancer in ColombiaReliable information for cancer control in Cali, Colombia author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

Related links

  • On index processCited by Google
  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO
  • On index processSimilars in Google

Share


Colombia Médica

On-line version ISSN 1657-9534

Colomb. Med. vol.49 no.1 Cali Jan./Mar. 2018

https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3596 

Original article

Cancer incidence estimates and mortality for the top five cancer in Colombia, 2007-2011

Constanza Pardo1 

Ricardo Cendales1 

1 Grupo de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.


Abstract

Objectives:

To describe the incidence and mortality for the five main types of cancer in Colombia, from 2007-2011.

Methods:

We estimated cases and cancer incidence rates standardised by age, based on incidence/mortality ratios; and we calculated the observed deaths and mortality rates standardised by age in Colombia, both differentiated by province, type of cancer and sex. Incidence estimates were generated based on information from four cancer population registries (Cali, Pasto, Bucaramanga and Manizales), published in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, volume X, and the official mortality and population information of the National Administrative Province of Statistics (DANE, for its initials in Spanish).

Results:

The annual number of expected cases (all cancers) was 62,818 in men and women; and there were 32,653 recorded deaths. The main incidental cancers were prostate (46.5 per 100,000 person-years) in men, and breast (33.8 per 100,000 person-years) in women. The highest mortality figures were for stomach cancer in men (14.2); and breast cancer in women (9.9).

Conclusions:

The highest incidence and mortality estimates in Colombia were for breast and prostate cancers, as well as a proportion of infection-related cancers, such as stomach and cervical cancer. These four neoplasms were responsible for more than 50% of the burden of the disease. Only through good quality, long-duration cancer registries, can information be obtained about the changes in incidence trends.

Keywords: incidence; mortality; cancer; epidemiology; Colombia

Resumen

Objetivos:

Describir la incidencia y mortalidad para los cinco principales tipos de cáncer en Colombia, de 2007-2011.

Métodos:

Se estimaron casos y tasas de incidencia de cáncer ajustadas por edad a partir de razones incidencia/mortalidad y se calcularon las muertes observadas y tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad en Colombia, ambas diferenciadas por departamentos, tipo de cáncer y sexo. Las estimaciones de incidencia se generaron con base en la información de cuatro registros poblacionales de cáncer (Cali, Pasto, Bucaramanga y Manizales), publicada en Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, volumen X, y la información oficial de mortalidad y población del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE).

Resultados:

El número anual de casos esperados (todos los cánceres) fue 62,818 en hombres y en mujeres y se registraron 32,653 muertes. Los principales cánceres incidentes fueron próstata (46.5 por 100,000 años-persona) en hombres y mama (33.8 por 100,000 años-persona) en mujeres. La mortalidad más alta en hombres se presentó en estómago (14.2) y mama en mujeres (9.9).

Conclusiones:

Las estimaciones de incidencia y mortalidad más altas en Colombia fueron para los cánceres de mama y próstata, además de una proporción de cánceres relacionados con la infección como son el cáncer de estómago y de cuello uterino. Estas cuatro neoplasias fueron responsables de más del 50% de la carga de la enfermedad. Solamente a través de los registros de cáncer de buena calidad y de larga trayectoria podrá tenerse información sobre el cambio en las tendencias de incidencia.

Palabras clave: incidencia; mortalidad; cáncer; epidemiología; Colombia

Introduction

Colombia is considered to be a country with an intermediate incidence of cancer within the world panorama, with rates standardised by age estimated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of 175.2 cases per 100,000 men, and 151.5 cases per 100,000 women, excluding non-melanoma skin tumors 1. For cancer, there are established methods to measure the incidence and mortality by location at the population level: the population-based cancer registries (RCBP, for its initials in Spanish), which collect information on the incidence and the vital statistics systems of the countries that provide mortality data 2.

Achieving national coverage through a group of cancer registries generates a high cost 3; therefore, a viable alternative is to use information from a few RCBP located in strategic areas and the mortality data available at national level. The purpose is to obtain reliable national estimates with a model that assumes that the incidence of cancer in a region can be estimated from the number of cancer deaths observed in that region, and from the observed incidence/mortality ratio in a region with similar characteristics 4. In the country, there are currently five RCBP (Cali, Pasto, Bucaramanga, Manizales and Barranquilla); these cover 12% of the population.

