Determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50) of mycoinsecticides for the control of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Determinación de la concentración letal media (CL50) de micoinsecticidas para el control de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
FLÁVIA QUEIROZ DE OLIVEIRA1, JACINTO DE LUNA BATISTA2, JOSÉ BRUNO MALAQUIAS3, DALVA MARIA ALMEIDA4 and ROBÉRIO DE OLIVEIRA5
1 M. Sc. Student in Environmental Science & Technology of Universidade Estadual da Paraiba (UEPB), Brazil. Bodocongó, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. Cep.: 58.100-001. flavinha2010@ibest.com.br. Corresponding autor.
2 Ph. D. Professor of Entomology of Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). Departamento de Fitotecnica, campus II/Areia-PB. Paraíba, Brazil. Cep.: 58397-000. jacinto@cca.ufpb.br.
3 M. Sc. Student in Entomology of Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (Esalq)/Universidade São Paulo (USP), Brazil. Rua Santos Dumont, Vila Independência, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Cep.: 13418-120. jbmalaquias@ig.com.br. Corresponding author.
4 Agronomy Student (UFPB). Departamento de Fitotecnica, campus II/Areia-PB. Paraíba, Brazil. Cep.: 58397-000. dalvaalmeida@hotmail.com.
]]> 5 M. Sc. Student in Agronomy (UFPB). Departamento de Fitotecnica, campus II/Areia-PB. Paraíba, Brazil. Cep.: 58397-000. roberio_b19@yahoo.com.br.Recibido: 26-ene-2010 • Aceptado: 26-ago-2010
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the commercial products Boveril WP® (Beauveria bassiana) and Metarril WP® (Metarhizium anisopliae) on the larvae and pupae of the fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Insects used in this study came from a laboratory colony. The evaluated product concentrations were 10.00, 15.00, 20.00 and 25.00 g/L of water, which correspond, respectively, to 5.00x109, 7.50x109, 10.00x109 and 12.50x109 viable conidia/L of water for the two products, and in the control only water was applied. Third instar larvae and pupae of C. capitata were used in this study. Results showed an overall mortality of larvae with all conidial concentrations of M. anisopliae. The LC50 values for larvae were 2.99 and 2.97 g/L for Boveril® and Metarril®, respectively, while for pupae they were 3.12 and 4.74 g/L for Boveril® and Metarril®, respectively. The high pathogenicity demonstrated by lower conidial concentrations of the tested products may mean greater efficiency from both economic and environmental points of view.
Key words: Mycoinsecticides. Mediterranean fruit fly.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concentración letal media (CL50) de los productos comerciales Boveril WP® (Beauveria bassiana) y Metarril WP® (Metarhizium anisopliae) para el control de larvas y pupas de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta, Ceratitis capitata. Los insectos utilizados en el experimento provinieron de una cría de laboratorio. Las concentraciones de los productos evaluados fueron: 10,00; 15,00; 20,00 y 25,00 g/L de agua, lo que corresponde, respectivamente, a 5,00x109; 7,50x109; 10,00x109; 12,50x109 conidias viables/L de agua para los dos productos; en el control sólo se aplicó agua. Se usaron larvas de tercer estadio y pupas de C. capitata. Se registró la mortalidad general de las larvas de tercer instar en todas las concentraciones de conidios de M. anisopliae. Los valores de CL50 para las larvas fueron 2,99 y 2,97 g/L para Boveril® y Metarril®, respectivamente, mientras que para las pupas fueron 3,12 y 4,74 g/L para Boveril® y Metarril®, respectivamente. La alta patogenicidad demostrada en una baja concentración de conidios de los productos probados, indica una mejor eficiencia desde el punto de vista económico y ambiental.
Palabras clave: Micoinsecticidas. Mosca mediterránea de la fruta.
Introduction
The fruit cultivation has stood out as an excellent agricultural activity in the irrigated areas from northeastern Brazil. The fruit cultivation for export has shown promise, but the occurrence of fruit flies is one of the limiting factors for achieving success in this activity (Carvalho and Nascimento 2002), in addition, it has been verified a growing increase in the frequency of these insects, as a result of the natural dispersion processes or the unintentional transport of infested fruit from one region to another.
The mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is considered cosmopolitan, infesting more than 250 host plant species widely distributed in South America (Gallo et al. 2002). The indiscriminate use of pesticides to control fruit flies causes a serious ecological imbalance and triggers the emergence of other pest populations by eliminating natural enemies, and lead to human and environmental infection. The biological control of fruit flies interacts with a set of integrated management strategies meeting the demands of consumer markets (Oliveira 2010). Biological control can serve as a tool available to the producer to control this pest, resulting in fruit with lower levels of pesticide residues and lesser impact on the environment (Oliveira et al. 2010a).
The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok. are well-known and being used worldwide as biocontrol agents of many agricultural pests, they have potential to control several insects of different orders (Bridge et al. 1990; Alves 1992; Pereira et al. 1993; Silva 2001). The use of entomopathogenic fungi for pest control can be alternative candidates to solve the problems of resistance (Omoto et al. 1994). The microbial control of fruit flies can be a process that can partially replace other control methods in integrated management programs for these insects, especially the use of agrochemicals, presenting economic and environmental advantages for tropical fruit (Oliveira et al. 2010b).
]]> Information about effects of different concentrations of commercial products produced by these entomophatogenic micro-organisms in the mortality of immature stages of Tephritidae are still very incipient, this way, this study aims at determining the mean lethal concentration (LC50) of the fungal commercial products Boveril WP® (Beauveria bassiana) and Metarril WP® (Metarhizium anisopliae), on the larvae and pupae of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a first step towards effective mycoinsecticidal control of this destructive pest.Materials and Methods
Insects. The research was carried out in the Entomology Laboratory of the Plant Department, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB/CCA, Areia-PB. The C. capitata fruit flies were obtained from the Entomology Laboratory rearing from CCA-UPFB, Areia-PB. The larvae were fed with artificial diet consisting of beer yeast (120 g), raw carrot (600 g) and Nipagin (5 g). Adult flies were kept in cages and fed daily with a solution of 25% honey in water, provided in cotton placed on top of the cage (50x50x60 cm) during the oviposition period. All stages were kept at 25 ± 2°C, 12 h of photophase and relative humidity of 80 ± 10%.
Bioassay. In this study, the commercial fungal products used were for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, (Boveril WP® and Metarril WP® respectively) (ITAFORTE Bioproducts Company, Brazil). The concentrations used were 10.00, 15.00, 20.00 and 25.00 g/L of water, which is equivalent to a minimum of 5.00x109; 7.50x109; 10.00x109 and 12.50x109 viable conidia/L of water from each product, and de H2O was used for control (0.0 g/L of water). The viability of isolated evidence of pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated according to the method described by França et al. (2006). In the viability test two Petri dishes containing PDA (potato dextrose agar) as culture media were used, incubated in BOD at 25 ± 2°C, 12 h of photophase and relative humidity of 80 ± 10% for 24 hours, later to perform readings in a light microscope by determining the percentage of germinated and not germinated. To test the pathogenicity and virulence of the isolates used in this study, there was a bioassay spraying a suspension of 5.00x109 conidia/L, 25 larvae of C. capitata first instar for each species of fungus, these larvae were used because are highly susceptible to entomopathogenic stage and due to its ease of laboratory rearing (Oliveira 2010; Oliveira et al. 2010b).
Larvae were kept on artificial diet in Petri dishes, while pupae were subjected to substrate containing washed sand. Fungal suspensions of each concentration from either fungal product were topically applied with the deposition of 5 μl of the suspensions of the fungi on the whole larvae or pupae using micro-spray, later the insects were transferred to Petri dishes lined with filter paper, at 25 ± 2°C, 12 h of photophase and relative humidity of 80 ± 10%. To ensure fungal effect, mortality of treated larvae or pupae was verified eight days post-fungal application in each concentration of either fungi. The mortality was confirmed by sporulation. Mortality was then calculated and compared to a control (un-treated) group using the suitable statistical analysis.
