SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.63 número1Perception of Respect for the Rights to Education and Decent Work in Resident DoctorsClinical and Microbiological Characterization of Pediatric Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in a Fourth-Level Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, over a Period of Four Years índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Em processo de indexaçãoCitado por Google
  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO
  • Em processo de indexaçãoSimilares em Google

Compartilhar


Universitas Medica

versão impressa ISSN 0041-9095versão On-line ISSN 2011-0839

Univ. Med. vol.63 no.1 Bogotá jan./mar. 2022  Epub 30-Dez-2021

https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.umed63-1.cafe 

Artículos originales

Impact of Coffee Consumption on Lipid Profile and Dyslipidemia Risk: Protocol for an Umbrella Review

Diana Carolina Rico1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3452-6038

Nora Badoui Rodrígueza  2 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9066-0867

Juan Camilo Marín3 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-8128

1Resident Physician of Family Medicine, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá

2Professor Instructor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá

3Master's student in Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá


Abstract

Introduction:

Coffee is a drink that is associated with metabolic changes, including changes in the lipid profile. On the other hand, lipid alterations, such as increased LDL cholesterol or decreased HDL cholesterol, are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Taking into account the frequency of consumption of this drink and the recent evidence regarding its impact on cardiovascular system and deaths, it is necessary to review the recent evidence to understand how coffee consumption modifies the lipid profile.

Methods and analysis:

We will search Embase, Pubmed, BVS and Cochrane from inception to March 2021 with language restriction to French, Spanish and English. We will include meta-analyses and systematic reviews that evaluate the impact of coffee consumption on the lipid profile in adults. Methodological quality of each study will be evaluated using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (Amstar2) tool. The heterogeneity of the results reported using the I2 estimator will be taken into account. A sensitivity analysis of the results will be carried out by subgroups according to the quality of the included studies.

Keywords coffee; caffeine; dyslipidemia; hypercholesterolemia; cholesterol

Resumen

Introducción:

El café es una bebida que se asocia con modificaciones metabólicas, entre ellas cambios en el perfil de los lípidos. Por su parte, los cambios lipídicos, como incremento de colesterol LDL o el colesterol HDL disminuido, se relaciona con desenlaces cardiovasculares adversos. Teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia de consumo de esta bebida y la evidencia sobre su impacto en el sistema cardiovascular y de muertes, es necesario comprender cómo el consumo de café modifica el perfil de los lípidos.

Métodos y análisis:

Se llevará a cabo una búsqueda en Embase, Pubmed, BVS y Cochrane limitando por fechas desde la creación de las bases de datos, en francés, español e inglés. Se incluirán metanálisis y revisiones sistemáticas que evaluarán el impacto del consumo de café en el perfil de lípidos en personas adultas. La calidad metodológica de cada estudio se calificará mediante la herramienta Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (Amstar2). Se tendrá en cuenta la heterogeneidad de los resultados reportados mediante el estimador I2. Se llevará a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad de los resultados por subgrupos según la calidad de los estudios incluidos.

Palabras clave café; cafeína; dislipidemia; hipercolesterolemia; colesterol

Introduction

Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in the relationship between the amount of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) values, and the risk of cardiovascular events. People with hyperlipidemia have twice the risk of developing CVD compared to those with normal total cholesterol concentrations (1).

HDL cholesterol is a protective factor in CVD, while a low level of HDL, together with a high level of triglycerides (TG) may cause a higher incidence of CVD (2).

Coffee is a beverage with multiple effects on metabolism and it is estimated that around 3.5 billion cups of coffee are consumed worldwide every day (3). Several studies have found potential benefits with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes (4). Additionally, it has been found that moderate coffee consumption can have favorable effects in reducing cardiovascular mortality and CVD risk, among others (5,6).

There are several mechanisms by which coffee modifies the lipid profile. It has been described to have effects on lipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid ß-oxidation, lipid transport, and fat digestion. These mechanisms are associated with the various components of the beverage, such as the neuromodulatory caffeine, which acts as an antagonist of the adenosine receptor, as well as other components such as chlorogenic acids, trigonelline, or cafestol (4).