The national estimate developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer - IARC 1 is based on these two methods; but it does not offer, at province level, the disaggregation that is required for the country 5. Due to regional variations in the country, three studies have been carried out by the National Cancer Institute (INC, for its initials in Spanish) under this perspective: the magnitude of the disease, incidence and mortality at province level 6-8, information that is useful for planning human resource training, acquisition of equipment and provision of cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis and treatment services 9. In addition to the estimates generated by IARC, cancer information at national level also comes from other sources that do not match each other. On the one hand, there are the INC estimates based on the data from the RCBP in Cali, Manizales, Pasto and Bucaramanga; and the national system of vital statistics. The data used from RCBP comply with international quality standards endorsed by the IARC 10. The vital statistics system provides information on mortality, with a coverage according to data from the World Health Organization of 98.5% for 2009 11, and a quality of 92.8% according to the analysis of the certification of mortality in Colombia, which was carried out for the 2002-2006 period 12. On the other hand, it has been necessary to have information on the quality of cancer care, which is why passive (often administrative) records on patient care have been created. From these administrative records, reports 13,14 which are more updated than those from RCBP have been made, but with incidence and mortality data with large differences and low reliability 15,16.

The objective of this article is to present estimates of cancer incidence and mortality observed in Colombia (8), for the first five cancers in men and women (prostate, stomach, breast, cervix and colon-rectum) in the provinces, during the 2007-2011 period.

Materials and Methods

The geographic ordering of the country is defined by regions (two or more provinces), provinces (set of several municipalities), special districts, municipalities and metropolitan areas (two or more municipalities). Based on this distribution, there were estimates made for cancer discriminated by sex, for 25 locations, in 27 provinces, the Capital District and a region that grouped the provinces of Amazonas, Guainía, Guaviare, Vaupés and Vichada. Incidence information included four RCBP, with information from 2003-2007: Cali, Metropolitan Area of ​​Bucaramanga, Manizales and Pasto. The mortality information was obtained from the official mortality databases of DANE for the period 2003-2011. The population information for the same period was obtained from the national and province estimates and projections disaggregated by sex, area and five-year age groups of DANE 17.

The incidence/mortality ratio was calculated with the groups by cancer location, based on the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases. This methodology is available in the base publication of this manuscript 8. For this article, we analyzed five locations corresponding to stomach (C16), colon, rectum and anus (C18-21), female breast (C50), cervix (C53), and prostate (C61) in the provinces. The complete information for the country is presented in Tables S1 and S2.

Mortality

Cancer mortality information required some quality adjustments in which deaths of non-residents in Colombia, deaths without sex or age information, and those certified by persons other than a physician were excluded 8. Deaths due to other ill-defined causes were not redistributed, nor were cancer cases or deaths from ill-defined sites, with the exception of uterine cancer of unspecified site (C55), which was redistributed among deaths from uterine cancer of specified site (C53-C54), as it is recommended by the standard methodology 18. The information of the province of residence was imputed by the province of occurrence of death, in those cases in which this information was not available. This allocation was not applied to the cities in which the records are located, due to the errors that could be generated when correcting this information in small geographical areas. No adjustment was made for under registration of mortality.

Estimation of incident cases

A specific generalized linear model was used for each location, which assumes that the number of cancer cases follows a Poisson distribution and uses a logarithmic transformation as a link function. The model considered as independent variables sex and age group (0-14, 15-44, 45-54, 55-64 and ≤65 years), in addition to mortality as an offset variable, and it assumes that the incidence/mortality ratio is a constant value that is related through survival 19. The resulting model was the following:

Ln(cancer cases) - Ln(deaths for cancer) + Bc + B sex + B2 (age groups) + B3 (sex * age groups)

The model assumed that the incidence/mortality ratios would be constant in the last five years. The national estimates for each location were the result of the sum of estimated cases in each province. Readers can consult the book already published to review more details of the methodology 8.

Validation of the models

The number of cases observed in each population registry was compared with that estimated from six different models in which the data from the registry or records not included as predictors are assumed to be unknown, making the estimate from the remaining records. Each of the first five models was weighed based on the square root of the population of each record; the sixth model corresponds to estimated data without considering weighing. The accurate fit of the models was not evaluated because they were all saturated.

To evaluate the statistical validity of each model, the difference between the number of cases detected by the registry and the number of cases estimated by the model was calculated; based on these differences, the sum of squared errors was calculated. Table 1 shows the model used for the estimations, which was generated from the weighted model with combined information from the Cali, Pasto, Manizales and Bucaramanga cancer registries, which obtained the lowest values of the sum of squared errors​ - SSE.

Table 1 Sum of the differences between the observed cancer cases and the estimated cases squared (sum of squared errors - SSE). 

