Results. Analysis of the differences in entrepreneurship in people with disabilities from significant dimensions

The social intervention necessary to achieve the full inclusion of people with disabilities must start from a broad knowledge about the peculiarities of the work activity of this group. In the same way that it is fundamental to know the limitations that disability can bring, it is also essential to identify the aspects in which these conditions reproduce.

In order to diagnose the differences in the gestation and development of entrepreneurial activity in people with disabilities, then the speech of the interviewees around these great scenarios is analyzed.

The discourse analysis will also allow observing the similarities and differences that the interviewees find in the entrepreneurial motivation of a person with and without a disability.

1. Physical dimension-accessibility

The problems of accessibility affect all areas of life of a disabled person, especially if physical or sensory type. One of these difficulties is the access to information, a key element, for example, to meet and deal with possible aid to those referred above:

If I can not train because I can not even get to the information that is in the public administration ... because look, there are aids for women and young people, but if I do not get there how I do. (E.7)

This added handicap (refers to the difficulties of access to information) has the repercussion of lack of autonomy, lack of access to information and the world. (E.4)

The difficulties referred to by people with disabilities point out the shortcomings of the administration or the institutions that implement the work activity when adapting materials or infrastructures to people who have some physical or sensory limitation.

Well, in my case, for example, when you do specific training to present projects and others, I met many visual problems, when watching the board, they were not prepared thinking of people who have a visual problem, in this case, cost much work and I was not adapted. (E.9)

And for many papers, much paperwork. That another person ... there is accessibility. The electronic issue, okay, I do it electronically, but what if I do not access the documents if I can not fill out the documents. (E.7)

These limitations constitute one of the most significant differences at the time of gestating the entrepreneurial process, since it affects issues such as information or training to undertake and, consequently, the very life of the person with a disability.

A person lacking vision or with little vision, a blind person or a person with low vision, the first handicap is the access to information, places, displacement, personal autonomy, social skills, everything ... a repercussion in his life, global, from activities of his daily life that for us are very habitual until the fact itself of exerting any professional function can be limited. (E.4)

2. Institutional dimension

The aspects mentioned are closely related to the availability of resources with which to eliminate physical barriers that limit accessibility. The lack of resources on the part of the administration and the need to reverse this fact they are the most critical demands of the interviewees. In this case, the differential aspects are again the difficulties and problems faced by the group of people with disabilities, compared to the need for greater mobilization of resources.

Well, the truth is that people with disabilities have many more problems than other people because they are themselves who, first, at the level of the administration, do not meet with the same resources that other people can have. (E.1)

(...) And logically there is no support as it should be for people with this type of disability, especially if the disability is essential enough to harm specific skills. (E.14)

3. Psychological dimension

One of the differential elements in the entrepreneurship of people with disabilities is related to security concerning skills and abilities. Self- confidence is one of the most critical competencies in the entrepreneurial activity (^{Olaz and Ortiz, 2016}, 2018, Ortiz and Olaz, 2016, 2018); therefore, its deficit hinders action in this regard. Insecurity with the life project is a constant in the group of people with disabilities, especially when the business project is intertwined:

I believe that this is perhaps the most significant difference because many times the person with disabilities is not empowered enough to feel that he is capable, not only of his life project but also of carrying through a business project and also successfully. (E.7)

So those limitations also produce a very important effect that is the lack of security, because that person is afraid of not being able to carry out that activity just like someone else who does not have (…) And that part of security then It can make him not dare to undertake things that another person would dare. So the big problem is those physical limitations that are there and the lack of security that there are sometimes. (E.15)

Another of the basic skills is self-esteem. People with disabilities face constant challenges, and one of the most important is related to social acceptance. Frequently, the perception of these people is of greater vulnerability.

