<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-1751</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Estadística]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Estad.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-1751</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Estadística - Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-17512008000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de la tendencia y la estacionalidad de la precipitación mensual en Venezuela]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Trend and Seasonality Assessment for Monthly Precipitation in Venezuela]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GUENNI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LELYS]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DEGRYZE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EDGARD]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVARADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KATIUSKA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar  Departamento de Cómputo Científico y Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar  Centro de Estadística y Software Matemático]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar  Centro de Estadística y Software Matemático]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>15</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>65</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-17512008000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-17512008000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-17512008000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este artículo se analizan los datos de 113 estaciones de precipitación mensual disponibles para años recientes en Venezuela. Los datos provienen de la red de estaciones climáticas de la Corporación Venezolana de Guayana-Electrificación del Caroní (CVG-EDELCA), la Fuerza Aérea Venezolana (FAV) y el Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales (MARN). Se hace un análisis de homogeneidad utilizando la prueba de Alexandersson (Alexandersson 1986) para determinar si existen estaciones con cambios importantes en la media de la serie que no forman parte de la variabilidad climática interanual. Se ajustan modelos lineales con componente de tendencia, estacionalidad y errores autorregresivos utilizando el método de mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Se comparan distintos modelos para determinar si el componente de tendencia debe o no debe ser incluido en el modelo así como la representación del componente estacional con uno o dos armónicos, para describir el comportamiento unimodal o bimodal de la precipitación a lo largo del año. Se utiliza el criterio de información bayesiana (CIB) para la selección de los modelos propuestos. Los valores de tendencia estimados y la significancia del componente de tendencia son representados espacialmente. Se encuentra que la zona norte costera y la mayor parte de la región andina presentan una tendencia negativa en la precipitación. Por el contrario, la zona sureste del estado Bolívar presenta una tendencia positiva. Sin embargo, el componente de tendencia no es significativo para la mayoría de las estaciones. Además, el patrón estacional está mejor representado por un modelo con dos armónicos, dadas las características estacionales de las estaciones analizadas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[This paper analyzes data from 113 Venezuelan monthly precipitation stations for recent years. The data come from the climatic network from the Venezuelan Guayana Coorporation- Caroni Electrification (CVG-EDELCA), the Venezuelan Air Force (FAV), and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN). An homogeneity test is carried out by using Alexanderssons test (Alexandersson 1986) to detect locations with important changes in the mean, which are not part of the natural climate variability. Linear models with a trend component, a seasonal component and autoregressive errors are fitted by using Generalized Least Squares. Different models are compared to determine whether the trend component should be included within the model, as well as the seasonal component with one or two harmonics, depending on whether the precipitation presents a single or two modes along the year. The Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) is used for model selection. The estimated trend values and the significance of the trend component are spatially represented. It is found that in the northern coastal region and most of the Andean region precipitation trends are negative. On the contrary, southeast of Bolívar state presents a positive trend. However, the model trend component is not significant for most locations. Moreover, the seasonal pattern is best represented with a model with two harmonics, given the seasonal characteristics of the analyzed locations.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[precipitación mensual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tendencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estacionalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[selección de modelos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[series de tiempo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Monthly precipitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trend]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Seasonality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Selection of models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Time series]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="verdana">      <p> <b> <font size="4">     <center> An&aacute;lisis de la tendencia y la estacionalidad de la precipitaci&oacute;n mensual en Venezuela </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p> <b> <font size="3">     <center> Trend and Seasonality Assessment for Monthly Precipitation in Venezuela </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p>     <center> LELYS GUENNI<sup>1</sup>,  EDGARD DEGRYZE<sup>2</sup>,  KATIUSKA ALVARADO<sup>3</sup> </center> </p>      <p> <sup>1</sup>Universidad Sim&oacute;n Bol&iacute;var, Departamento de C&oacute;mputo Cient&iacute;fico y Estad&iacute;stica, Caracas, Venezuela. Profesor titular. Email: <a href="mailto:lbravo@cesma.usb.ve">lbravo@cesma.usb.ve</a>     <br>  <sup>2</sup>Universidad Sim&oacute;n Bol&iacute;var, Centro de Estad&iacute;stica y Software Matem&aacute;tico, Caracas, Venezuela. Asistente de investigaci&oacute;n. Email: <a href="mailto:edgardegryze@cesma.usb.ve">edgardegryze@cesma.usb.ve</a>     <br>  <sup>3</sup>Universidad Sim&oacute;n Bol&iacute;var, Centro de Estad&iacute;stica y Software Matem&aacute;tico, Caracas, Venezuela. Estudiante de maestr&iacute;a. Email: <a href="mailto:katiuska@cesma.usb.ve">katiuska@cesma.usb.ve</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     <center> Resumen </center> </b> </p>      <p> En este art&iacute;culo se analizan los datos de 113 estaciones de precipitaci&oacute;n mensual disponibles para a&ntilde;os recientes en Venezuela. Los datos provienen de la red de estaciones clim&aacute;ticas de la Corporaci&oacute;n Venezolana de Guayana-Electrificaci&oacute;n del Caron&iacute; (CVG-EDELCA), la Fuerza A&eacute;rea Venezolana (FAV) y el Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales (MARN). Se hace un an&aacute;lisis de homogeneidad utilizando la prueba de Alexandersson (Alexandersson 1986) para determinar si existen estaciones con cambios importantes en la media de la serie que no forman parte de la variabilidad clim&aacute;tica interanual. Se ajustan modelos lineales con componente de tendencia, estacionalidad y errores autorregresivos utilizando el m&eacute;todo de m&iacute;nimos cuadrados generalizados. Se comparan distintos modelos para determinar si el componente de tendencia debe o no debe ser incluido en el modelo as&iacute; como la representaci&oacute;n del componente estacional con uno o dos arm&oacute;nicos, para describir el comportamiento unimodal o bimodal de la precipitaci&oacute;n a lo largo del a&ntilde;o. Se utiliza el criterio de informaci&oacute;n bayesiana (CIB) para la selecci&oacute;n de los modelos propuestos. Los valores de tendencia estimados y la significancia del componente de tendencia son representados espacialmente. Se encuentra que la zona norte costera y la mayor parte de la regi&oacute;n andina presentan una tendencia negativa en la precipitaci&oacute;n. Por el contrario, la zona sureste del estado Bol&iacute;var presenta una tendencia positiva. Sin embargo, el componente de tendencia no es significativo para la mayor&iacute;a de las estaciones. Adem&aacute;s, el patr&oacute;n estacional est&aacute; mejor representado por un modelo con dos arm&oacute;nicos, dadas las caracter&iacute;sticas estacionales de las estaciones analizadas. </p>      <p> <b> Palabras clave: </b> precipitaci&oacute;n mensual, tendencia, estacionalidad, selecci&oacute;n de modelos, series de tiempo. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     <center> Abstract </center> </b> </p>      <p> This paper analyzes data from 113 Venezuelan monthly precipitation stations for recent years. The data come from the climatic network from the Venezuelan Guayana Coorporation- Caroni Electrification (CVG-EDELCA), the Venezuelan Air Force (FAV), and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN). An homogeneity test is carried out by using Alexanderssons test (Alexandersson 1986) to detect locations with important changes in the mean, which are not part of the natural climate variability. Linear models with a trend component, a seasonal component and autoregressive errors are fitted by using Generalized Least Squares. Different models are compared to determine whether the trend component should be included within the model, as well as the seasonal component with one or two harmonics, depending on whether the precipitation presents a single or two modes along the year. The Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) is used for model selection. The estimated trend values and the significance of the trend component are spatially represented. It is found that in the northern coastal region and most of the Andean region precipitation trends are negative. On the contrary, southeast of Bol&iacute;var state presents a positive trend. However, the model trend component is not significant for most locations. Moreover, the seasonal pattern is best represented with a model with two harmonics, given the seasonal characteristics of the analyzed locations. </p>      <p> <b> Key words: </b> Monthly precipitation, Trend, Seasonality, Selection of models, Time series. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> Texto completo disponible en <a href="pdf/rce/v31n1/v31n1a03.pdf">PDF</a> </p>  <hr size="1">      ]]></body>
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(1997), `Resampling Hypothesis Tests for Autocorrelated Fields´, <i>Journal of Climate</i> <b>10</b>, 65-82. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000038&pid=S0120-1751200800010000300015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 16. World Meteorological Organization, (2007), <i>Guide to Climatological Practices</i>, third edn, World Meteorological Organization. Taken in May of 2007 of the web page. *<a href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/guide/documents/guide_third_edition_draft_may2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/guide/documents/guide_third_edition_draft_may2007.pdf</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000039&pid=S0120-1751200800010000300016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 17. Zwiers, F. & Von Storch, H. (1995), `Taking Serial Correlation into Account in Tests of the Mean´, <i>Journal of Climate</i> <b>8</b>(2), 336-351. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000040&pid=S0120-1751200800010000300017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><center> <b>&#91;Recibido en agosto de 2007. Aceptado en marzo de 2008&#93;</b> </center> <hr size="1">      <p> Este art&iacute;culo se puede citar en <i>LaTeX</i> utilizando la siguiente referencia bibliogr&aacute;fica de <i>BibTeX</i>: </p> <code><font size="2">@ARTICLE{RCEv31n1a03,    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AUTHOR &nbsp;= {Guenni, Lelys and Degryze, Edgard and Alvarado, Katiuska},    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TITLE &nbsp; = {{An&aacute;lisis de la tendencia y la estacionalidad de la precipitaci&oacute;n mensual en Venezuela}},    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; JOURNAL = {Revista Colombiana de Estad&iacute;stica},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; YEAR &nbsp;&nbsp; = {2008},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; volume &nbsp;= {31},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; number &nbsp;= {1},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pages &nbsp; = {41-65}    <br> }</font></code>  <hr size="1"> </font>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexandersson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[`A Homogeneity Test to Precipitation Data´]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>661-675</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Caporello, G. & Maravall, A.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[TSW]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de España]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Luis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raventós]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
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