SSE according to the RPC included in the model Men Women Total
SSE RPCC 229,603 230,699 460,302
SSE RPCC, RPCB 113,099 200,271 313,370
SSE RPCC, RPCP 193,892 182,835 376,727
SSE RPCC, RPCM 190,927 173,383 364,311
SSE RPCC, RPCP, RPCM, RPCB 113,296 142,270 255,566
SSE RPCC, RPCP, RPCM, RPCB* 126,325 145,327 271,652

* Not weighted RPC: Population Registry of Cancer;

RPCC: Population Registry of Cancer, Cali;

RPCB: Population Registry of Cancer, Bucaramanga;

RPCP: Population Registry of Cancer, Pasto;

RPCM: Population Registry of Cancer, Manizales.

Crude rates (CR) were calculated for cancer incidence and mortality per 100,000 person-years for each of the cancer sites, according to sex and provinces of the country. The CR were standardised by age (ASR) using the direct method with the world reference population (SEGI population).

Results

Incidence of cancer

The annual national estimate of incident cases for 2007-2011 was 62,818 cases of cancer, 29,734 in men and 33,084 in women. Age-standardised cancer incidence rates (ASIR) per 100,000, in men were 151.5 and 145.6 in women (Table S1). Women had a lower incidence ratio than men in stomach cancer (M: F: 1.8: 1), and a similar incidence ratio in colorectal cancer (M: F; 1: 1).

In men, the highest ASIR were for prostate (46.5), followed by stomach (18.5) and colorectal cancer (12.2). Among women, the highest ASIR were for breast (33.8), cervix (19.3), colorectal (12.3) and stomach (10.3). The incidence of breast cancer was twice as high as cervical cancer, and it accounted for 23.0% of all cancer cases in women and 37.6% together with cervix. The five cancers (prostate, breast, cervix, stomach and colorectal) are responsible for more than 50% of new cancer cases in Colombia (Table 2). Table S1 shows the totality of locations in greater detail.

Table 2 Cancer incidence and mortality, five first locations, Colombia, 2007-2011.  

Characteristics Stomach Colorectal Breast Cervix Prostate
Incident cases (year) Total 5,955 5,185 7,627 4,462 8,872
Men 3,613 2,401 8,872
Women 2,342 2,784 7,627 4,462
Rates (men) CR 16.3 10.8 40.0
ASR 18.5 12.2 46.5
Rates (women) CR 10.3 12.2 33.5 19.6
ASR 10.3 12.3 33.8 19.3
Observed deaths (year) Total 4,537 2,544 2,226 1,861 2,416
Men 2,767 1,168 2,416
Women 1,770 1,376 2,226 1,861
Rates (Men) CR 12.5 5.3 10.9
ASR 14.2 6.0 12.6
Rates (Women) CR 7.8 6.0 9.8 8.2
ASR 7.8 6.1 9.9 8.2

CR: crude rate

ASR: age-standardised rate (per 100,000 years-person)

Prostate cancer corresponded to 29.8% of cancer cases among men; it presented the highest ASIR in the provinces of San Andrés and Providencia (90.0), Cesar (60.8), Atlántico (60.4) and Valle del Cauca (59.8). Similarly, breast cancer presented the highest ASIR in Valle del Cauca (43.5), Atlántico (42.8) and San Andrés y Providencia (41.9). Provinces such as Arauca (38.7), Meta (37.6) and Caquetá (30.8) had the highest incidence rates for cervical cancer ((Fig. 1a-e).

Figure 1 a-e Cancer incidence and mortality, according to provinces, five main locations, Colombia, 2007-2011.  

Age-standardised cancer incidence rates for stomach in men predominated in Quindío (32.1), Huila (30.2) and Cauca (26.8); in women, they were higher in Cauca (16.9), Norte de Santander (15.9) and Quindío (15.6). In contrast, the Caribbean region presented the lowest ASIR, in a range of 3.3 -10.7 in men and 2.4 - 6.0 in women (Table S2). ASIR for colorectal cancer were very similar for both sexes. In men, Quindío (18.3), Bogotá (18.0) and Risaralda (16.0) predominated; in women, Quindío (18.5), Risaralda (16.6) and Caldas (16.2).

(Table S2) shows the highest province rates for all cancers; 55% of cancers occurred in five provinces (Antioquia, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Valle del Cauca). In men, the largest ASIR were in Quindío (195.5), Risaralda (182.4), Valle del Cauca (179.6) and Antioquia (173.1); in women, Quindío (193.3), Caldas (170.4), Risaralda (168.6) and Meta (167.9). The incidence of cancer in Bogotá and nine other provinces was above the national average (151.5). Men had a lower incidence ratio than women only in the provinces of Tolima (M: F; 0.9: 1) and Nariño (M: F; 0.9: 1).

