<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-1751</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Estadística]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Estad.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-1751</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Estadística - Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-17512009000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tendencia aleatoria o determinística: una nueva prueba basada en la teoría tradicional]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Random or Deterministic Trend: A New Test Based on the Traditional Theory]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CASTAÑO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ELKIN]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARTÍNEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JORGE]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Escuela de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>301</fpage>
<lpage>331</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-17512009000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-17512009000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-17512009000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En la literatura de series de tiempo se encuentran diferentes procedimientos para probar la hipótesis sobre el origen aleatorio o determinístico de la componente de tendencia de una serie. La mayoría de ellos se basan en establecer la existencia de una raíz unitaria ya sea en el polinomio autorregresivo o en el polinomio de medias móviles. El desarrollo de las pruebas para verificar estas hipótesis se basa fundamentalmente en el empleo de la teoría no estándar asociada a procesos de Wiener. Este artículo presenta una nueva prueba que hace uso de las funciones de autocorrelación (ACF) de los residuales de los modelos bajo la hipótesis nula H0:Zt=&beta;0+Zt-1+a t, y bajo la hipótesis alterna H1:Zt=&beta;0+&beta;1t+a t. A partir de la teoría tradicional, con el supuesto que a t es un ruido blanco gaussiano, se obtiene por simulación la distribución nula del estadístico de prueba para muestras finitas y se deriva una aproximación asintótica. Para el caso en el cual a t es un proceso autocorrelacionado, se generaliza la prueba y se obtiene la distribución nula asintótica del estadístico de prueba. Los resultados muestran que la prueba asintótica tiene, en general, una potencia alta y mayor que la potencia de la prueba de Dickey y Fuller Aumentada (ADF), particularmente cuando una raíz del polinomio AR o MA está cerca de 1. La prueba asintótica propuesta también presenta menos distorsiones en el tamaño que la prueba ADF.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Several procedures to test the null hypothesis on the random or deterministic origin of the trend in a time series are found in the specialized literature. Most of these tests are based on the analysis of the unit roots of the autoregressive or moving average operators. The procedures are based on the nonstandard theory associated to a Wiener process. In this paper it is proposed a test that uses the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the residuals considering the null hypothesis H0:Zt=&beta;0+Zt-1+a t, and the alternative hypothesis H1:Zt=&beta;0+&beta;1t+a t. The distribution of the test statistics for finite sample sizes and the asymptotic approximation are obtained using the usual theory, assuming that a t is a gaussian white noise. The procedure is generalized for the case where a t is a correlated white noise. The results obtained using simulation show that the proposed test has in general high power and specially when it is compared the well known Dicker-Fuller Augmented test (ADF), in the case when the roots of the autoregressive or moving average operators are close to one. The proposed procedure has also better approximation to the nominal test size when it is also compared with the ADF.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tendencia aleatoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tendencia determinística]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función de autocorrelación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo ARMA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[raíz unitaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prueba de Dickey y Fuller aumentada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stochastic trend]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Deterministic model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Autocorrelation function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ARMA model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Unit root]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dickey-Fuller test]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="verdana">      <p> <b> <font size="4">     <center> Tendencia aleatoria o determin&iacute;stica: una nueva prueba basada en la teor&iacute;a tradicional </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p> <b> <font size="3">     <center> Random or Deterministic Trend: A New Test Based on the Traditional Theory </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p>     <center> ELKIN CASTA&Ntilde;O<sup>1</sup>,  JORGE MART&Iacute;NEZ<sup>2</sup> </center> </p>      <p> <sup>1</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Estad&iacute;stica, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Econ&oacute;micas, Grupo de Econometr&iacute;a Aplicada, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Profesor asociado, profesor titular. Email: <a href="mailto:elkincv@gmail.com">elkincv@gmail.com</a>     <br>  <sup>2</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Estad&iacute;stica, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. Profesor asociado. Email: <a href="mailto:jmartinezc@unal.edu.co">jmartinezc@unal.edu.co</a>     <br> </p>  <hr size="1">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p> <b>     <center> Resumen </center> </b> </p>      <p> En la literatura de series de tiempo se encuentran diferentes procedimientos para probar la hip&oacute;tesis sobre el origen aleatorio o determin&iacute;stico de la componente de tendencia de una serie. La mayor&iacute;a de ellos se basan en establecer la existencia de una ra&iacute;z