<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-1751</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Estadística]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Estad.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-1751</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Estadística - Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-17512011000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[An Application of Semi-Markovian Models to the Ruin Problem]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Una aplicación de los modelos semi-markovianos al problema de la ruina]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALMARAZ-LUENGO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ELENA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>477</fpage>
<lpage>495</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-17512011000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-17512011000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-17512011000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We consider the classical ruin problem due to Cramer and Lundberg and we generalize it. Ruin times of the considered models are studied and sufficient conditions to usual stochastic dominance between ruin times are established. In addition an algorithm to simulate processes verifying the conditions under consideration is proposed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se considera el problema clásico de ruina de Cramér y Lundberg y se generaliza. Se estudian los tiempos hasta la ruina de los modelos considerados y se establecen condiciones suficientes para la dominancia estocástica en el sentido usual entre los tiempos de ruina. Por otro lado, se establecen algoritmos de simulación de los procesos bajo estudio y de obtención de estimadores para las probabilidades involucradas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Coupling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Markov chains]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Semi-Markov process]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stochastic ordering]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cadenas de Markov]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dominancia estocástica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[emparejamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[proceso semi-markovianos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simulación]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="verdana">      <p> <b> <font size="4">     <center> An Application of Semi-Markovian Models to the Ruin Problem </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p> <b> <font size="3">     <center> Una aplicaci&oacute;n de los modelos semi-markovianos al problema de la ruina </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p>     <center> ELENA ALMARAZ-LUENGO<sup>1</sup> </center> </p>      <p> <sup>1</sup>Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Matem&aacute;ticas, Departamento de Estad&iacute;stica e Investigaci&oacute;n Operativa, Madrid, Espa&ntilde;a. Professor. Email: <a href="mailto:ealmarazluengo@mat.ucm.es">ealmarazluengo@mat.ucm.es</a>     <br> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center> Abstract </center> </b> </p>      <p> We consider the classical ruin problem due to Cramer and Lundberg and we generalize it. Ruin times of the considered models are studied and sufficient conditions to usual stochastic dominance between ruin times are established. In addition an algorithm to simulate processes verifying the conditions under consideration is proposed. </p>      <p> <b> Key words: </b> Coupling, Markov chains, Semi-Markov process, Simulation, Stochastic ordering. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     <center> Resumen </center> </b> </p>      <p> Se considera el problema cl&aacute;sico de ruina de Cram&eacute;r y Lundberg y se generaliza. Se estudian los tiempos hasta la ruina de los modelos considerados y se establecen condiciones suficientes para la dominancia estoc&aacute;stica en el sentido usual entre los tiempos de ruina. Por otro lado, se establecen algoritmos de simulaci&oacute;n de los procesos bajo estudio y de obtenci&oacute;n de estimadores para las probabilidades involucradas. </p>      <p> <b> Palabras clave: </b> cadenas de Markov, dominancia estoc&aacute;stica, emparejamiento, proceso semi-markovianos, simulaci&oacute;n. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> Texto completo disponible en <a href="pdf/rce/v34n3/v34n3a06.pdf">PDF</a> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b> <font size="3"> References </font> </b> </p>       <!-- ref --><p> 1. Almaraz, E. (2009), Cuestiones notables de ordenaci&oacute;n estoc&aacute;stica en optimaci&oacute;n financiera, Tesis de Doctorado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Matem&aacute;ticas. 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(2001), 'On the distribution of the surplus prior to ruin in a discrete semi-Markov risk model', <i>ASTIN Bulletin</i> <b>31</b>, 255-273.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000054&pid=S0120-1751201100030000600017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </p>      <!-- ref --><p> 18. Reinhard, J. & Snoussi, M. (2002), 'The severity of run in a discrete semi-Markov risk model', <i>Stochastic Models</i> <b>18</b>(1), 85-107.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000056&pid=S0120-1751201100030000600018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </p>      <!-- ref --><p> 19. Seal, H. (1969), <i>Stochastic Theory of a Risk Business</i>, John Wiley & Sons, New York.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000058&pid=S0120-1751201100030000600019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </p>      <!-- ref --><p> 20. Shaked, M. y. S. G. (2007), <i>Stochastic Orders</i>, Springer Series in Statistics.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000060&pid=S0120-1751201100030000600020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </p>  <hr size="1">      <center> <b>&#91;Recibido en septiembre de 2010. Aceptado en julio de 2011&#93;</b> </center> <hr size="1">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p> Este art&iacute;culo se puede citar en <i>LaTeX</i> utilizando la siguiente referencia bibliogr&aacute;fica de <i>BibTeX</i>: </p> <code><font size="2">@ARTICLE{RCEv34n3a06,    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AUTHOR &nbsp;= {Almaraz-Luengo, Elena},    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TITLE &nbsp; = {{An Application of Semi-Markovian Models to the Ruin Problem}},    <br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; JOURNAL = {Revista Colombiana de Estad&iacute;stica},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; YEAR &nbsp;&nbsp; = {2011},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; volume &nbsp;= {34},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; number &nbsp;= {3},    <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pages &nbsp; = {477-495}    <br> }</font></code>  <hr size="1"> </font>      ]]></body><back>
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