EDITORIAL

Presentation of Volume 15 N° 1 January - June 2017.

In the first section, Theory and Meta-theory, the article from Mariano Narodowski and Carolina Snaider titled "Babies in schools? Hyper-schooled infants in a prefigurative culture", the authors propose a conceptual review to answer a central question: what are the cultural and demographic changes that are implicit in the demand that babies receive more school? The authors focus their investigation of this process as emerging from a change of era, heralding new concepts of childhood and adulthood. Through the concept of prefigurative culture, as developed by Margaret Mead, the article develops valuable hypotheses regarding the deterioration of the value of the adult-parent sacrifice.

Bibiana Escobar-García and Alexánder Hincapié-García reflect on maternity and childhood in jail, assuming that while the usual role of the of jail systems is to normalize subjects, this has turned into a more economic role: protect society from the human "waste" that is repeatedly produced as part of modernity in the present. This protection sacrifices the possibility that children in jail share their mothers' sentences.

The work of Yebrail Castañeda-Lozano titled, "Family Guy and South Park: Profiles of current lifestyles", highlights the characteristics of these two television series based on their protagonists in order to infer that the lifestyles and identities evident in these programs have been incorporated into child and youth populations in Latin America. The author identifies the literary tradition of these shows, detailing their history, discussing the concepts covered in each program, bringing together the lifestyles that they exemplify and defining the emerging identities evidenced in these television shows. The work of Walter Manuel Molina-Chávez and Carolina álvarez-Valdés presents the results of a research study that had the objective of identifying emerging social imaginaries of young people in contemporary Chile. This was carried out through a qualitative study based on the analysis of thirteen discussion groups held in five regions across the country. Among the results are the identification of a social imaginary on youth as a permanent challenge for them to remain in education, which is structured in a conflictive manner on top of the foundation of emphasizing diverse dimensions and processes that are considered essential in the configuration of the social condition of contemporary Chilean youth. In the article titled, "Young people and sociability in school: learning experiences that sustain the determined social order", Florencia D'Aloisio presents a summary of her completed doctoral thesis that reconstructed in a situated and comparative manner the meaning that high school has for young people in Córdoba (Argentina) in unequal living and school conditions. The author analyses how meaning produced by young people on school sociability are linked to the production of subjectivities that sustain the determined social order.

Carmen Silva and M. Loreto Martínez-Guzmán offers a thematic review in her article titled "The adolescent self from a contextual perspective: poverty, social housing, parental support and participation". In a theoretical article, Ana Belén Cano-Hila presents a systematic and critical review on the existing literature on the neighborhood effect and the role of the State in the life trajectories of young people. In addition, the author introduces reflections, contributions and concepts that have emerged from her empirical research work, with the goal of promoting a conceptual reflection on the neighborhood effects and the processes of social exclusion of young people in urban periphery areas.

The work presented by Paula Flores and Rodrigo Browne analyses how the representations of gender-based violence – developed by the patriarchy – are perpetuated and transformed in a society permeated by information and communication technologies. In particular, the article focuses on social networks, platforms that for the new generations have reached a transcendence so that they now reconfigure their identity processes and relational paradigms. The text aims to evidence the need to question how the internet is impacting on the way young people build their identities and social relationships in terms of being social actors that exist in a system ruled by the hegemony of masculinity.

In her article titled, "Young people against the world: digital technologies as a basis of daily life", Magdalena Lemus analyses the ways in which young people face the world through Martuccelli's concept of "axes", analyzing processes of the appropriation of digital technologies throughout their lives, arguing that this appropriation contributes to the daily lives of young people in their participation of the construction and expression of their likes, interests and identifications. The construction of relationships and belong to a peer group, as well as the constant search "to be updated".

In the second section of the journal, Studies and Research, David Arturo Ospina-Ramírez and María Camila Ospina-Alvarado share an article that aims to highlight some of the results of a study that aims to denormalize violence as a constitutive element of the subjectivity of children who live in contexts of armed conflict. This article recognizes the capacities that these children have in their most significant relationships to contribute to the construction of peace, democracy and reconciliation, using elements of social constructionism and generative narratives. The research study presented by Luisa Fernanda Guarín-García and Juan Manuel Castellanos-Obregón aims to understand communicative aggression between students from Fourth grade of primary school. The article focuses on the analysis of aggression as a type of communicative event that occurs through accepted norms for linguistic interaction and interpretation (verbal and non-verbal) that are learnt and developed in communities with specific languages. Through an extensive exercise of classroom ethnography, an analysis of communicative actors in schools is conducted, with a particular focus on communication during play, analyzing the norms for interaction and interpretation that are in place during communicative school and games-based events in order to learn about the articulation processes of the statements interpreted as aggressive by children.

