<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7450</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[rev.colomb.psiquiatr.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7450</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-74502012000400003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Guía de atención integral para la detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos. Atención integral de los adultos con diagnóstico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente Parte I: Factores de riesgo, tamización, diagnóstico y evaluación de riesgo de suicidio en pacientes con diagnóstico de depresión]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Integral Care Guide for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder in Adults. Integral Attention of Adults with a Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder Part I: Risk Factors, Screening, Suicide Risk Diagnosis and Assessment in Patients with a Depression Diagnosis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bohórquez Peñaranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Guarín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maritza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo Narváez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Pedraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A08"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A09"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Pontificia Universidad Javeriana GAI Depresión]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría Universidad de Antioquia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría Universidad Nacional de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría Universidad de Antioquia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A08">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría Universidad Nacional de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A09">
<institution><![CDATA[,Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>719</fpage>
<lpage>739</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-74502012000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-74502012000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-74502012000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: La depresión ocupa un lugar importante como causa de morbilidad y discapacidad en el mundo sin embargo, es subdiagnosticada en todos los niveles de atención. El objetivo es presentar las recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia que surgieron como respuesta a una serie de preguntas clínicas respecto a los factores de riesgo, tamizaje, diagnóstico y evaluación de riesgo de suicidio en pacientes con episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente, haciendo hincapié en su enfoque en el nivel de cuidado primario, con el fin de brindar parámetros de atención en salud basados en la mejor y más actualizada evidencia disponible para lograr los estándares mínimos de calidad en el abordaje de adultos con dichos diagnósticos. Método: Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica bajo los lineamientos de la Guía Metodológica del Ministerio de la Protección Social. Se adaptaron y actualizaron las recomendaciones de las guías NICE90 y CANMAT para las preguntas que estas guías contestaban y se desarrollaron de novo para las preguntas no encontradas. Resultados: Se presentan las recomendaciones 1-22 correspondientes a tamización, riesgo de suicidio y diagnóstico de la depresión. Se incluye el grado de recomendación correspondiente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: Depression is an important cause of morbidity and disability in the world however, it is under-diagnosed at all care levels. Objective: The purpose here is to present recommendations based on the evidence gathered to answer a series of clinical questions concerning risk factors, screening, suicide risk diagnosis and evaluation in patients undergoing a depressive episode and recurrent depressive disorder. Emphasis has been made upon the approach used at the primary care level so as to grant adult diagnosed patients the health care guidelines based on the best and more updated evidence available thus achieving minimum quality standards. Methodology: A practical clinical guide was elaborated according to standards of the Methodological Guide of the Ministry of Social Protection. Recommendation from guides NICE90 and CANMAT were adopted and updated so as to answer the questions posed while de novo questions were developed. Results: Recommendations 1-22 corresponding to screening, suicide risk and depression diagnosis were presented. The corresponding degree of recommendation is included.