Mortality from cancer

Annual cancer deaths in men and women were 32,653; 16,081 in men and 16,572 in women, with an c (ASMR) of 82.3 in men and 73.2 in women (Table S1). The incidence / mortality ratio was 1.8 in men and 2.0 in women. Cancers in men with the highest ASMR occurred in stomach (14.2), prostate (12.6), and colorectal (6.0). In women, breast (9.9), cervix (8.2) and colorectal (6.1) (Table 2).

Age-standardised mortality rate for provinces showed notable differences. 56.0% of the deaths occurred in the provinces of Antioquia, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Valle del Cauca. The largest ASMR for men were found in Quindío (111.2), Risaralda (103.2), Antioquia (99.7) and Valle del Cauca (96.8); for women, Quindío (91.5), Caldas (85.5), Risaralda (91.0) and Meta (86.2) (Table S2).

In men, the provinces with the highest ASMR for stomach were in Quindío (24.4), Huila (23.2) and Cauca (20.5). In women, the highest were in Cauca (12.8), Norte de Santander (12.1) and Quindío (11.8). Prostate cancer predominated in San Andrés (25.5), Atlántico and Valle del Cauca, both with ASMR of 16.6. Mortality per breast cancer represented 13.4% among all cancer deaths in women; the highest rates presented in San Andrés (13.3), Valle del Cauca (12.7) and Atlántico (12.5). Provinces such as Meta (16.5), Arauca (15.9) and Caquetá (13.2) also had the highest mortality rates from cervical cancer. For colon-rectum, the highest mortality rates occurred in Bogotá and the Old Caldas region (Fig. 1a-e).

Discussion

According to these estimates, the five main locations of incidental cancers in Colombia are stomach, colorectal, breast, cervical, and prostate cancer. This is the third time that this exercise has been done for Colombia by provinces 8, with the incorporation of the recommendations made in past editions. For the first time, data from four cancer registries, Cali, Pasto, Manizales and the Metropolitan Area of ​​Bucaramanga are included in the estimation models, in addition to the official mortality data registered for Colombia, with 92.8% of quality in the certification. The importance of this incorporation lies in the fact that the current estimates reflect the diversity in the risk profiles for cancer incidence more for each region. A relevant factor is the quality of the information produced by the records included in the model, because they already complied with international quality standards 2.

The differences in the numbers incidence estimated by Globocan 2012 are related to the model selected, which includes data from cancer registries in South America and also for the use of estimated mortality in the country. Estimating the incidence/mortality ratio based on the last available year of the registry generated very volatile figures, so for these locations the information from the five-year period was used. However, for breast and prostate cancer, Globocan 2012 considered that this assumption would not be met with the relative recent introduction of screening for these pathologies, with a fluctuating result in the incidence/mortality ratios for these pathologies. This way, Globocan 2012 based the incidence/mortality ratio only on the result of the most recent year of reporting of population registries (20). On the other hand, the estimated annual figures for 2007-2011 were lower when compared with the annual figures of incidence estimated in 2002-2006, because in this study the correction for under-registration of mortality was not incorporated 21.

When contrasting the incidence and mortality information generated in Colombia using other sources 13,14, a great difference in figures is evident, both in absolute numbers and rates. Probably this discrepancy is due to the different methods used in the collection, processing and analysis of the data, sometimes resulting in less than 50% of the real number of patients present in the country 15.

In general, for Colombia, standardized rates of both incidence and mortality were lower than in countries such as the United States, Australia, New Zealand and countries of South America 22. In turn, these five types of cancer were also the main incidental cancers and the leading cause of mortality in Central and South America. However, it is highlighted that stomach cancer and cervical cancer have much higher rates than in other Latin America countries, such as Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, among others 23.

The first three locations with the highest incidence (of cancer) in men were prostate, stomach and colon-rectum; and breast, cervix and colon-rectum in women. It is noteworthy that all the five main locations are characterized by having surgical treatment as a fundamental element in the comprehensive management of the disease. By geographical location, these cancers occur in five of the main provinces of Colombia, such as Antioquia, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Valle del Cauca, which have the largest population. This situation implies in absolute terms (frequencies), the basis to make decisions about the number of health institutions needed in the different areas. In fact, this is corroborated in the panorama of oncology services enabled, mainly in surgery, and in these provinces of the country 24.