The article by Mónica Peña and Camila Toledo details work with children from a "vulnerable" school in Chile with the objective of learning about their discourses regarding learning and social class from a critical discourse analysis perspective that considers that discourse is socially constructed and that subjects can have a critical perspective of their own realities.

The article by Marcela Bizama, Beatriz Arancibia, Katia Sáez and Laurent Loubiès analyses the relationship between syntactic awareness and reading comprehension, a topic that has not been sufficiently researched in Spanish language schools. The study used a crosscutting, descriptive and correlational methodology in two schools in Chile. The results of the study show lower than average performance compared to standards for the students' age group, both in reading comprehension as well as in syntactic awareness for all of the sample groups and a significant relation between the variables included in the research.

The research conducted by Florencia Mareovich and Olga Peralta studies the learning of words through images, involving three quasi-experimental studies. The article titled, "Childhood and adulthood: Dialogue regarding family, workplace and care-based tensions by Pamela Caro, Mahia Saracostti, Ana Kinkead and María O. Grau compares perceptions of Chilean children with those of their mothers regarding the tensions and strategies for articulation between work and family. The results show that there is a generalized perception that work causes more tension for mothers than for fathers, due to a larger overall workload. The mothers recognize that the main balance to achieve is adequately fulfil both roles, as mothers and as workers. The children demonstrate positions that are less conservative than the stereotypes reproduced by adults.

The article by Isabel Sans examines the keys to success in the education system for children and adolescents from the La Huella Children's Home in its first 25 years of operation. The experience is an important reference point at a national level and the knowledge of its characteristics can contribute to the generation of new practices with youth populations. The article by Jakeline Duarte-Duarte and Juan Carlos Jurado-Jurado presents the partial results of a hermeneutic study that had the objective of understanding the meanings that parents and children from different socio-economic groups in Medellin and Envigado give to representations of authority on television. Based on the results, the study concluded that despite their high level of television consumption, this form of media doesn't act as a mediation for parental authority, which questions the techno-centric importance given to this form of communication media.

The article titled, "Physical condition and its links to academic performance in students in Chile" by Braulio Navarro-Aburto, Erick Díaz-Bustos, Sergio Muñoz-Navarro and Jeanette Pérez-Jiménez aims to determine the association between academic performance in Mathematics and variables in the physical condition of students based on a quantitative non-experimental study using databases from the national Simce 2011 exam for students in 8th grade in Chile. All of the variables for physical condition demonstrated significant associations with the academic performance variable in Mathematics, with the muscular strength variable associated with the abdominals test demonstrated the best scores. These results indicate the relevant role of physical activity in academic performance and according to the authors, it's necessary to generate a new opinion of physical activity that allows for a recognition of its importance in the production of learning and academic achievement. Also using statistical models is the study by Carmen Gloria Jarpa-Arriagada and Carlos Rodríguez-Garcés using historical databases from the Higher Education Entrance Exam in Chile. The authors analyze "first generation" students and their professional choices, contrasting these with the "Continuing" students. The results evidence the persistence of exclusion and segregation processes that are manifested in a professional choice that is strongly conditioned by the habitus that reproduces inequalities and limits aspirations to a group of restricted options.

The study by Patricia Guerrero, Carolina Aguirre, Cecilia Besser, Miguel Morales, Javier Salinas y Macarena Zamora uses a critical perspective to examine the practices for group interventions with children that are called "socio-educational workshops". The results show the sustainability of relationships formed in the workshop, that they are adaptable to the needs of participants and are inclusive, but also highlight the complexities of using these types of mechanisms to work with.

The question of academic tutorial sessions in a non-selective university is analyzed by Paola Andreucci-Annunziata and Alexis Curiche. The authors describe the objectives of the program, its recruitment and selection of tutors, the training process for tutors, the tutors program that is differentiated based on support communities – literacy, logical reasoning and mathematics – its implementation and the effective results obtained by students. The authors analyze the demands of academic support for students and the increase in pass rates following the implementation of the program in curricular activities during an academic semester. Finally, the authors discuss the results of the pilot plan and propose certain challenges that refer to the coverage of the problem, as well as the strategies used to increase the motivation and determination of students during the accompaniment process and targeting of "inter-communities" as a paradigmatic crystallization of the cross-cutting, competency-based, gradual and dialogue-based perspectives adopted in the proposal for this program.