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Guía de práctica clínica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trastorno depresivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tamizaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[factores de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[suicidio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Practice guideline]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[depressive disorder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[screening]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[risk factors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[suicide]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="Verdana" size="2">      <p><b>Art&iacute;culos Orginales</b></p>     <p><b>    <center><font size="4">Gu&iacute;a de atenci&oacute;n integral para la detecci&oacute;n temprana y diagn&oacute;stico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos. Atenci&oacute;n integral de los adultos con diagn&oacute;stico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente    <br> <i>Parte I: Factores de riesgo, tamizaci&oacute;n, diagn&oacute;stico y evaluaci&oacute;n de riesgo de suicidio en pacientes con diagn&oacute;stico de depresi&oacute;n</i></font><sup>*</sup></center></b></p>     <p><b>    <center><font size="3">Integral Care Guide for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder in Adults. Integral Attention of Adults with a Diagnosis of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder    <br> <i>Part I: Risk Factors, Screening, Suicide Risk Diagnosis and Assessment in Patients with a Depression Diagnosis</i></font></center></b></p>       <p>    <center><b>Carlos G&oacute;mez-Restrepo<sup>1</sup>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Adriana Patricia Boh&oacute;rquez Pe&ntilde;aranda<sup>2</sup>    <br> Jenny Garc&iacute;a Valencia<sup>3</sup>    <br> Maritza Rodr&iacute;guez Guar&iacute;n<sup>4</sup>    <br> Eliana Bravo Narv&aacute;ez<sup>5</sup>    <br> Luis Eduardo Jaramillo<sup>6</sup>    <br> Carlos Alberto Palacio Acosta<sup>7</sup>    <br> Ricardo S&aacute;nchez Pedraza<sup>8</sup>    <br> Sergio Mario Castro D&iacute;az<sup>9</sup></b></center></p>      <p><sup>*</sup> La Gu&iacute;a de Atenci&oacute;n Integral completa fue desarrollada por el grupo que aparece en el anexo de este art&iacute;culo. Este art&iacute;culo-resumen fue redactado por los integrantes del grupo que se mencionan bajo el t&iacute;tulo. Financiaci&oacute;n: El desarrollo de la Gu&iacute;a de Atenci&oacute;n Integral fue financiado por el Ministerio de Salud y Protecci&oacute;n Social y por el Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog&iacute;a e Innovaci&oacute;n (Colciencias), mediante Contrato 126 de 2010 suscrito con la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Convocatoria 500 de 2009 de Colciencias (Conformaci&oacute;n de un banco de proyectos para el desarrollo de Gu&iacute;as de Atenci&oacute;n Integral (GAI) Basadas en Evidencia), fue elegido por el Consejo del Programa Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&iacute;a de la Salud, el proyecto fue liderado por la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, en alianza con la Universidad de Antioquia y la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Alianza CINETS).</p>     <p><sup>1</sup> M&eacute;dico psiquiatra, MSc Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica, Psiquiatra de Enlace, Psicoanalista, profesor titular Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a y Salud Mental, director Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a y Salud Mental, director Departamento de Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica y Bioestad&iacute;stica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Director GAI Depresi&oacute;n, codirector CINETS, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <sup>2</sup> M&eacute;dica psiquiatra, Maestr&iacute;a Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica, profesora Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a y Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Coordinadora GAI Depresi&oacute;n, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.    <br> <sup>3</sup> M&eacute;dica psiquiatra, MSc, PhD Epidemiolog&iacute;a, profesora Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia.    <br> <sup>4</sup> M&eacute;dica psiquiatra, MSc Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica, profesora Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a y Salud Mental Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.    <br> <sup>5</sup> M&eacute;dica, residente de tercer a&ntilde;o, asistente de investigaci&oacute;n, Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a y Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.    <br> <sup>6</sup> M&eacute;dico psiquiatra, MSc Farmacolog&iacute;a, profesor titular Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, delegado Asociaci&oacute;n Colombiana de Psiquiatr&iacute;a, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.    <br> <sup>7</sup> M&eacute;dico psiquiatra, MSc Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica, profesor titular Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia.    <br> <sup>8</sup> M&eacute;dico psiquiatra, MSc Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica, profesor titular Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.    <br> <sup>9</sup> M&eacute;dico residente Psiquiatr&iacute;a, asistente de investigaci&oacute;n, Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a y Salud Mental, Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica y Bioestad&iacute;stica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.</p>      <p><i>Conflictos de inter&eacute;s: Los autores manifiestan que no tienen Conflictos de inter&eacute;s en este art&iacute;culo.</i></p>     <p>Correspondencia    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <i>Carlos G&oacute;mez-Restrepo</i>    <br> <i>Departamento de Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica y Bioestad&iacute;stica</i>    <br> <i>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</i>    <br> <i>Carrera 7&ordm; N.&ordm; 40-62 Piso 2</i>    <br> <i>Bogot&aacute;, Colombia</i>    <br> <a href="mailto:cgomez@javeriana.edu.co">cgomez@javeriana.edu.co</a></p>     <p><i>Recibido para evaluaci&oacute;n: </i>25 de octubre de 2012 <i>Aceptado para publicaci&oacute;n: </i>6 de noviembre de 2012</p>  <hr>     <p><font size="3"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p><i>Introducci&oacute;n: </i>La depresi&oacute;n ocupa un lugar importante como causa de morbilidad y discapacidad en el mundo sin embargo, es subdiagnosticada en todos los niveles de atenci&oacute;n. El objetivo es presentar las recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia que surgieron como respuesta a una serie de preguntas cl&iacute;nicas respecto a los factores de riesgo, tamizaje, diagn&oacute;stico y evaluaci&oacute;n de riesgo de suicidio en pacientes con episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente, haciendo hincapi&eacute; en su enfoque en el nivel de cuidado primario, con el fin de brindar par&aacute;metros de atenci&oacute;n en salud basados en la mejor y m&aacute;s actualizada evidencia disponible para lograr los est&aacute;ndares m&iacute;nimos de calidad en el abordaje de adultos con dichos diagn&oacute;sticos. <i>M&eacute;todo: </i>Se elabor&oacute; una gu&iacute;a de pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica bajo los lineamientos de la Gu&iacute;a Metodol&oacute;gica del Ministerio de la Protecci&oacute;n Social. Se adaptaron y actualizaron las recomendaciones de las gu&iacute;as NICE90 y CANMAT para las preguntas que estas gu&iacute;as contestaban y se desarrollaron <i>de novo </i>para las preguntas no encontradas. <i>Resultados: </i>Se presentan las recomendaciones 1-22 correspondientes a tamizaci&oacute;n, riesgo de suicidio y diagn&oacute;stico de la depresi&oacute;n. Se incluye el grado de recomendaci&oacute;n correspondiente.</p>     <p><b>Palabras clave: </b>Gu&iacute;a de pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica, trastorno depresivo, tamizaje, factores de riesgo, suicidio.</p> <hr>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="3"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p><i>Introduction: </i>Depression is an important cause of morbidity and disability in the world however, it is under-diagnosed at all care levels. <i>Objective: </i>The purpose here is to present recommendations based on the evidence gathered to answer a series of clinical questions concerning risk factors, screening, suicide risk diagnosis and evaluation in patients undergoing a depressive episode and recurrent depressive disorder. Emphasis has been made upon the approach used at the primary care level so as to grant adult diagnosed patients the health care guidelines based on the best and more updated evidence available thus achieving minimum quality standards. <i>Methodology: </i>A practical clinical guide was elaborated according to standards of the Methodological Guide of the Ministry of Social Protection. Recommendation from guides NICE90 and CANMAT were adopted and updated so as to answer the questions posed while <i>de novo </i>questions were developed. <i>Results: </i>Recommendations 1-22 corresponding to screening, suicide risk and depression diagnosis were presented. The corresponding degree of recommendation is included.</p>     <p><b>Key words: </b>Practice guideline, depressive disorder, screening, risk factors, suicide.