Among the effects of caffeine, it has been found to be associated with increased fat oxidation and glycogen mobilization in muscles, increased lipolysis and decreased body fat (7). Intake of green coffee bean extract, which provides 50 to 100 mg/day of chlorogenic acid, is associated with reductions in TC and LDL-C concentrations (between 8-10 and 3.5-5.5 mg/dL, respectively) in hypercholesterolemic subjects (8).

For their part, the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol can increase the amount of total cholesterol in the blood by up to 30 mg/dL. This occurs because cafestol is a farnesoid X receptor agonist, which leads to an inhibition of bile acid synthesis and increased blood cholesterol levels. However, cafestol has also shown beneficial biological effects with antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties (4,9).

Some studies have found an unfavorable effect on the lipid profile, depending on the presentation and type of coffee consumed. In a randomized clinical trial, it was found that coffee with caffeine had significant effects on the increase of LDL-C, TC and TG (7), although other publications affirm that the presence of caffeine does not modify lipid profile variables (9).

On the other hand, compared to filtered coffee, unfiltered coffee has significantly increasing effects in patients with a history of hyperlipidemia on TC, LDL-C, and TG, and these effects increase with higher consumption (number of cups). This is considered to be a consequence of the presence of diterpenes, which are usually removed from the beverage when filters are used. Kahweol and cafestol increase the activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein while decreasing the activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, thus contributing to an increase in LDL-C (7,9-12). In contrast, filtered coffee does not appear to modify serum lipids, but has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (13).

Similarly, although espresso-type preparations have higher concentrations of diterpenes, the reduced portion size of the beverage decreases the amount consumed. Percolated and instant preparations have low levels of cafestol and kahweol, while French press preparations have the highest concentration of these diterpenes (9).

Considering that dyslipidemia is a cause of CVD (4) and that the literature on the impact of coffee on this condition is not conclusive regarding favorable and unfavorable findings, it is important to systematically review the best available evidence and identify the effects of the beverage on people's health.

Objectives

This umbrella review of the literature aims to analyze, compare, and synthesize the evidence from available systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effect of habitual coffee consumption on the development of dyslipidemia. The specific objectives are to summarize and analyze the available evidence regarding the effect of habitual coffee consumption and its dose-response relationship on the values of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, as well as the risk of developing dyslipidemia.

Methods

The review protocol was designed according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration and an adaptation of the Prisma-P checklist for protocols of systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses (14).

Eligibility criteria considered systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses summarizing information regarding the effects of regular coffee consumption on the development of dyslipidemia and effects on lipid values.

To be included in this review, the studies must have been performed in a population of adult men or women over 18 years of age, with or without a diagnosis of lipid profile alterations. Manuscripts in English, Spanish, and French will be considered, due to the possibility of translation into these languages by the research team. Review articles that have considered regular users of caffeine-containing drugs or beverages other than coffee that contain caffeine (tea, energy drinks, sodas, chocolate, etc.) or coffee derivatives, such as green coffee extracts, will not be included. Likewise, studies carried out on animals will be excluded.

The primary outcomes will be: increase or decrease in TC values, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL, and the development of dyslipidemias.

The literature will be searched in Medline (via Pubmed), Embase, Cochrane Collaboration and LILACS (via BVS) databases. For this purpose, strategies will be designed that include controlled terms according to the base and other terms corresponding to the selected topics (Table 1) (15,16). Additionally, a secondary search will be carried out with a snowball strategy with the references cited in the manuscripts.

Table 1 Search strategy for the effects of habitual coffee consumption and dyslipidemia 

Three reviewers will independently select manuscripts in two stages through Rayyan QCRI (17). In the first stage, titles and abstracts will be screened, and in the second stage, eligibility criteria will be applied to full-text articles (Table 2). Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus. Additionally, duplication of primary studies in the different systematic reviews will be taken into account, and a secondary search of the references of the selected articles will be carried out manually and by snowball sampling.