The article by Adriana Arroyo-Ortega and Sara Victoria Alvarado brings together some findings on political subjectivities taken from a doctoral thesis that is currently underway, based on the narration of an afro-descendent young woman who through her actions in a collective in the city of Medellin examines the different practices of exclusion in daily life and highlights her interests from her situated position.

The evaluation of public policies for youth in three municipalities in the State of Mexico is covered in the work of Víctor Daniel García-García, who analyses five key variables to assess municipal public policies for youth. The results allow the author to affirm that the municipalities that formed part of the research don't implement integrated public policies for youth, but only carry out unarticulated, unconnected, unorganized and infrequent public actions.

The study by Valentina González, Linda Teresa Orcasita, Juan Pablo Carrillo and Diana Marcela Palma-García has the objective of describing the communication processes that are established between parents and adolescent children to engage in dialogue on sexuality and its relationship with decision making processes. The study was carried out with two families that have children who attend schools in Cali. Through this qualitative study it was found that the communication processes, topics covered and resources used are influenced by the knowledge and perceptions of parents, which considers that sexuality is still taboo and that there are significant gaps in the information provided and parents' accompaniment strategies.

The article by Ingrid Forero, Elsa Siabato and Yenny Salamanca consists of analyzing the association between suicidal ideation, family function and alcohol consumption among adolescent students who are studying at public schools in the city of Tunja, Colombia. The results indicate that 30% of participants referred to a high level of suicide ideation, 67% mentioned a strong family unit and 84% spoke of low-risk alcohol consumption. The study also identified an increased association between suicide ideation and what the authors call "serious family dysfunctionality".

Domains and assessments of happiness in adolescents living in Guadalajara (Mexico) is the basis of the article presented José María Nava-Preciado and Jesús Heriberto Ureña-Pajarito. This study examines the assessments of a group of urban adolescents on what it means to be happy in the micro-contexts of their daily lives. The most relevant results demonstrate that adolescents identify happiness with domains related to personal attributes, in which their health is the most important. In the conclusions of the authors, these young people evaluate happiness using life domains that are sufficiently valuable for cultivating a happy and long-lasting life.

In the study by María Fernanda Molina, María Julia Raimundi and Mariel Giménez , the authors explore the possibility of the self among a group of adolescents in the city of Buenos Aires, while the article from David Arturo Acosta-Silva reports on the progress of a meta-synthesis conducted on research from the last 15 years that has sought to evaluate the digital competencies of young people. This exercise has the goal of establishing if the results of these studies support the positions that affirm that young people possess generalized and high level digital competencies. The results of this research show that the majority of the studies conclude that the general declarations on the superior digital competencies of young people are not empirically supported.

Denise Bolzan Berlese, Gustavo Roese Sanfelice, Daiane Bolzan Berlese and Jacinta Sidegum Renner analyze the violence of intimidation and social violence committed against obese adolescents while the study by Jorge Jairo Posada-Escobar; Patricia del Pilar Briceño-Alvarado and Yudi Astrid Munar-Moreno addresses the categories of inter-generationality and inter-culturality as axes of analysis of the experiences and mechanism developed by the National Secretariat of Pastoral Social of Colombia to foster the configuration of political subjectivities of peace and social transformation.

The work of María Irene Victoria-Morales, Pilar Hernandez-Wolfe, Victoria Eugenia, Acevedo- Velasco and Adriana González has the purpose of analyzing how a group of afro-descendent Colombian women, displaced from the Pacific Coast in the city of Cali, constructed meaning in a pedagogical gathering with a group of American students from the Family Therapy program at the Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon. The results examine the process of women who engaged in the collective construction of meaning regarding their knowledge as practices of resistance. This study aimed to identify the critical, new and emerging meaning of their cultural practices as a possibility to reconfigure their collective identity, the reconstruction of the social fabric and the strengthening of symbolic efficiencies of working therapeutically with families.