</p>  <hr>     <p><font size="3"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p>La depresi&oacute;n es un trastorno mental con tendencia epis&oacute;dica y recurrente, caracterizado por la presencia de s&iacute;ntomas afectivos (tristeza patol&oacute;gica, disminuci&oacute;n del inter&eacute;s en actividades usualmente placenteras) acompa&ntilde;ados, en mayor o menor medida, por s&iacute;ntomas cognoscitivos, som&aacute;ticos y psicomotores (1,2). Los factores de riesgo implican tanto condiciones gen&eacute;ticas como ambientales, considerando que los factores estresantes ambientales solo pueden entenderse en el contexto de su interacci&oacute;n con la predisposici&oacute;n biol&oacute;gica subyacente (3). El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo de depresi&oacute;n por parte del personal de salud cl&iacute;nico, permite detectar poblaciones vulnerables en la consulta que requieran una valoraci&oacute;n detallada de su salud mental (4). Existe evidencia de que la capacidad de los m&eacute;dicos de cuidado primario para realizar diagn&oacute;sticos adecuados de depresi&oacute;n var&iacute;a entre los pa&iacute;ses, la sensibilidad oscila entre el 31,5 % y el 75,5 % y la especificidad entre el 61 % y el 93,7 % (5). En Colombia, en un reporte sobre exactitud en el diagn&oacute;stico realizado por m&eacute;dicos de cuidado primario, antes de un entrenamiento en trastornos depresivos, la sensibilidad fue del 60 % (IC95 %: 43,3-75,1) y la especificidad fue de 46,8 % (IC95 %: 37,3-56,5) con estos resultados se puede suponer que en los centros de cuidado primario en Colombia puede existir un subdiagn&oacute;stico de este trastorno (6).</p>     <p>Otro factor que influye en las dificultades en el reconocimiento o tratamiento de la depresi&oacute;n en cuidado primario es que los pacientes deprimidos suelen consultar a menudo por s&iacute;ntomas som&aacute;ticos vagos en lugar de quejas abiertas de depresi&oacute;n (7). Entre un 45 % y un 95 % de los pacientes con trastornos depresivos consultan principalmente por s&iacute;ntomas som&aacute;ticos y no de tipo psiqui&aacute;trico, con variaciones importantes dependiendo del pa&iacute;s en que se eval&uacute;e esta cuesti&oacute;n (8). Los pacientes con depresi&oacute;n no reconocida suelen consultar a medicina general de forma repetida, generando un alto costo al sistema de salud (9).</p>     <p>Por lo anterior, la tamizaci&oacute;n o criba es considerada una medida preventiva cuyo prop&oacute;sito es disminuir las complicaciones de las patolog&iacute;as y la mortalidad y aumentar la calidad de vida (10,11). En la aplicaci&oacute;n de las escalas para tamizaci&oacute;n de la depresi&oacute;n en cuidado primario es importante establecer cu&aacute;l es la utilidad de las mismas en t&eacute;rminos de diagn&oacute;sticos realizados correctamente, tratamientos recibidos y modificaci&oacute;n de los desenlaces de la depresi&oacute;n a partir de consideraciones como la prevalencia de la depresi&oacute;n, el curso de la enfermedad y los desenlaces cr&iacute;ticos como son remisi&oacute;n, recurrencias, conductas suicidas y calidad de vida (12). Otro aspecto para tener en cuenta es que una vez se sospecha la enfermedad a partir del tamizaje y se confirma, se debe tomar la decisi&oacute;n de una intervenci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica que implica tanto beneficios como riesgos para los pacientes que la reciben (13).</p>     <p>En el proceso diagn&oacute;stico es importante apreciar que la depresi&oacute;n cursa, adem&aacute;s de los s&iacute;ntomas vagos, con un conjunto heterog&eacute;neo de s&iacute;ntomas: cognitivos, som&aacute;ticos, conductuales y afectivos. Estos s&iacute;ntomas son susceptibles de valoraci&oacute;n y ordenamiento seg&uacute;n criterios diagn&oacute;sticos operativos, los m&aacute;s utilizados en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica son las clasificaciones CIE 10 y DSM-IV-TR (14). La detecci&oacute;n de la depresi&oacute;n y la estratificaci&oacute;n de su severidad permiten al cl&iacute;nico tomar decisiones en el manejo, definir la necesidad de iniciar el tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico y/o psicoterap&eacute;utico, la remisi&oacute;n a atenci&oacute;n por personal especializado, la indicaci&oacute;n de hospitalizaci&oacute;n, etc&eacute;tera. (15). Otro aspecto relevante es la consideraci&oacute;n de diagn&oacute;sticos diferenciales con otros trastornos mentales y no mentales, ya que no hacerlo puede significar dejar de tratar enfermedades que lo requieren o retardar el inicio del tratamiento antidepresivo (16).