Table 2 First stage of manuscript review 

References will be stored and duplicates will be eliminated using the EndNote reference manager. Inclusion and exclusion criteria will be applied to references in two stages, through Rayyan QCRI (17). In the first, three independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts; in the second, two independent reviewers will apply the criteria to the preselected full-text manuscripts (Table 2). Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus.

Data collection and analysis

Data extraction will be carried out by three researchers following the matrix in Table 3. The quality of the selected documents will be evaluated using the Assessing Methodological Quality for Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) instrument (18) and information will be extracted from those publications with a score of more than 60% (more than 7 points). Disagreements will be resolved by consensus and voting.

Table 3 Matrix for data extraction 

The kappa coefficient will be used to assess the degree of agreement among reviewers. The results of the systematic reviews will be summarized in tabular form for each of the outcomes of interest. The quality of the secondary studies will be presented in the tables, and the heterogeneity of the results will be taken into account using the I2 estimator. A sensitivity analysis of the results will be carried out by subgroups according to the quality of the included studies and by the dose of exposure to coffee consumption. Publication biases of the included secondary studies will be evaluated. Figures will be designed to facilitate the understanding of the relevant results.

References

1. Karr S. Epidemiology and management of hyperlipidemia. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23(9):S139-48. [ Links ]

2. Toori MA, Kiani F, Sayehmiri F, Sayehmiri K, Mohsenzadeh Y, Ostovar R, et al. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high LDL, and low HDL in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci. 2018;43(5):449-65. [ Links ]

3. Carlström M, Larsson SC. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(6):395-417. [ Links ]

4. Farias-Pereira R, Park CS, Park Y. Mechanisms of action of coffee bioactive components on lipid metabolism. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2019;28(5):1287-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-019-00662-0Links ]

5. Sarriá B, Martínez-López S, Sierra-Cinos JL, García-Diz L, Mateos R, Bravo-Clemente L. Regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(1):269-78. [ Links ]

6. Alba Talero LH, Peñaloza MJ, Gutiérrez V, Castillo JS. Efecto del consumo habitual de café en la salud cardiovascular de la población adulta: protocolo de una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura. Univ Méd. 2019;60(2):1-6. [ Links ]

7. Cai L, Ma D, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang P. The effect of coffee consumption on serum lipids: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(8):872-7. [ Links ]

8. Martínez-López S, Sarriá B, Mateos R, Bravo-Clemente L. Moderate consumption of a soluble green/roasted coffee rich in caffeoylquinic acids reduces cardiovascular risk markers: results from a randomized, cross-over, controlled trial in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(2):865-78. [ Links ]

9. Mattioli AV. Effects of caffeine and coffee consumption on cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Vol. 3, Future Cardiology. London: Future Medicine; 2007. p. 203-12. [ Links ]

10. Cheung RJ, Gupta EK, Ito MK. Acute coffee ingestion does not affect LDL cholesterol level. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(7-8):1209-13. [ Links ]

11. Al-Mssallem MQ. The regular consumption of coffee and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Public Heal. 2020;28(2):115-22. [ Links ]

12. Rebello SA, Van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and cardiovascular health: Getting to the heart of the matter topical collection on ischemic heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013 Oct;15(10):1-12. [ Links ]

13. Stutz B, Ahola AJ, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Groop PH. Association between habitual coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(5):470-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.01.011Links ]

14. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;349. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647Links ]

15. Shojania K, Bero LA. Taking advantage of the explosion of systematic reviews: an efficient MEDLINE search strategy. Eff Clin Pract. 2001 Jul-Aug;4(4):157-62. [ Links ]

16. Salvador-Oliván JA, Marco-Cuenca G, Arquero-Avilés R. Errors in search strategies used in systematic reviews and their effects on information retrieval. J Med Libr Assoc. 2019 Apr;107(2):210-221. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2019.567Links ]

17. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4Links ]

18. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:1-7. [ Links ]

Received: July 06, 2021; Accepted: September 07, 2021

a Correspondence author: nora.badoui@javeriana.edu.co

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Creative Commons License This work is under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.