<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-1751</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Estadística]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Estad.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-1751</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Estadística - Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-17512007000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Modelo de Markov de tres estados: comparación de parametrizaciones de la tasa de intensidad de transición. Aplicación a datos de artritis reumatoidea]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Three state Markov model: comparing three parameterizations of the transition intensity rate. Application to rheumatoid arthritis data]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SALAZAR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JUAN CARLOS]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PALOMINO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RENÉ IRAL]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CALVO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ENRIQUE]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROJAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ADRIANA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HINCAPIÉ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MARÍA EUGENIA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ANAYA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JUAN MANUEL]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DÍAZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FRANCISCO JAVIER]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  Escuela de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  Escuela de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Medicina Departamento Imágenes Diagnósticas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  Escuela de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>229</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-17512007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-17512007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-17512007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se considera un modelo múltiple de tres estados donde uno de ellos es absorbente. Se asume que la dependencia entre las observaciones registradas para un mismo sujeto sigue un proceso de Markov. Se comparan, vía simulación, tres diferentes parametrizaciones de la tasa de intensidad de transición: la primera está basada en el modelo de hazard multiplicativo de Andersen-Gill (Andersen et al. 1993), la segunda, en el modelo logístico, y la tercera depende del modelo log-log complementario. El método de estimación de parámetros se basa en la función de verosimilitud la cual se optimiza usando las soluciones exactas de un sistema de ecuaciones de Kolmogorov hacia adelante junto con el algoritmo de Newton-Raphson (Abramowitz & Stegun 1972). Usando el sesgo relativo, se selecciona el mejor método de parametrización y se ilustra usando datos recopilados en la Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, acerca de pacientes con artritis reumatoidea.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We consider a three state model with an absorbing state assuming an underlying Markov process to explain the dependence among observations within subjects. We compare, using a simulation study, three different parameterizations of the transition intensity rate: the first one is based on the Andersen-Gills multiplicative hazard model (Andersen et al. 1993), the second one is based on the logistic model, and the third one depends on the complementary log-log model. The method to estimate the effect of the parameters is based on the likelihood function which can be optimized using the exact solutions of a Kolmogorov forward differential equations system in conjunction with the Newton-Raphson algorithm (Abramowitz & Stegun 1972). We use the relative bias to select the best estimation estrategy. The methodology is ilustrated using longitudinal data about rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[procesos estocásticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tasas de intensidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[datos longitudinales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[artritis reumatoidea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stochastic processes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Intensity rates]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Longitudinal data]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="verdana">      <p> <b> <font size="4">     <center> Modelo de Markov de tres estados: comparaci&oacute;n de parametrizaciones de la tasa de intensidad de transici&oacute;n. Aplicaci&oacute;n a datos de artritis reumatoidea </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p> <b> <font size="3">     <center> Three state Markov model: comparing three parameterizations of the transition intensity rate. Application to rheumatoid arthritis data </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p>     <center> JUAN CARLOS SALAZAR<sup>1</sup>,  REN&Eacute; IRAL PALOMINO<sup>2</sup>,  ENRIQUE CALVO<sup>3</sup>,  ADRIANA ROJAS<sup>4</sup>,  MAR&Iacute;A EUGENIA HINCAPI&Eacute;<sup>5</sup>,  JUAN MANUEL ANAYA<sup>6</sup>,  FRANCISCO JAVIER D&Iacute;AZ<sup>7</sup> </center> </p>      <p> <sup>1</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Escuela de Estad&iacute;stica, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Profesor asistente. Email: <a href="mailto:jcsalaza@unalmed.edu.co">jcsalaza@unalmed.edu.co</a>     <br>  <sup>2</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Escuela de Estad&iacute;stica, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Profesor asociado. Email: <a href="mailto:riral@unalmed.edu.co">riral@unalmed.edu.co</a>     <br>  <sup>3</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento Im&aacute;genes