</p>     <p>En cuanto a la evaluaci&oacute;n de riesgo suicida, se considera que el suicidio es la principal emergencia para un profesional de la salud mental y es la complicaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s seria de la depresi&oacute;n (17). La conducta suicida es el resultado de un gran n&uacute;mero de factores complejos que se agrupan en diferentes &aacute;reas: demogr&aacute;ficos, psicopatol&oacute;gicos, de la salud, sociales, familiares y econ&oacute;micos. Evaluar el riesgo suicida en el mundo es una tarea compleja y dif&iacute;cil (18). No es posible predecir con alto nivel de precisi&oacute;n qui&eacute;n cometer&aacute; suicidio por esto, algunos investigadores han desarrollado instrumentos de medici&oacute;n para establecer el riesgo de suicidio dada la complejidad del fen&oacute;meno y los retos metodol&oacute;gicos que implican su estudio.</p>      <p><font size="3"><b>Metodolog&iacute;a</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Para la realizaci&oacute;n de la GAI basada en evidencia se utilizaron los pasos propuestos en el documento <i>Gu&iacute;a Metodol&oacute;gica para la elaboraci&oacute;n de Gu&iacute;as de pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica basadas en la evidencia, de evaluaciones econ&oacute;micas y de evaluaci&oacute;n del impacto de la implementaci&oacute;n de las gu&iacute;as en el POS y en la unidad de pago por capitaci&oacute;n del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud colombiano</i>, y se hicieron modificaciones y adaptaciones que se explican en el reporte extenso.</p>     <p>En general, se realizaron los siguientes pasos:</p>     <p>Conformaci&oacute;n de un grupo multidisciplinario para elaborar las gu&iacute;as, con expertos metodol&oacute;gicos y expertos de contenido (acad&eacute;micos de las universidades participantes y especialistas miembros de las sociedades cient&iacute;ficas pertinentes), as&iacute; como representantes de los usuarios y de los pacientes. El grupo se estandariz&oacute; y recibi&oacute; capacitaci&oacute;n b&aacute;sica en la elaboraci&oacute;n de gu&iacute;as, por parte de los expertos metodol&oacute;gicos vinculados al proyecto. El grupo desarrollador de cada gu&iacute;a (fuerza de tarea) estuvo compuesto por un n&uacute;cleo de expertos metodol&oacute;gicos y sus asistentes, y un grupo, m&aacute;s amplio, de expertos de contenido, usuarios y representantes de pacientes. Cada parte llev&oacute; a cabo labores espec&iacute;ficas.</p>     <p>Una vez estandarizado, el grupo refin&oacute; y valid&oacute; las preguntas cl&iacute;nicas objeto de la gu&iacute;a. El n&uacute;cleo de expertos metodol&oacute;gicos hizo revisiones sistem&aacute;ticas de la evidencia disponible y evalu&oacute; las gu&iacute;as pertinentes identificadas en la literatura cient&iacute;fica con el fin de decidir, para cada pregunta, si se adopta con ella alguna recomendaci&oacute;n, o si se actualiza y adapta a una recomendaci&oacute;n ya existente (metodolog&iacute;a ADAPTE modificada), o bien, si se desarrollan recomendaciones <i>de novo</i>. En caso de generar recomendaciones <i>de novo </i>se realiz&oacute; una s&iacute;ntesis de la evidencia, se elaboraron tablas de evidencia y, en conjunto con la fuerza de tarea en pleno, se formularon las recomendaciones basadas en evidencia. Para preguntas cuidadosamente seleccionadas y priorizadas se llev&oacute; a cabo una evaluaci&oacute;n econ&oacute;mica, con la asesor&iacute;a y la participaci&oacute;n de expertos en econom&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica vinculados al equipo, y siguiendo las recomendaciones que hace la <i>Gu&iacute;a Metodol&oacute;gica</i>.</p>     <p>Los resultados de cada etapa (formulaci&oacute;n de preguntas, formulaci&oacute;n de recomendaciones, evaluaci&oacute;n econ&oacute;mica) se sometieron a procesos de socializaci&oacute;n y de legitimaci&oacute;n por parte de los pares y de la comunidad. La gu&iacute;a completa contiene los siguientes productos: documentaci&oacute;n del proceso recomendaciones basadas en evidencia, con sus anexos (incluidas tablas de evidencia) evaluaci&oacute;n econ&oacute;mica (modelo empleado, si se hizo <i>de novo</i> o proceso de adaptaci&oacute;n, si se realiz&oacute;) versi&oacute;n para pacientes y observaciones sobre la <i>Gu&iacute;a Metodol&oacute;gica</i>. Para obtener la metodolog&iacute;a ampliada dirigirse a la p&aacute;gina web del Ministerio de Salud y Protecci&oacute;n Social <a href="http://www.minsalud.gov.co" target="_blank">http://www.minsalud.gov.co</a> y ver <i>Gu&iacute;a Metodol&oacute;gica </i>para la elaboraci&oacute;n de Gu&iacute;as de Atenci&oacute;n Integral en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud colombiano (<a href="#tab1">tabla 1</a>).