The incidence and mortality from stomach cancer is one of the first causes in the country, and this behavior is similar in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Costa Rica 23. It is highlighted that despite the behavior, the tendency has been to decrease in recent decades 25,26. This decrease is attributed to the improvement in hygiene conditions and food preservation 24,27. In gastric cancer, the smallest difference between mortality rates versus incidence rates occurs because it is a highly fatal cancer.

Colorectal cancer corresponds to 8.3% of the incident cases in the country, and its behavior in other Latin American countries turns out to be much higher than in Colombia, even with higher rates than for stomach cancer, in countries such as the United States, Brazil and Argentina 23. Obesity is one of its risk factors, and its behavior in the country was of high figures of overweight according to the survey of nutritional status (ENSIN, for its Spanish acronym) from 2010. The highest prevalence of excess weight occurred in urban areas (52.5%) and in women (84.1%), which may explain the behavior of the rates.

In relation to prostate cancer, it is the first diagnosis most frequent in men, whose incidence rate (46.5) is below the rate for South America (60.1), but above the rate for Central America (28.4) 23 . In addition, it is the second cause of cancer mortality in Colombia, with the highest mortality rates in the coastal region and Valle del Cauca. The wide incidence ranges may be due to screening programs (prostate-specific antigen tests - PSA), to the availability of treatment services in the different regions since these provinces coincide with those with the highest percentage of Afro-Colombian population.

Something similar occurs with regional differences in breast cancer incidence rates, provinces with a large proportion of Afro-Colombian population; as well as being influenced by the availability of early detection services; and reproductive and hormonal risk associated factors, such as overweight or obesity, post-menopause, the use of menopausal hormone therapy, physical inactivity and alcohol consumption 28,29.

A downward trend in cervical cancer has also been found 26, with the highest rates in provinces of the Orinoquía region. This particular case may be associated with low access in the diagnostic process for this population. According to vaccination campaigns against HPV, coverage in 2012 was above 95% in the whole country, with the exception of Caquetá (82.2%), Vichada (74.4%) and Putumayo (86.1%) for the first phase; Guainía, Vaupés and Caquetá, among others, for the second phase 30. It is necessary to continue with the coverage of screening programs and to comply with vaccination coverage against human papilloma virus (HPV), whose prevalence is 16% in Latin America, in order to achieve early detection and elimination of precancerous lesions, and of HPV 31.

The limitations of this study include the fact that only 12% of the population in Colombia is covered by four high-quality RCBP, and the estimates were made according to the latest available information from the RCBP (quinquennium). The processes of completeness (thoroughness) and validity of the data takes longer, which generates delays in the reports of population incidence and therefore in the national estimates.

Conclusions

Colombia, classified as a middle income country, presented higher estimates in cancers such as breast, prostate, as well as a proportion of cancers related to infection, such as stomach and cervical cancer. Estimates from RCBP strategically located within a country constitute an effective option that is currently used by different countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Turkey and China, among others (2. However, RCBP as a standard strategy for cancer surveillance, burden measurement and evaluation of the impact of the disease 32,33 present the difficulty of having a national coverage, a situation that lies in viability and long-term sustainability 3,34.

Population registries of cancer and vital statistics - DANE, provide sufficient information to produce estimates at the national and province levels. It would be desirable to improve the quality of some existing cancer registries in other areas of the country, so they can be included in the estimates, and to establish some other registries, in order to expand the current coverage (12%). Only through RCBP of good quality and long trajectory can information be obtained about changes in the incidence trends.

Acknowledgements:

The authors thank Dr. Esther de Vries for reviewing the manuscript and for her valuable comments. This article is part of the publications "Incidence, mortality and prevalence of cancer in Colombia 2007-2011" - http://www.cancer.gov.co/files/libros/archivos/incidencia1.pdf "Incidence, mortality and prevalence of cancer in Colombia 2007-2011, attached tables "- http://www.cancer.gov.co/files/libros/archivos/incidencia2.pdf

References

1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Acceso: 24 de mayo de 2017. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. [ Links ]

2. Piñeros M, Znaor A, Mery L, Bray F. A global cancer surveillance framework within noncommunicable disease surveillance: making the case for population-based cancer registries. Epidemiol Rev. 2017;39(1):161-9. [ Links ]

3. de Vries E, Pardo C, Arias N, Bravo LE, Navarro E, Uribe C, et al. Estimating the cost of operating cancer registries: Experience in Colombia. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;45:S13-S19. [ Links ]

4. Bray F, Sankila R, Ferlay J, Parkin DM. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 1995. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38(1):99-166. [ Links ]

5. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-86. [ Links ]