Diagn&oacute;sticas, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. Profesor asociado. Email: <a href="mailto:ecalvopa@yahoo.com">ecalvopa@yahoo.com</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>  <sup>4</sup>Corporaci&oacute;n para Investigaciones Biol&oacute;gicas, CIB, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. M&eacute;dica reumat&oacute;loga. Email: <a href="mailto:arojas@cib.org.co">arojas@cib.org.co</a>     <br>  <sup>5</sup>Corporaci&oacute;n para Investigaciones Biol&oacute;gicas, CIB, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Investigadora asistente. Email: <a href="mailto:mehincapie@cib.org.co">mehincapie@cib.org.co</a>     <br>  <sup>6</sup>Corporaci&oacute;n para Investigaciones Biol&oacute;gicas, CIB, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Universidad del Rosario, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. Cl&iacute;nica Universitaria Bolivariana, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Profesor adjunto. Email: <a href="mailto:janaya@cib.org.co">janaya@cib.org.co</a>     <br>  <sup>7</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Escuela de Estad&iacute;stica, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Profesor asociado. Email: <a href="mailto:fjdiaz@unalmed.edu.co">fjdiaz@unalmed.edu.co</a>     <br> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     <center> Resumen </center> </b> </p>      <p> Se considera un modelo m&uacute;ltiple de tres estados donde uno de ellos es absorbente. Se asume que la dependencia entre las observaciones registradas para un mismo sujeto sigue un proceso de Markov. Se comparan, v&iacute;a simulaci&oacute;n, tres diferentes parametrizaciones de la tasa de intensidad de transici&oacute;n: la primera est&aacute; basada en el modelo de <em>hazard</em> multiplicativo de Andersen-Gill (Andersen et al. 1993), la segunda, en el modelo log&iacute;stico, y la tercera depende del modelo log-log complementario. El m&eacute;todo de estimaci&oacute;n de par&aacute;metros se basa en la funci&oacute;n de verosimilitud la cual se optimiza usando las soluciones exactas de un sistema de ecuaciones de Kolmogorov hacia adelante junto con el algoritmo de Newton-Raphson (Abramowitz & Stegun 1972). Usando el sesgo relativo, se selecciona el mejor m&eacute;todo de parametrizaci&oacute;n y se ilustra usando datos recopilados en la Corporaci&oacute;n para Investigaciones Biol&oacute;gicas, CIB, acerca de pacientes con artritis reumatoidea. </p>      <p> <b> Palabras clave: </b> procesos estoc&aacute;sticos, tasas de intensidad, datos longitudinales, artritis reumatoidea. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center> Abstract </center> </b> </p>      <p> We consider a three state model with an absorbing state assuming an underlying Markov process to explain the dependence among observations within subjects. We compare, using a simulation study, three different parameterizations of the transition intensity rate: the first one is based on the Andersen-Gills multiplicative hazard model (Andersen et al. 1993), the second one is based on the logistic model, and the third one depends on the complementary log-log model. The method to estimate the effect of the parameters is based on the likelihood function which can be optimized using the exact solutions of a Kolmogorov forward differential equations system in conjunction with the Newton-Raphson algorithm (Abramowitz & Stegun 1972). We use the relative bias to select the best estimation estrategy. The methodology is ilustrated using longitudinal data about rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the Corporaci&oacute;n para Investigaciones Biol&oacute;gicas, CIB. </p>      <p> <b> Key words: </b> Stochastic processes, Intensity rates, Longitudinal data, Rheumatoid Arthritis. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> Texto completo disponible en <a href="pdf/rce/v30n2/v30n2a05.pdf">PDF</a> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b> <font size="3"> Referencias </font> </b> </p>       <!-- ref --><p> 1. Abramowitz, M. & Stegun, I. A. (1972), <i>Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables</i>, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000028&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 2. Aitkin, M. & Alf&oacute;, M. (1998), &#39;Regression Models for Binary Longitudinal Responses&#39;, <i>Statistics and Computing</i> <b>8</b>, 289-307. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000029&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 3. Anaya, J. M., Pineda, R., G&oacute;mez, L. M., Galarza, C., Rojas, A. & Mart&iacute;n, J. (2006), <i>Artritis reumatoide: bases moleculares, cl&iacute;nicas y terap&eacute;uticas</i>, CIB, Universidad del Rosario, FUNPAR, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000030&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 4. Andersen, P. K., Borgan, O., Gill, R. D. & Keiding, N. (1993), <i>Statistical Models Based on Counting Processes</i>, Springer-Verlag, New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000031&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 5. Bhat, U. N. (1994), <i>Elements of Applied Stochastic Processes</i>, second edn, Wiley, New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000032&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 6. Delgado, A. M., Mart&iacute;n, J., Granados, J. & Anaya, J. M. (2006), &#39;Epidemiolog&iacute;a gen&eacute;tica de la artritis reumatoide: ¿Qu&eacute; esperar en Am&eacute;rica Latina?&#39;, <i>Biom&eacute;dica</i> <b>26</b>, 562-584. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000033&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 7. Diggle, P., Heagerty, P., Liang, K. Y. & Zeger, S. (2002), <i>Analysis of Longitudinal Data</i>, Oxford Statistical Science Series 25, second edn, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000034&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 8. Frydman, H. (1995), &#39;Semiparametric Estimation in a Three-State Duration Dependent Markov Model from Interval-Censored Observations with Application to Aids Data&#39;, <i>Biometrics</i> <b>51</b>, 502-511. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000035&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 9. Gao, S. (2004), &#39;A Shared Random Effect Parameter Approach for Longitudinal Dementia Data with Non-Ignorable Missing Data&#39;, <i>Statistics in Medicine</i> <b>23</b>, 211-219. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000036&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 10. Harezlak, J., Gao, S. & L., H. S. (2003), &#39;An Illness-death Scholastic Model in the Analysis of Longitudinal Dementia Data&#39;, <i>Statistics in Medicine</i> <b>22</b>, 1465-1475. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000037&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 11. Hendrie, H. C., Ogunniyi, A., Hall, K. S., Baiyewu, O., Unverzagt, F. W. & Gureje, O. (2001), &#39;Incidence of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease in 2 Communities: Yoruba Residing in Ibadan, Nigeria, and African Americans Residing in Indianapolis&#39;, <i>JAMA</i> <b>285</b>(6), 739-747. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000038&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 12. Iral, R. & Salazar, J. C. (2006), Efecto de las covariables en la estimaci&oacute;n de intervalos de confianza para las tasas de transici&oacute;n en un modelo de Markov de tres estados, &#39;Memorias XVI Simposio de Estad&iacute;stica 2006: Estad&iacute;stica en la Industria. III encuentro Colombia-Venezuela de Estad&iacute;stica&#39;, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000039&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 13. Jacquez, J. A. (1972), <i>Compartmental Analysis in Biology and Medicine: Kinetics of Distribution of Tracer-Labeled Materials</i>, Elsevier Pub. Co., Amsterdam, Nederland. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000040&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 14. Joly, P. & Commenges, D. (1999), &#39;A Penalized Likelihood Approach for a Progressive Three-State Model with Censored and Truncated Data: Application to AIDS&#39;, <i>Biometrics</i> <b>55</b>, 887-890. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000041&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 15. Kalbfleish, J. D., Lawless, J. F. & Vollmer, W. M. (1983), &#39;Estimation in Markov Models from Aggregate Data&#39;, <i>Biometrics</i> <b>39</b>, 907-919. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000042&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 16. Kay, R. (1986), &#39;A Markov Model for Analyzing Cancer Markers and Disease States in Survival Studies&#39;, <i>Biometrics</i> <b>42</b>(4), 855-865. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000043&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 17. Marshall, G., Guo, W. & Jones, R. H. (1995), &#39;MARKOV: A Computer Program for Multi-State Markov Models with Covariables&#39;, <i>Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine</i> <b>47</b>, 147-156. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000044&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 18. SAS Institute Inc, (1990), <i>SAS/IML Software: Usage and Reference</i>, Version 6, 1st edn, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000045&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 19. Salazar, J. C., Schmitt, F. A., Yu, L., Mendiondo, M. & Kryscio, R. J. (2007), &#39;Shared Random Effects Analysis of Multi-State Markov Models: Application to a Longitudinal Study of Transitions to Dementia&#39;, <i>Statist. Med.</i> <b>26</b>, 568-580. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000046&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 20. Ten, T. R., Miller, M. E., Reboussin, B. A. & James, M. K. (2000), &#39;Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Models for Longitudinal Ordinal Functional Response Data with Multiple-Cause Drop-Out from the Longitudinal Study of Aging&#39;, <i>Biometrics</i> <b>56</b>, 279-287. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000047&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 21. Van der Heijde, D. (1999), &#39;How to Read Radiographs According to the Sharp/Van Der Heijde Method&#39;, <i>J Rheumatol</i> <b>26</b>, 743-745. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000048&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 22. Woodward, M. (1999), <i>Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis</i>, Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, United Sates. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000049&pid=S0120-1751200700020000500022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p> Este art&iacute;culo se puede citar en <i>LaTeX</i> utilizando la siguiente referencia bibliogr&aacute;fica de <i>BibTeX</i>: </p> <code><font size="2">@ARTICLE{SalazarPalominoCalvoRojasHincapi&eacute;AnayaD&iacute;az07,    <br> AUTHOR = 	 {Juan Carlos Salazar and Ren&eacute; Iral Palomino and Enrique Calvo and Adriana Rojas and Mar&iacute;a Eugenia Hincapi&eacute; and Juan Manuel Anaya and Francisco Javier D&iacute;az}    <br> TITLE = 	 {{Modelo de Markov de tres estados: comparaci&oacute;n de parametrizaciones de la tasa de intensidad de transici&oacute;n. Aplicaci&oacute;n a datos de artritis reumatoidea}},    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> JOURNAL = 	 {Revista Colombiana de Estad&iacute;stica},    <br> YEAR =		 {2007},    <br> volume =	 {30},    <br> number =	 {2},    <br> pages =		 {213-229}    <br> }</font></code>  <hr size="1"> </font>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abramowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stegun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dover Publications, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aitkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alfó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`Regression Models for Binary Longitudinal