</p>     <p>Para facilitar la lectura del art&iacute;culo, se utilizar&aacute;n las siguientes convenciones:</p>      <p>    <center><a name="cuad1"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03c1.jpg"></a></center></p>      <p>    <center><a name="tab1"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03t1.jpg"></a></center></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="3"><b>Resultados</b></font></p>      <p>En el art&iacute;culo se emplea el t&eacute;rmino "depresi&oacute;n" para referirse al episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente (CIE-10) o su equivalente episodio depresivo mayor y trastorno depresivo mayor (DSM-IV). No incluye distimia o depresi&oacute;n subcl&iacute;nica.</p>     <p>A continuaci&oacute;n presentamos las recomendaciones de acuerdo con los cap&iacute;tulos de la Gu&iacute;a realizada:</p>      <p><font size="3"><b>Aspecto 1<i>. Tamizaci&oacute;n y detecci&oacute;n temprana del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente del adulto</i></b></font></p>     <p>1. <i>Detecci&oacute;n de factores de riesgo</i></p>     <p>- Cuando eval&uacute;e cualquier paciente adulto en consulta cl&iacute;nica debe considerar que quienes tienen mayor riesgo de presentar un episodio depresivo son: (<b>&#8593&#8593</b>)</p> <ul>    <li>Personas con historia previa de episodio depresivo.</li>     <li>Historia familiar de depresi&oacute;n.</li>     <li>Personas con problemas psicosociales: desempleo, separaci&oacute;n conyugal, eventos vitales estresantes.</li>     <li>Abuso y dependencia de sustancias incluyendo alcohol y cigarrillo.</li>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li>Personas que consultan con frecuencia al sistema de salud.</li>     <li>Personas con enfermedades m&eacute;dicas cr&oacute;nicas especialmente cuando hay compromiso de la funcionalidad (enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, las que involucran dolor cr&oacute;nico y trastornos neurol&oacute;gicos).</li>     <li>Otros trastornos psiqui&aacute;tricos (trastornos de ansiedad, trastornos de personalidad).</li>     <li>&Eacute;pocas de cambios hormonales (embarazo y menopausia).</li>     <li>Historia de intentos de suicidio.</li>     <li>Sedentarismo.</li>    </ul>     <p>2. <i>Tamizaci&oacute;n</i></p>     <p><i>- </i>En caso de encontrar uno o m&aacute;s factores de riesgo en el adulto, enumerados en la recomendaci&oacute;n, debe proceder a realizar las siguientes preguntas espec&iacute;ficas: (<b>&#8593&#8593</b>)</p>      <p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><a name="cuad2"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03c2.jpg"></a></center></p>      <p>- Si la respuesta del paciente a alguna de las dos preguntas de tamizaci&oacute;n fue afirmativa el m&eacute;dico debe confirmar el diagn&oacute;stico de un episodio depresivo &uacute;nico o recurrente. (Ver <a href="#tab2">tablas 2</a> y <a href="#tab3">3</a>).</p> <ul>    <li>En pacientes con dificultades de comunicaci&oacute;n por ejemplo: deficiencias sensoriales o problemas de aprendizaje, haga las preguntas al familiar o cuidador.</li>     <li>Para la confirmaci&oacute;n del diagn&oacute;stico de depresi&oacute;n use los criterios de la clasificaci&oacute;n internacional de enfermedades 10 edici&oacute;n (CIE-10).</li>    </ul>      <p>    <center><a name="tab2"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03t2.jpg"></a></center></p>      <p>3. <i>Confirmaci&oacute;n diagn&oacute;stica y diagn&oacute;stico diferencial</i></p>     <p>El m&eacute;dico debe evaluar si el paciente adulto tiene depresi&oacute;n, usando los criterios de la CIE-10, en caso de que presente uno o m&aacute;s de los siguientes s&iacute;ntomas: (<b>&#8593&#8593</b>- CE</b>)</p> <ul>    <li>S&iacute;ntomas f&iacute;sicos inexplicables.</li>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li>Dolor cr&oacute;nico.</li>     <li>Fatigabilidad.</li>     <li>Insomnio.</li>     <li>Ansiedad.</li>     <li>Uso de sustancias.</li>    </ul>     <p>- En el proceso diagn&oacute;stico de la depresi&oacute;n en el adulto, el cl&iacute;nico debe considerar realizar el diagn&oacute;stico diferencial de enfermedades como: (<b>&#8593&#8593</b><b>- CE</b>)</p> <ul>    <li>Demencias.</li>     <li>Hipotiroidismo-hipertirodismo.</li>     <li>C&aacute;ncer de p&aacute;ncreas.</li>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li>Enfermedad de Addison.</li>     <li>Tumores cerebrales.</li>     <li>Avitaminosis.</li>     <li>Desnutrici&oacute;n.</li>     <li>Fibromialgia.</li>     <li>S&iacute;ndrome de fatiga cr&oacute;nica.</li>     <li>Trastorno afectivo bipolar.</li>     <li>Abuso de sustancias.</li>     <li>Trastornos de adaptaci&oacute;n o ajuste.</li>    </ul>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>- Ante los s&iacute;ntomas f&iacute;sicos inexplicables, dolor cr&oacute;nico y fatigabilidad el m&eacute;dico debe haber descartado previamente otras condiciones m&eacute;dicas que los puedan producir.