6. Piñeros M, Ferlay J, Murillo R. Incidencia estimada y mortalidad por cáncer en Colombia, 1995-1999. Bogotá, D.C: Instituto Nacional de Cancerología; 2005. [ Links ]

7. Pardo C, Cendales R. Incidencia estimada y mortalidad por cáncer en Colombia 2002-2006. Bogotá, D.C: Instituto Nacional de Cancerología; 2010. [ Links ]

8. Pardo C, Cendales R. Incidencia estimada, mortalidad y prevalencia por cáncer en Colombia 2007-2011. Bogotá, D.C: Instituto Nacional de Cancerología; 2015. [ Links ]

9. WHO. National cancer control programmes: policies and managerial guidelines. Second ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002. [ Links ]

10. Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe MC, Kohler B, Piñeros M, et al. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol X. Lyon: IARC; 2013. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr/CI5-X/Default.aspx. [ Links ]

11. WHO. Demographic and socioeconomic statistics: Census and civil registration coverage. Data by country. Global Health Observatory data repository, WHO; 2017. Accessed: 21 June 2017. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.121?lang=en. [ Links ]

12. Cendales R, Pardo C. La calidad de certificación de la mortalidad en Colombia, 2002-2006. Rev Salud Publica. 2011;13(2):229-38. [ Links ]

13. Alvis LF, Acuña ML, Sánchez QP. Información preliminar sobre el reporte de cáncer y el proceso de atención en Colombia. Boletín de información técnica especializada. 2015; 1(4):1-12. [ Links ]

14. Valencia, O, Lopes G, Sánchez P, Acuña L, Uribe D, González J. Incidence and prevalence of cancer in Colombia: the methodology used matters. J Glob Oncol. 2018; 4: 1-7. [ Links ]

15. de Vries E, Pardo C, Henríquez G, Piñeros M. Discrepancias en manejo de cifras de cáncer en Colombia. Rev Colomb Cancerol. 2016; 20(1):45-7. [ Links ]

16. de Vries E, Pardo C, Wiesner C. Active versus passive cancer registry methods make the difference: case report from Colombia. J Glob Oncol. 2018; 4:1-3. doi: 10.1200/JGO.17.00093. [ Links ]

17. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Estimaciones 1985-2005 y Proyecciones 2005-2020 nacional y departamental desagregadas por sexo, área y grupos quinquenales de edad. 2017. Accessed: 30 de junio de 2017. Available from: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/series-de-poblacion. [ Links ]

18. Loos AH, Bray F, McCarron P, Weiderpass E, Hakama M, Parkin DM. Sheep and goats: separating cervix and corpus uteri from imprecisely coded uterine cancer deaths, for studies of geographical and temporal variations in mortality. Eur J Cancer. 2004; 40(18): 2794-803. [ Links ]

19. Capocaccia R. Relationships between incidence and mortality in non-reversible diseases. Stat Med. 1993;12(24):2395-415. [ Links ]

20. Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(6):1374-403. [ Links ]

21. Cendales R, Pardo C. Modelo para la estimación de incidencia de cáncer en el orden departamental en Colombia, 2002-2006. Rev Colomb Cancerol. 2012; 16(1): 5-15. [ Links ]

22. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87-108. [ Links ]

23. Sierra MS, Soerjomataram I, Antoni S, Laversanne M, Piñeros M, de Vries E, Forman D. Cancer patterns and trends in Central and South America. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;44 (Suppl 1):S23-S42. [ Links ]

24. Murillo R, Wisner C, Acosta J, Piñeros M; Pérez JJ, Orozco M. Modelo de cuidado del paciente con cáncer. Bogotá D.C: Instituto nacional de Cancerología; 2015. [ Links ]

25. Ferro A, Peleteiro B, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Levi F, et al. Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980-2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(7): 1330-44. [ Links ]

26. Piñeros M, Pardo C, Gamboa O, Hernández G. Atlas de mortalidad por cáncer en Colombia. Bogotá D.C: Instituto Nacional de Cancerología; 2010. [ Links ]

27. Cueva P, Sierra MS, Bravo LE, Forman D. Etiology of stomach cancer (C16) in Central and South America. In: Cancer in Central and South America. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016. Accessed: 2017 Jun 29. Available from: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/CSU_resources.htm. [ Links ]

28. Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Anderson GL, Cauley JA, Aragaki AK, Stefanick ML, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast, cancer incidence and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105:526-35. [ Links ]

29. Kabat GC, Jones JG, Olson N, Negassa A, Duggan C, Ginsberg M, Rohan, TE. Risk factors for breast cancer in women biopsied for benign breast disease: A nested case-control study. Cancer epidemiol. 2010;34(1):34-9. [ Links ]