They are more vulnerable people, who have low self-esteem and have a harder time overcoming themselves to undertake something (…) They notice that sometimes as they lack strength, for their problem, which can be physical or psychological, depending on the kind of problem they have. (E.1)

It is what I told you; you have to previously work for many barriers, both cultural of your environment and personal and family. (E.7)

Many of the distinguishing aspects of disability become itself and the type and degree of this.

(...) It depends on whether it is a disability from birth or that it arises later, I think there are some small differences, and also that it is a total disability practically or that they are partial or temporary, depending on that, but basically there should be no difference and society should promote that. (E.3)

At a general level, I think that it has the obstacle of handicap itself of disability. (E.4)

Regarding the limitations of the person with a disability, the significant limitation is that some health problems do the daily work that is carried out difficult. Then the big problem is those physical limitations that are there. (E.15)

These issues make it difficult to adapt to the disciplines imposed by any activity and, to a greater extent, the dedication that implies to be an entrepreneur.

4. Economic dimension

One of the economic aspects that arouses a higher degree of agreement among the interviewees is the need to have aid that encourages entrepreneurial activity. One of the ways to do this is by facilitating tax advantages that encourage the entrepreneur. In the case of a group such as people with disabilities, although it is true that they have certain advantages, there are also many additional costs that must be assumed, for example, those derived from the conditioning of activities to overcome the limitations of different types of disability. In this sense, the following interviewee pronounces:

The issue of taxation that takes into account (…) just as you have in the rent, that a person with a disability has more expenses and that is why there are some benefits at the time of such. (E.7)

The economic problem is behind the entrepreneurial motivation, however, among people with disabilities, this motivation becomes especially evident due to the uncertainty of the future and the possibility of managing it taking into account the contingency of the disability.

The fundamental reason is because they have to have a source of income that with a disability is very difficult into the ordinary world of work to be incorporated [...] Fundamentally it is because they have to have a work activity to ensure an income as long as their disability does not allow them an early retirement in certain conditions. (E.2)

The reasons for the entrepreneurship ... well, you look for life basically because in normal situations things are complicated, but if you are disabled and you are a woman, you are even more disabled. (E.9)

The work output, always more difficult for a person with disabilities is a differential motivation compared to that of a person without this limitation.

Well, maybe because companies do not give you a job, I think it is out there ... or if you do not have a project in mind and you pull ahead and go for it. However, many times, the circumstances force them to become an entrepreneur or autonomous, which is the same. (E.11)

Besides the aspects related costs and benefits, in the speech of some interviewees stressed the importance of controlling the channels of access to information and the availability of this in the simplest way possible. This issue is related to the physical aspects and accessibility limits discussed below.

5. Organizational-business dimension

The schedules, commitments, the intensity of days and the broad spectrum of activities that must be carried out by a self-employed or entrepreneur can be affected by the limitations imposed by the disability. Some of the people interviewed state this:

Well, it is probably more difficult for a disabled person to submit to a strict discipline of the companies or their possibilities of work or skills or competencies, it is difficult to find a company that requests it. (E.3)

Therefore, the adaptation of jobs must be comprehensive in the case of people with disabilities, as already mentioned in the training aspects or access to information.

The functional and technical adaptation of the jobs has to happen there because if we give them help... grant projects, pay you the percentage of the social security fee, but if an adaptation does not accompany that or you do not give access... if you give me the money, but I do not know how to access that project or do not adapt it, I will have it very difficult, sometimes impossible. (E.4)

The adequacy of the job is fundamental but once made a catalog of the job that can play that person and with the will of it. (E.10)

One of the organizational elements that help to reduce the differences in entrepreneurial activity between people with and without disabilities is the delegation of tasks that are secondary to the business process. Except in those activities that, due to their physical nature, a disabled person can assume the organization and control of the business activity, which requires an effort or implementation of some capacity related to this aspect, with a guarantee of success. In this sense, one of the people interviewed pronounced:

