<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0012-7353</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[DYNA]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0012-7353</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0012-73532021000300039</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/dyna.v88n218.88975</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The epistemological obstacle in Electromagnetism]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El obstáculo epistemológico en el electromagnetismo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>218</numero>
<fpage>39</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0012-73532021000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0012-73532021000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0012-73532021000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In the development of a historical analysis on the natural phenomenon of electromagnetism, recurrently a question appears on the subject: why does it take researchers about 2300 years to decipher, understand and then dominate and apply the electromagnetic phenomenon for the benefit of the human being? To answer this question, the hypothesis about Bacon's &#8220;idols&#8221; and Bachelard's epistemological obstacle are presented. Both posed very correctly about the theory of knowledge: the limitations or impediments that affect the ability of individuals to build new knowledge. The fascinating interpretations, myths and legends, even the scientific understanding and its technological applications that changed life on earth, have been compiled and analyzed in this article, and in the Torres´s book [18]: &#8220;The enigma of Electromagnetism under the magnifying glass".]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En el desarrollo de un análisis histórico sobre el fenómeno natural del electromagnetismo, recurrentemente aparece una pregunta sobre el tema: ¿por qué los investigadores tardaron cerca de 2300 años para descifrar, entender y luego dominar y aplicar el fenómeno electromagnético para beneficio del ser humano? Para responder esta pregunta se presenta la hipótesis sobre los &#8220;ídolos&#8221; de Bacon y el obstáculo epistemológico de Bachelard. Ambos plantearon muy acertadamente sobre la teoría del conocimiento: las limitaciones o impedimentos que afectan la capacidad de los individuos para construir un nuevo conocimiento. Las fascinantes interpretaciones, mitos y leyendas, hasta el entendimiento científico y sus aplicaciones tecnológicas que cambiaron la vida sobre la tierra, se han recopilado y analizado en este articulo y en el libro de Torres [18]: &#8220;El enigma del Electromagnetismo bajo la lupa&#8221;]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electromagnetism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[paradigm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[electromagnetismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[paradigma]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahlbom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Green]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swerdlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environ Health Perspec]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<numero>109</numero>
<issue>109</issue>
<page-range>911-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bachelard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El nuevo espíritu científico]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México D.F., México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Nueva Imagen]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bachelard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La formación del espíritu científico]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berkson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las teorías de los campos de fuerza. Desde Faraday hasta Eisntein]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bacon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Novum organum]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres, Inglaterra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Folio]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corredor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sinsentido de la minusvalidez social en ciencia. Articulo en La Opinion]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cucuta, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darrigol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electrodynamics from ampere to Einstein,]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dietz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Force on a dielectric slab: fringing field approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am. J. Phys]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1499-500</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galilei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Galileo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dialogo di Galileo Galilei Linceo matematico sopraordinario dello studio di Pisa. E filosofo, e matematico primario del serenissimo gr. duca di Toscana. Doue ne i congressi di quattro giornate si discorre sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo tolemaico, e]]></source>
<year>1632</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Per Gio ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Batista Landini]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Maxwell and Faraday]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Physics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>14</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering electromagnetic fields and waves]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva Jersey, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley and Sons Eds]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La estructura de las revoluciones científicas]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de cultura económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ladenburg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Vorträge über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chemie, von Lavoisier bis zur Gegenwart]]></source>
<year>1907</year>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Reprint ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarro-Veguillas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fuerzas y campos en la historia de la física: de Aristóteles a Faraday]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mundo Científico]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>29</numero>
<issue>29</issue>
<page-range>1012-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Guericke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Enciclopedia Británica]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pickover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De Arquímedes a Hawking: las leyes de la ciencia y sus descubridores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crítica]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejada-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ranking de revistas científicas en Latinoamérica mediante el índice h: estudio de caso Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Española de Documentación Científica]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El enigma del electromagnetismo bajo la lupa]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>136</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Académica Española EAE Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El rayo en el trópico, certezas temporales de investigacion sobre el fenomeno del rayo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colección apuntes maestros, Ed. UN]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Que rayos sabemos sobre innovación tecnológica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Orvisa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Níkola Tesla, el hombre que inventó el siglo XX]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Innovación y Ciencia]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>IX</numero>
<issue>IX</issue>
<page-range>7-12</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villamil-Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La noción de obstáculo epistemológico en Gastón Bachelard. Espéculo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Literarios]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