Responses´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Statistics and Computing]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>289-307</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galarza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Artritis reumatoide: bases moleculares, clínicas y terapéuticas]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIB, Universidad del Rosario, FUNPAR]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keiding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical Models Based on Counting Processes]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Elements of Applied Stochastic Processes]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<edition>second</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granados]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[`Epidemiología genética de la artritis reumatoide: ¿Qué esperar en América Latina?´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>562-584</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diggle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heagerty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analysis of Longitudinal Data]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<edition>second</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frydman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`Semiparametric Estimation in a Three-State Duration Dependent Markov Model from Interval-Censored Observations with Application to Aids Data´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrics]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>502-511</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`A Shared Random Effect Parameter Approach for Longitudinal Dementia Data with Non-Ignorable Missing Data´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Statistics in Medicine]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>211-219</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harezlak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`An Illness-death Scholastic Model in the Analysis of Longitudinal Dementia Data´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Statistics in Medicine]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>1465-1475</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendrie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogunniyi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baiyewu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Unverzagt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gureje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`Incidence of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease in 2 Communities: Yoruba Residing in Ibadan, Nigeria, and African Americans Residing in Indianapolis´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>285</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>739-747</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto de las covariables en la estimación de intervalos de confianza para las tasas de transición en un modelo de Markov de tres estados]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[`Memorias XVI Simposio de Estadística 2006: Estadística en la Industria. III encuentro Colombia-Venezuela de Estadística´]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Compartmental Analysis in Biology and Medicine: Kinetics of Distribution of Tracer-Labeled Materials]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier Pub. Co.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Commenges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`A Penalized Likelihood Approach for a Progressive Three-State Model with Censored and Truncated Data: Application to AIDS´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>887-890</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalbfleish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawless]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vollmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`Estimation in Markov Models from Aggregate Data´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrics]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>907-919</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`A Markov Model for Analyzing Cancer Markers and Disease States in Survival Studies´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrics]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>855-865</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`MARKOV: A Computer Program for Multi-State Markov Models with Covariables´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>147-156</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SAS Institute Inc]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[SAS/IML Software: Usage and Reference]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<edition>1st</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendiondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kryscio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`Shared Random Effects Analysis of Multi-State Markov Models: Application to a Longitudinal Study of Transitions to Dementia´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Statist. Med.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>568-580</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reboussin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Models for Longitudinal Ordinal Functional Response Data with Multiple-Cause Drop-Out from the Longitudinal Study of Aging´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>279-287</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van der Heijde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`How to Read Radiographs According to the Sharp/Van Der Heijde Method´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Rheumatol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>743-745</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chapman and Hall/CRC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