Ana Beatriz Murillo-Oviedo, Cintia Rodrigues de Oliveira Medeiros and Valdir Machado Valadão Júnior base their analysis of chrono-normativity and analysis of the negotiation of gender and age that are influenced by religion on the administrative management of an NGO in Uberlândia, Brasil. The objective of this study is to explore the role of religious normativity in experiences mediated by age and gender, analyzing the discourse of the women. The study finds that there is suffering and sacrifice due to the demands that are accepted and tied to the feminine condition, but also identifies satisfaction, trust and hope promoted by the organization's mission and the role that women play.

Finally, Luis Vivero-Arriagada returns to the thought of Antonio Gramsci to uncover what the author understands as an "historical-political contradiction between common sense and the emancipatory project that is contained in the daily discourse of social workers". The author concludes by highlighting the need for a professional subject who assumes an ethical-political role that allows for practices designed to achieve social transformation and theoretical-conceptual strengthening.

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The third section of the Journal, Reports and Analysis, includes the updated accumulative index for authors in the Journal as well as the thematic index. It also includes Bulletin Number 232 from the Organization of Ibero-american States, which has comments from the Ibero-American Office of the OEI regarding its history, objectives and actions. Another article from the Bulletin is about the role of Madrid in the construction of the New Silk Road, which is a project that promotes closer ties between China and the city. This section also includes a report from Montevideo where the OEI reaffirmed its commitment to the Ibero-American Charter for Cultural during the 10th anniversary of its approval. Finally, the Bulletin discusses the approval of the Cultural Law by the National Assembly of Ecuador, which recognizes the labor rights of artists.

The fourth section of the Journal, Reviews and Critiques, has an interesting interview with Pablo Vommaro by the journalist Soledad Gherardi, in which the researcher describes the need to rethink secondary education regarding how it is currently thought of in the most traditional areas.

Another interview that we have included in this section was conducted by Jhoanna Patiño- López, a Professor from the University of Caldas (Colombia), who interviewed the researcher María Hilda Sánchez-Jiménez following the recent publication of her book "Socio-linguistic movements in therapeutic conversations: towards languages of change". This study brings together the findings from her doctoral thesis and is an important contribute for people and communities interested in strengthening their capacities for change based on a systematic and constructionist point of view.

In Letters to the Editor there is a comment made by José Luis Ventura-León y Tomás Caycho- Rodríguez regarding the Omega coefficient as an alternative method for the estimation of reliability and the two researchers suggest its use as a tool in future psycho-metric research with the objective of having a more precise measurement of reliability.

Carlos Alberto González sends us a summary of the BeAnotherLab, which is an innovative strategy that brings together art, science and technology to achieve empathy and coexistence. This is developed by the Inter-Disciplinary Collective of Artists and Social Researchers of Barcelona, winners of the European Prize for Social Innovation 2016, awarded by the European Union, as a technological / psychosocial framework that uses virtual reality to penetrate and appropriate thought and feeling. Through this process, the BeAnotherLab offers experiences and life stories that people appropriate, generating a state of intrinsic motivation, understanding and empathy.

Finally, the Fourth section also includes a transcription of the graduation speech during the most recent graduation ceremony of the Doctorate in Social Sciences, Childhood and Youth at the University of Manizales / Cinde. The speech was written and given by Alexandra Agudelo López, who graduated as part of this ceremony.

It is very pleasing that we remind our readers and contributors that the productive editorial project of the Latin American Journal for Social Sciences, Childhood and Youth is celebrating its 15th anniversary of uninterrupted activities in work that has allowed for the strengthening of a solid investigative and academic community in terms of studies on childhood and youth in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is a motive for celebration and gratitude to those who have made these achievements possible.

We would like to close this edition by sharing our sadness at the death of the founder of Cinde, Marta Arango Montoya, who dedicated her life to working for the children of Colombia, Latin America, the Caribbean and other countries. Her contributions to childhood have allowed for a strengthening of childhood policies, educational and social projects and research. Her legacy will continue, enriching the field of childhood studies.

Director - Editor

Héctor Fabio Ospina

Guest Editor

Mariano Narodowski
Professor-Researcher, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Argentina.

Associate Editors

Sônia Maria da Silva Araújo
Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil.

Liliana Del Valle
Secretariat of Education of Medellín, Colombia.

Marta Cardona
Member of the Coordinating Collective of the Masters in Education and Human Rights of the Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana, Medellín, Colombia.