30. Ministerio de Salud y Protección social. Sistemas de Información -PAI. Presentación Coberturas PAI 2014. 2014. Accessed: 10 November 2017. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/PAI/Rol%20de%20la%20EAPB%20en%20PAI.%20Enero%20%202014.pdf. [ Links ]

31. Forman D, de Martel C, Lacey CJ, Soerjomataram I, Lortet-Tieulent J, Bruni L, et al. Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine. 2012; 30(suppl 5): F12-F23. [ Links ]

32. Bray F, Znaor A, Cueva P, Korir A, Swaminathan R, Ullrich A, et al. Planning and Developing Population-Based Cancer Registration in Low- and Middle-Income Settings. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014. [ Links ]

33. Parkin DM. The evolution of the population-based cancer registry. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(8):603-12. [ Links ]

34. Tangka FK, Subramanian S, Edwards P, Cole-Beebe M, Parkin DM, Bray F, et al. Resource requirements for cancer registration in areas with limited resources: analysis of cost data from four low-and middle-income countries. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;45:S50-S58. [ Links ]

Funding: The work was carried out with resources administered by the National Cancer Institute (Epidemiological Cancer Surveillance Program

Supplementary material

Table 1S Cancer incidence and mortality, 25 cancer categories. Colombia, 2007-2011 

  Incidence Cases (year) Rates (Men) Rates (Women) Observed deaths (year) Rates (men) Rates (women)
Cancer category Total Men Women CR ASR CR ASR Total Men Women CR ASR CR AASR
All cáncer witout skin 62,818 29,734 33,084 133.9 151.5 145.3 145.6 32,653 16,081 16,572 72.4 82.3 72.8 73.2
Lips, Oral cavity and pharynx 1,494 787 707 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.1 501 295 206 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.9
Oesophagus 864 573 291 2.6 3.0 1.3 1.3 664 451 213 2.0 2.3 0.9 0.9
Stomach 5,955 3,613 2,342 16.3 18.5 10.3 10.3 4,537 2,767 1,770 12.5 14.2 7.8 7.8
Colon, rectum and anus 2,401 2,784 10.8 12.2 12.2 12.3 2,544 1,168 1,376 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.1
Liver 1,138 541 597 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.6 1,621 762 859 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.8
Gallblader 1,098 281 817 1.3 1.4 3.6 3.6 776 228 548 1.0 1.2 2.4 2.4
Pancreas 1,191 512 679 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.0 1,269 583 686 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0
Larynx 693 575 118 2.6 3.0 0.5 0.5 377 302 75 1.4 1.6 0.3 0.3
Trachea, bronchi, lung 3,985 2,488 1,497 11.2 12.9 6.6 6.6 3,890 2,357 1,533 10.6 12.2 6.7 6.8
Skin melanoma 1,203 590 613 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 226 121 105 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
Breast 7,627 7,627 33.5 33.8 2,226 2,226 9.8 9.9
Cervix 4,462 4,462 19.6 19.3 1,861 1,861 8.2 8.2
Uterus body 771 771 3.4 3.5 187 187 0.8 0.8
Ovary and others 1,279 1,279 5.6 5.6 712 712 3.1 3.2
Prostate 8,872 8,872 40.0 46.5 2,416 2,416 10.9 12.6
Testícle 507 507 2.3 2.2 72 72 0.3 0.3
Kidney 961 537 424 2.4 2.7 1.9 1.9 379 213 166 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.7
Bladder 1,144 863 281 3.9 4.5 1.2 1.3 401 266 135 1.2 1.4 0.6 0.6
Encephalon, SCN others 1,273 702 571 3.2 3.4 2.5 2.5 952 516 436 2.3 2.5 1.9 1.9
Thyroid 2,448 247 2,201 1.1 1.3 9.7 9.4 219 56 163 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7
Lymphoma Hodgkin 339 229 110 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 119 74 45 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2
Lymphoma no Hodgkin 2,744 1,542 1,202 6.9 7.5 5.3 5.3 939 518 421 2.3 2.6 1.8 1.9
Leukemia 2,473 1,256 1,217 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.4 1,610 869 741 3.9 4.2 3.3 3.3
Other places/not especified 5,112 2,618 2,494 11.8 13.1 11.0 11.0 4,155 2,047 2,108 9.2 10.4 9.3 9.3

CR:Crude rate

ASR:age-standardised rate (per 100,000 year-person).

Table 2S Cancer Incidence and mortality, Departments, Colombia, 2007-2011. 