What is the difference? That is what it depends. Because if I were incapacitated for some things, but if you have a team or someone who is responsible for the aspects and covers the deficiencies that you have (...) less in the aspects of workers, it was in what I most delegated (...) And I can tell you that I have also met him very directly in people I have known very close to, that they have even had to be wholly separated from their work and, nevertheless, the company has continued working but because it has delegated functions and the disabled person what he does is control the operation of the company (...) I think that much less than in this sector because I am thinking right now in a consulting or industrial theme that does not require physical effort, which has a dimension in which the boss does not need to be in any way in the production chain, because then it is easier for the disability to be compatible with the entrepreneurship. (E.2)

The difference, sometimes, is not on the ability of people with disabilities, but in that attributed to them:

For as people are how we are we tend to value and value you, see fewer capabilities than the rest of people without disabilities to run the company, to manage the company or to direct the company. (E.8)

6. Formative dimension

The training revealed as another of the differential aspects in the entrepreneurship of people with disabilities. While training to undertake an activity is necessary in any case, this group is not just any kind of training, but one that adapts to their needs and can overcome limitations.

It is clear that people with disabilities need a more personal and more individualized preparation for everything they have to do in life. (E.5)

The economic crisis has an extraordinary impact on entrepreneurial activity (^{Ortiz, 2018b}). The impact of the cuts execute during the crisis has not facilitated the provision of this group of measures that balance the odd employment situation. This influence has deepened the gap concerning people without disabilities; this is how one of the interviewees evoked the crisis:

When the crisis came, that there was a setback in the resources made available to people with disabilities, aid to people with special educational needs, because that could lead that part of people with disabilities who have suffered these cuts not access the training they may need. (E.5)

The difficulties of this group are a fact, and these are what make the difference made in training on people without disabilities.

There are differences, but there should not be. I believe that a person with disabilities is a prepared person. (E.3)

Nowadays it is true that there are general education plans that if they are a well-taken advantage of in people with disabilities they can even get to university and with good results, but it is also something that is increasing every year, but there is still much work to do there. (E.5)

In short, training yes, but individualized and adapted to the unique circumstances of a person with a disability.

7. Family dimension

The family aspects can constitute a differential factor in the entrepreneurship of people with disabilities.

The interviewed people allude to the family overprotection that accompanies the disability process and that, sometimes, as is the case of entrepreneurship, they can suppose more a limitation than a support for the required autonomy.

And then, let's not deceive ourselves and always generalize, a person who has lost sight as a child has generally had a greater family overprotection in general and that is going to be another handicap (...) more than the handicap of overprotection that it comes from the family and from society too, because sometimes also the positive discrimination that we are fighting so hard to do and such and that is necessary, but we also protect and underestimate the capacities of these people due to ignorance (...) and an overprotection that is implicit in the environment. That means that, if an entrepreneur requires courage and skills, knowledge and culture, all that will be needed here and also high. (E.4)

8. Motivational dimension

Entrepreneurial motivation deserves a special mention in this relation of particular aspects of entrepreneurship in people with disabilities. In this sense, we can speak of two broad categories: those of external nature, which include economic and employment reasons, and internal ones, related to personal aspects.

As for the first ones, of an economic nature, there is nothing to suggest that they are not the same for people with or without disabilities. The need to be economically solvent, the insertion in the labor market and, in short, the achievement of self-employment are essential reasons in both cases. In persons with disabilities, they also charge vital importance concerning those of a personal nature.

As already mentioned the difference, in this case, is not so much the economic motivation that animates the entrepreneurial spirit, but rather the particular difficulties that this group faces when it comes to getting a job.

As for the variables of a personal nature, the people interviewed have identified the "spirit of improvement" as one of the most important to undertake, followed by the need for "autonomy" and the presence of an "entrepreneurial spirit." Knowledge and social utility are also relevant reasons in the entrepreneurship of this group and, in a minor order, other reasons appear such as the need to give continuity to a family company, the illusion, social integration, recognition or happiness that an entrepreneurial project can bring.