unitaria ya sea en el polinomio autorregresivo o en el polinomio de medias m&oacute;viles. El desarrollo de las pruebas para verificar estas hip&oacute;tesis se basa fundamentalmente en el empleo de la teor&iacute;a no est&aacute;ndar asociada a procesos de Wiener. Este art&iacute;culo presenta una nueva prueba que hace uso de las funciones de autocorrelaci&oacute;n (ACF) de los residuales de los modelos bajo la hip&oacute;tesis nula H<sub>0</sub>:Z<sub>t</sub>=&beta;<sub>0</sub>+Z<sub>t-1</sub>+a<sub>t</sub>, y bajo la hip&oacute;tesis alterna H<sub>1</sub>:Z<sub>t</sub>=&beta;<sub>0</sub>+&beta;<sub>1</sub>t+a<sub>t</sub>. A partir de la teor&iacute;a tradicional, con el supuesto que a<sub>t</sub> es un ruido blanco gaussiano, se obtiene por simulaci&oacute;n la distribuci&oacute;n nula del estad&iacute;stico de prueba para muestras finitas y se deriva una aproximaci&oacute;n asint&oacute;tica. Para el caso en el cual a<sub>t</sub> es un proceso autocorrelacionado, se generaliza la prueba y se obtiene la distribuci&oacute;n nula asint&oacute;tica del estad&iacute;stico de prueba. Los resultados muestran que la prueba asint&oacute;tica tiene, en general, una potencia alta y mayor que la potencia de la prueba de Dickey y Fuller Aumentada (ADF), particularmente cuando una ra&iacute;z del polinomio AR o MA est&aacute; cerca de 1. La prueba asint&oacute;tica propuesta tambi&eacute;n presenta menos distorsiones en el tama&ntilde;o que la prueba ADF. </p>      <p> <b> Palabras clave: </b> tendencia aleatoria, tendencia determin&iacute;stica, funci&oacute;n de autocorrelaci&oacute;n, modelo ARMA, ra&iacute;z unitaria, prueba de Dickey y Fuller aumentada. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     <center> Abstract </center> </b> </p>      <p> Several procedures to test the null hypothesis on the random or deterministic origin of the trend in a time series are found in the specialized literature. Most of these tests are based on the analysis of the unit roots of the autoregressive or moving average operators. The procedures are based on the nonstandard theory associated to a Wiener process. In this paper it is proposed a test that uses the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the residuals considering the null hypothesis H<sub>0</sub>:Z<sub>t</sub>=&beta;<sub>0</sub>+Z<sub>t-1</sub>+a<sub>t</sub>, and the alternative hypothesis H<sub>1</sub>:Z<sub>t</sub>=&beta;<sub>0</sub>+&beta;<sub>1</sub>t+a<sub>t</sub>. The distribution of the test statistics for finite sample sizes and the asymptotic approximation are obtained using the usual theory, assuming that a<sub>t</sub> is a gaussian white noise. The procedure is generalized for the case where a<sub>t</sub> is a correlated white noise. The results obtained using simulation show that the proposed test has in general high power and specially when it is compared the well known Dicker-Fuller Augmented test (ADF), in the case when the roots of the autoregressive or moving average operators are close to one. The proposed procedure has also better approximation to the nominal test size when it is also compared with the ADF. </p>      <p> <b> Key words: </b> Stochastic trend, Deterministic model, Autocorrelation function, ARMA model, Unit root, Dickey-Fuller test. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> Texto completo disponible en <a href="pdf/rce/v32n2/v32n2a08.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b> <font size="3"> Referencias </font> </b> </p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p> 1. Arellano, C. &amp; Pantula, S. G. (1995), 'Testing for Trend Stationarity versus Difference Stationarity', <i>Journal of Time Series Analysis</i> <b>16</b>, 147-164. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000023&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 2. Box, G. E. P. &amp; Pierce, D. A. (1970), 'Distribution of the residual autocorrelations in autoregressive-integrated moving average time series models', <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i> <b>65</b>, 1509-1526. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000024&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 3. Casta&ntilde;o, E. (1995), 'Identificaci&oacute;n de un modelo ARIMA contaminado', <i>Lecturas de Econom&iacute;a</i> <b>42</b>, 49-70. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000025&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 4. Chen, C. &amp; Liu, M. L. (1990), Joint estimation of model parameters and outlier effects in time series, Working Papers Series, Scientific Computing Associates , P.O. Box 625, DeKalb, Illinois 60115. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000026&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 5. Choi, I. (1992), 'Durbin-Hausman Tests for a Unit Roots', <i>Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics</i> <b>54</b>, 289-304. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000027&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 6. Choi, I. &amp; Yu, B. C. (1997), 'A General Framework for testing I(m) contra I(m+k)', <i>Journal of Economic Theory and Econometrics</i> <b>3</b>, 103-138. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000028&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 7. Cleveland, W. S. (1993), <i>Visualizing Data</i>, Hobart Press, Michigan, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000029&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 8. Cleveland, W. S. (1994), <i>The Elements of Graphing Data</i>, Hobart Press, Michigan, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000030&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 9. Cochrane, J. H. (1988), 'How Big is the Random Walk in GNP?', <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> <b>96</b>, 893-920. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000031&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 10. Cochrane, J. H. (1991), 'A Critique of the Application of Unit Root Tests', <i>Journal of Economics Dynamics and Control</i> <b>15</b>, 275-284. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000032&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 11. DeJong, D. N., Nankervis, J. C., Savin, N. E. &amp; Whiteman, C. H. (1992a), 'The Powers Problems of the Unit Root Tests in Time Series with Autorregressive Errors', <i>Journal of Econometrics</i> <b>53</b>, 323-343. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000033&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 12. DeJong, D. N., Nankervis, J. C., Savin, N. E. &amp; Whiteman, C. H. (1992b), 'Integration Versus Trend Stationarity in Time Series', <i>Econometrica</i> <b>60</b>, 423-433. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000034&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 13. Dickey, D. A. &amp; Fuller, W. A. (1979), 'Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root', <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i> <b>76</b>, 427-431. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000035&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 14. Elliot, G., Rothenber, T. J. &amp; Stock, J. H. (1996), 'Efficient Tests for an Autorregressive Unit Root', <i>Econometrica</i> <b>64</b>, 813-836. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000036&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 15. Flores de Frutos, R. &amp; Jerez, M. (2002), Testing for Invertivility in Univariate ARIMA Process, Facultad de Ciencias Econ&oacute;micas y Empresariales, Departamento de Econom&iacute;a Cuantitativa, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000037&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 16. Fuller, W. A. (1976), <i>Introduction to Statistical Time Series</i>, Wiley-Interscience, New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000038&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 17. Hall, A. (1989), 'Testing for a Unit Root in the Presence of Moving Average Error', <i>Biometrika</i> <b>76</b>, 49-56. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000039&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 18. Harvey, A. (1989), <i>Forecasting, Structural Time Series Models and the Kalman Filter</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000040&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 19. Harvey, A. (2000), Trend Analysis, Mimeo , Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000041&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 20. Jones, R. H. (1993), <i>Longitudinal Data with Serial Correlation: A State Space Approach</i>, Chapman and Hall, London, England. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000042&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 21. Kitagawa, G. &amp; Gersch, W. (1996a), <i>Smoothness Priors Analysis of Time Series</i>, Springer-Verlag, Berl&iacute;n, Alemania. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000043&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 22. Kitagawa, G. &amp; Gersch, W. (1996b), <i>Smoothness Priors Analysis of Time Series</i>, Springer-Verlag, Berl&iacute;n, Alemania. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000044&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 23. Ljung, G. M. (1986), 'Diagnostic Testing of Univariate Time Series Models', <i>Biometrika</i> <b>73</b>, 725-730. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000045&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 24. Ljung, G. M. &amp; Box, G. E. P. (1978), 'On a Measure of Lack of Fit in Time Series Models', <i>Biometrika</i> <b>65</b>, 297-303. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000046&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 25. Nelson, C. R. &amp; Plosser, C. I. (1982), 'Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series', <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i> <b>10</b>, 139-162. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000047&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 26. Ng, S. &amp; Perron, P. (1996), 'Unit Roots Tests in ARMA Models with Data-Dependent Methods for the Selection of Truncation Lag', <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i> <b>90</b>, 268-281. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000048&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 27. Pankratz, A. (1983), <i>Forecasting with Univariate Box-Jenkins Models</i>, Wiley-Interscience, New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000049&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800027&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 28. Phillips, P. C. B. &amp; Perron, P. (1988), 'Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression', <i>Biometrika</i> <b>75</b>, 335-346. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000050&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800028&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 29. Phillips, P. &amp; Perron, P. (1988), 'Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression', <i>Biometrika</i> <b>75</b>, 335-346. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000051&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 30. SCA-Corp., (2001), <i>The SCA Statistical System, versi&oacute;n VI.3a</i>, SCA Corp., Dekalb, Illinois. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000052&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 31. Saikkonen, P. &amp; Luukkonen, R. (1993), 'Testing for a moving average unit root in autoregressive integrated moving average models', <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i> <b>88</b>, 596-601. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000053&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800031&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 32. Sargan, J. D. &amp; Bhargava, A. (1983), 'Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Regression Models with First Order Moving Average Errors When the Roots Lies on the Unit Circle', <i>Econometrica</i> <b>51</b>, 799-820. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000054&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800032&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 33. Schwartz, G. (1978), 'Estimating the Dimension of a Model', <i>The Annals of Statistics</i> <b>6</b>, 461-464. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000055&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800033&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 34. Schwert, G. W. (1989), 'Tests for Unit Roots: A Monte Carlo Investigation', <i>Journal of Business and Economics Statistics</i> <b>7</b>, 147-159. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000056&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800034&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 35. Shephard, N. (1993), 'Distribution of the ML Estimator of an MA(1) Model and a Local Level Model', <i>Econometric Theory</i> <b>9</b>, 377-401. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000057&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800035&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 36. Shephard, N. &amp; Harvey, A. (1990), 'On the Probability of Estimating a Deterministic Component in the local Level Model', <i>Journal of Time Series AnalysiS</i> <b>11</b>, 339-347. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000058&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800036&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 37. Tanaka, K. (1990), 'Testing for a Moving Average Unit Root', <i>Econometric Theory</i> <b>6</b>, 433-444. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000059&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800037&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 38. Tsay, R. S. (1993), 'Testing for Noninvertible Models with Applications', <i>Journal of Business and Economic Statistics</i> <b>11</b>, 225-233. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000060&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800038&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 39. Wei, W. (2006), <i>Time Series Analysis Univariate and Multivariate Methods</i>, Pearson Addison Wesley, Boston, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000061&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800039&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 40. West, M. &amp; Harrison, J. (1989), <i>Bayesian Forecasting and Dynamic Models</i>, Springer-Verlag, New York, United States. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000062&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800040&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 41. Young, P. (1984), <i>Recursive Estimation and Time-Series Analysis</i>, Springer-Verlag, Berl&iacute;n, Alemania. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000063&pid=S0120-1751200900020000800041&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><center> <b>&#91;Recibido en septiembre de 2008. Aceptado en noviembre de 2009&#93;</b> </center> <hr size="1">      <p> Este art&iacute;culo se puede citar en <i>LaTeX</i> utilizando la siguiente referencia bibliogr&aacute;fica de <i>BibTeX</i>: </p> <code><font size="2">@ARTICLE{RCEv32n2a08,    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AUTHOR &nbsp;= {Casta&ntilde;o, Elkin and Mart&iacute;nez, Jorge},    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TITLE &nbsp; = {{Tendencia aleatoria o determin&iacute;stica: una nueva prueba basada en la teor&iacute;a tradicional}},    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; JOURNAL = {Revista Colombiana de Estad&iacute;stica},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; YEAR &nbsp;&nbsp; = {2009},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; volume &nbsp;= {32},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; number &nbsp;= {2},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pages &nbsp; = {301-331}    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> }</font></code>  <hr size="1"> </font>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pantula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for Trend Stationarity versus Difference Stationarity']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Time Series Analysis]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>147-164</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Box]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Distribution of the residual autocorrelations in autoregressive-integrated moving average time series models']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>1509-1526</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Identificación de un modelo ARIMA contaminado']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lecturas de Economía]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>49-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Joint estimation of model parameters and outlier effects in time series]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[P.O. Box 625, DeKalb, Illinois 60115]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Durbin-Hausman Tests for a Unit Roots']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>289-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['A General Framework for testing I(m) contra I(m+k)']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Theory and Econometrics]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>103-138</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleveland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Visualizing Data]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Michigan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hobart Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleveland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Elements of Graphing Data]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Michigan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hobart Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cochrane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['How Big is the Random Walk in GNP?']