Departamet Total Men Women CR ASR CR ASR Total Men Women CR ASR CR ASR
Colombia 62,818 29,734 33,084 133.9 151.5 145.3 145.6 32,653 16,081 16572 72.4 82.3 72.8 73.2
Antioquia 9,781 4,606 5,175 157.4 173.1 169.0 159.9 5,419 2638 2781 90.2 99.7 90.8 86.2
Arauca 253 121 132 98.0 144.3 109.1 148.4 113 55 58 44.5 67.0 47.9 68.9
Atlántico 3,010 1,371 1,639 121.7 147.9 141.5 144.9 1,447 695 752 61.7 75.3 64.9 67.5
Bogotá 11,068 4,924 6,144 140.8 167.7 163.3 158.0 5,608 2607 3001 74.6 90.1 79.7 78.5
Bolívar 2,019 983 1,036 100.4 120.8 105.8 113.7 961 496 465 50.7 61.1 47.5 52.0
Boyacá 1,813 904 909 143.0 136.0 143.6 128.6 948 493 455 78.0 73.2 71.9 61.1
Caldas 1,860 871 989 182.2 171.2 198.5 170.4 1,008 499 509 104.4 97.5 102.2 85.5
Caquetá 447 229 218 102.6 132.0 99.6 127.4 226 117 109 52.4 68.6 49.8 66.4
Casanare 309 160 149 98.3 145.8 95.0 123.5 151 77 74 47.3 71.8 47.2 65.2
Cauca 1,521 726 795 109.5 122.2 123.2 128.6 788 394 394 59.5 66.0 61.0 63.2
Cesar 990 497 493 104.3 141.7 103.2 127.3 492 254 238 53.3 72.9 49.8 65.4
Chocó 279 145 134 61.8 99.7 56.5 78.2 128 66 62 28.1 45.0 26.2 37.1
Córdoba 1,356 687 669 87.8 105.5 86.2 97.6 661 330 331 42.2 50.6 42.6 49.0
Cundinamarca 3,157 1,546 1,611 127.0 135.0 132.0 129.9 1,649 851 798 69.9 74.2 65.4 63.7
Huila 1,451 740 711 137.9 160.3 133.6 145.9 773 410 363 76.4 88.9 68.2 74.6
La Guajira 440 214 226 54.7 83.0 56.6 72.6 201 100 101 25.5 38.8 25.3 33.5
Magdalena 1,249 634 615 105.5 133.0 104.2 122.2 633 329 304 54.8 69.5 51.5 61.6
Meta 1,206 594 612 138.5 166.9 144.3 167.9 616 313 303 73.0 88.7 71.4 86.2
Nariño 1,810 813 997 100.1 111.7 123.5 127.7 947 463 484 57.0 63.6 59.9 61.9
Norte de Santander 1,815 900 915 141.0 165.3 141.1 148.6 986 497 489 77.9 91.8 75.4 79.7
Putumayo 202 105 97 63.9 94.4 61.2 85.4 102 55 47 33.5 49.6 29.7 43.3
Quindío 1,172 557 615 207.7 195.5 220.9 193.3 616 318 298 118.6 111.2 107.1 91.5
Risaralda 1,723 828 895 184.7 182.4 189.9 168.6 958 469 489 104.6 103.2 103.8 91.0
San Andrés y Providencia 78 44 34 121.6 163.8 93.0 94.8 25 15 10 41.5 61.7 27.4 29.0
Santander 2,961 1,392 1,569 140.9 150.0 155.0 145.5 1,544 768 776 77.8 82.8 76.7 70.8
Sucre 737 360 377 88.5 100.4 95.2 103.6 379 186 193 45.7 52.0 48.7 53.4
Tolima 2,308 1,119 1,189 160.8 150.2 172.9 161.3 1,180 610 570 87.7 81.1 82.9 75.1
Valle del Cauca 7,639 3,582 4,057 170.1 179.6 181.7 167.1 4,015 1931 2084 91.7 96.8 93.3 85.1
Amazonas group * 164 82 82 50.6 82.1 54.0 83.4 79 45 34 27.8 47.4 22.4 37.3

TC: crude rate;

ASR: Age-standardised rate (por 100,000)

*Amazonas, Guainía, Guaviare, Vichada y Vaupés

Received: October 06, 2017; Revised: November 15, 2017; Accepted: February 22, 2018

Corresponding author: Constanza Pardo, Grupo de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Calle 1 No. 9-85, Tel.: 57 (1) 4320160, extensión 4806, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. E-mail: cpardo@cancer.gov.co

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest for this study

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License