Statistical analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized for five replicates (20 insects each) (larvae or pupae) for each concentration from each fungus. However mortality data (%), presented in the figure, were corrected by Abbott’s formula Ma = (Mt-Mc)/(100-Mc)x100, where Ma = mortality corrected for control treatment; Mt = mortality observed in dealing with the mycoinsecticides and Mc = mortality observed in the control treatment (Abbott 1925). Data were analyzed by probit analysis (Finney 1971) (SAS Institute Inc. 2003), and significance was assessed by the degree of overlap of 95% CL, i.e.
Results and Discussion
The entomopathogenic fungi have affected the mortality of C. capitata. A high mortality of larvae and pupae at all concentrations of conidia of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana was recorded (Fig. 1). None of the concentrations of conidia of both products adopted in this study provided a lower mortality LC50 (Fig. 1, Table 1).
The values of LC50 for larvae were 2.99 g/L and 2.97 g/L products Boveril® and Metarril®, respectively, while the pupae were 3.12 g/L and 4.74 g/L products Boveril® and Metarril ®, respectively (Table 1). The lower concentrations needed to obtain the LC50 for larvae perhaps are associated with an increased exposure route of infection, in case, coat and digestive tract of the insect fungal spores contained in the fungal solution.The results shown in this study are similar to those reported by Loureiro and Moino Jr. (2006) about the total mortality caused by B. bassiana in aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) and to these of Almeida et al. (2007) on Brevicoryne brassicae (L., 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphidae). In fact, we reported in this study high levels of mortality in all concentrations applied both for specimens that received conidia of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae (Fig.1). The value found by Loureiro and Moino Jr. (2006) of LC50 of Boveril® (B. bassiana) in aphids was 0.233 g/L.
]]> Entomopathogenic fungi can be used in programs to control C. capitata through the application in the soil against their larvae and pupae, offering great advantages because it allows the multiplication of pathogens in agroecosystems. Mochi et al. (2006) found that the application of conidial suspension of M. anisopliae on the soil surface has provided a decrease in the survival of the pupal and adult phase of C. capitata. According to Onofre et al. (2002) this is a promising alternative for controlling fruit flies, as they are known to be pathogenic to Diptera like African fly tsé-tsé Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1851 (Diptera: Glossinidae) (Kaaya and Munyinyi 1995), C. capitata (Castillo et al. 2000; Ekesi et al. 2002; Dimbi et al. 2003; Alves et al. 2004; Mochi et al. 2006) and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) (Steinkraus et al. 1990).The results of this study encourage the use of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae as a further measure of C. capitata control, because the larvae present in infested fruits lying on the ground represent a great advantage in the multiplication of entomopathogenic microorganisms and in preventing the spread of these insects in the field. Results obtained by Reys (2003) on the effect of the M. anisopliae on the larvae of Mexican fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew, 1873) (Diptera: Tephritidae), revealed high levels of pathogenicity of the M. anisopliae to larvae of this insect pest. Quesada-Moraga et al. (2006) observed lethal suspensions of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in C. capitata, causing mortality in adult C. capitata, ranging from 30 to 100%. Dimbi et al. (2003), reported an overall mortality of adult C. capitata, C. rosa variety fasciventris Karsch and C. cosyra (Walker, 1849) (Diptera: Tephritidae) submitted applications with low concentrations of conidia of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae.
The high pathogenicity levels demonstrated in lower conidial concentrations of the tested products, means a better efficiency from the point of economy and environment. The alternate application of spray products mycoinsecticides increases the possibility of success, because the entomopathogenic fungi are more susceptible to the action of adverse environmental factors such as high temperature, low humidity and high incidence of UV that can occur after each spraying, thus jeopardizing its survival in the environment (Ignoffo 1992; Grijalba et al. 2009). Moreover the efficiency spraying as it allows lower costs to the products and also through the use of low conidia concentrations of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can enhance the selectivity of these organisms to the complex of natural enemies involved in agroecosystems.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Brazilian agency Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for support. They also express their appreciation to two anonymous experts for reviews of the manuscript.
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