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<page-range>893-920</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cochrane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['A Critique of the Application of Unit Root Tests']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economics Dynamics and Control]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>275-284</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeJong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nankervis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whiteman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['The Powers Problems of the Unit Root Tests in Time Series with Autorregressive Errors']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>323-343</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeJong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nankervis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whiteman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Integration Versus Trend Stationarity in Time Series']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<month>b</month>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>423-433</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dickey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>427-431</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elliot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothenber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Efficient Tests for an Autorregressive Unit Root']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>813-836</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores de Frutos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Testing for Invertivility in Univariate ARIMA Process]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Cuantitativa, Universidad Complutense de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introduction to Statistical Time Series]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Interscience]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for a Unit Root in the Presence of Moving Average Error']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>49-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Forecasting, Structural Time Series Models and the Kalman Filter]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trend Analysis]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Longitudinal Data with Serial Correlation: A State Space Approach]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chapman and Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitagawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gersch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Smoothness Priors Analysis of Time Series]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitagawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gersch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Smoothness Priors Analysis of Time Series]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ljung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Diagnostic Testing of Univariate Time Series Models']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>725-730</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ljung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Box]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['On a Measure of Lack of Fit in Time Series Models']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>297-303</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plosser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Monetary Economics]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>139-162</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Unit Roots Tests in ARMA Models with Data-Dependent Methods for the Selection of Truncation Lag']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>268-281</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pankratz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Forecasting with Univariate Box-Jenkins Models]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Interscience]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<page-range>335-346</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<page-range>335-346</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SCA-Corp.,</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The SCA Statistical System, versión VI.3a]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dekalb ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SCA Corp.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saikkonen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luukkonen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for a moving average unit root in autoregressive integrated moving average models']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<page-range>596-601</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sargan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhargava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Regression Models with First Order Moving Average Errors When the Roots Lies on the Unit Circle']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>799-820</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Estimating the Dimension of a Model']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Annals of Statistics]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>461-464</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Tests for Unit Roots: A Monte Carlo Investigation']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business and Economics Statistics]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>147-159</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shephard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Distribution of the ML Estimator of an MA(1) Model and a Local Level Model']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometric Theory]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>377-401</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shephard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['On the Probability of Estimating a Deterministic Component in the local Level Model']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Time Series AnalysiS]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>339-347</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for a Moving Average Unit Root']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometric Theory]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>433-444</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA['Testing for Noninvertible Models with Applications']]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business and Economic Statistics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>225-233</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Time Series Analysis Univariate and Multivariate Methods]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pearson Addison Wesley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[West]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bayesian Forecasting and Dynamic Models]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Recursive Estimation and Time-Series Analysis]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