</p>     <p>- El m&eacute;dico debe tener en cuenta que la presencia de las enfermedades o trastornos que cursan con s&iacute;ntomas depresivos no excluyen la posibilidad de que exista un episodio depresivo concurrente.</p>     <p>- Si el paciente tiene un episodio depresivo o un trastorno depresivo recurrente, el m&eacute;dico debe clasificar la severidad de la depresi&oacute;n de acuerdo con los criterios de severidad de la CIE-10 en leve, moderada o grave.</p>      <p>    <center><a name="tab3"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03t3.jpg"></a></center></p>      <p><font size="3"><b>Aspecto 2. <i>Detecci&oacute;n de factores que incrementan el riesgo de suicidio en adultos con episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente</i></b></font></p>     <p>4. <i>Evaluaci&oacute;n de riesgo de suicidio</i></p>     <p>- El profesional de la salud debe evaluar el riesgo suicida a todo paciente adulto con diagn&oacute;stico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente. En caso de encontrar que el paciente hizo un intento de suicidio o existe un riesgo de suicidio debe referir al paciente para atenci&oacute;n psiqui&aacute;trica inmediata. (<b>&#8593&#8593</b>- CE</b>)</p>     <p>En la evaluaci&oacute;n del riesgo suicida el profesional de la salud debe preguntar acerca de ideas, planes, gestos e intentos de suicidio o comportamientos de autoagresi&oacute;n, empleando las siguientes 6 preguntas: (<b>&#8593&#8593</b>- CE</b>)</p>     <p>Actualmente usted:</p> <ol>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li>&iquest;Siente que vale la pena vivir?</li>     <li>&iquest;Desea estar muerto?</li>     <li>&iquest;Ha pensado en acabar con su vida?</li>     <li>Si es as&iacute;, ha pensado &iquest;c&oacute;mo lo har&iacute;a? &iquest;qu&eacute; m&eacute;todo utilizar&iacute;a?</li>     <li>&iquest;Tiene usted acceso a una forma de llevar a cabo su plan? En este punto explore si el paciente tiene a su alcance medios para concretar un acto suicida como: posesi&oacute;n de armas, disponibilidad de medicamentos o sustancias de alta toxicidad.</li>     <li>&iquest;Qu&eacute; le impide hacerse da&ntilde;o?</li>    </ol>     <p>- En todo paciente adulto con diagn&oacute;stico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente explore los siguientes factores (ver <a href="#tab4">tabla 4</a>) que aumentan el riesgo de suicidio, independientemente de las respuestas a las preguntas planteadas en la recomendaci&oacute;n previa (<b>&#8593&#8593</b>).</p> -  No se recomienda el uso de escalas que valoran el riesgo de suicidio. (<b>&#8595;&#8595;</b>)</p> <ul>    <li>Debe explicar al familiar o cuidador el riesgo existente. </li>    </ul>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>    <center><a name="fig1"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03g1.jpg"></a></center></p>     <p>    <center><a name="tab4"><img src="img/revistas/rcp/v41n4/v41n4a03t4.jpg"></a></center></p>  <hr>      <p><font size="3"><b>Agradecimientos</b></font></p>     <p>Al Ministerio de Salud y Protecci&oacute;n Social y al Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog&iacute;a e Innovaci&oacute;n (Colciencias), por el financiamiento para el desarrollo de la gu&iacute;a mediante Contrato 126 de 2010 suscrito con la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Al personal de soporte administrativo para el desarrollo de la gu&iacute;a.</p> <hr>     <p><font size="3"><b>Referencias Citadas</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p>1. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4<sup>th</sup> Ed. 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BMC Family Practice. 2008;9:1.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000152&pid=S0034-7450201200040000300007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <!-- ref --><p>8. Goto F, Tsutsumi T, Oishi N, et al. Hidden depression in otolaryngology patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;34:206-8.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000154&pid=S0034-7450201200040000300008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <!-- ref --><p>9. Sugahara H, Akamine M, Kondo T, et al. Somatic symptoms most often associated with depression in an urban hospital medical setting in Japan. Psychiatry Res. 2004;126:151-8.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000156&pid=S0034-7450201200040000300009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <!-- ref --><p>10. Delgado Rodr&iacute;guez M. Cap&iacute;tulo 1. Aspectos Generales del Cribado. En: Cerd&aacute; Mota T, Ascunce Elizaga N, Garc&iacute;a Garc&iacute;a A. Implantaci&oacute;n y evaluaci&oacute;n de programas poblacionales de cribado.3&ordf; Monograf&iacute;a de la Sociedad Espa&ntilde;ola de Epidemiolog&iacute;a. 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