<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-2448</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Medica Colombiana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Med Colomb]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-2448</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociacion Colombiana de Medicina Interna]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-24482013000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Seroprevalencia de hepatitis E en trabajadores de fincas porcícolas del Valle de Aburrá 2011-2012]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in swine farms workers in Aburrá Valley 2011-2012]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betancur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Victoria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Docente  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad CES  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Clínica Soma  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>68</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-24482013000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-24482013000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-24482013000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: el virus de la hepatitis E es causa frecuente de hepatitis en Latinoamérica, pero no hay publicaciones en nuestro medio de su presencia. Objetivo: describir la seroprevalencia de este virus en una población de riesgo como es la de trabajadores de fincas porcícolas. Metodología: se determinó la presencia de IgG contra el virus de hepatitis E por la técnica de ELISA en 98 trabajadores de fincas porcícolas de municipios vecinos a la ciudad de Medellín. Resultados: se encontraron 11 muestras positivas para IgG contra hepatitis E (11.25%) en un grupo de 89 hombres y nueve mujeres con promedio de edad para los positivos de 41.7 y los negativos 35 años relacionando su seropositividad con la edad (p= 0.04). Conclusión: en Colombia también existe el virus de la hepatitis E y su seroprevalencia es del 11.22% en un grupo de riesgo por contacto con una fuente contaminante como son los cerdos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: hepatitis E virus is a frequent cause of hepatitis in Latin America, but in our country there are no publications of his presence. Objective: to describe the seroprevalence of this virus in a population at risk as is that of the swine farm workers. Method: we determined the presence of IgG against hepatitis E virus by ELISA test in 98 swine farm workers from neighboring municipalities to the city of Medellin. Results: there were 11 samples positive for IgG against hepatitis E (11.25%) in a group of 89 men and 9 women with mean age of 41.7 for the positive and 35 years for the negative by relating their seropositivity with age (p = 0.04 ). Conclusion: in Colombia also exists the hepatitis E virus and its seroprevalence is 11.22% in a risk group by contact with a contaminant source like the pigs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hepatitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hepatitis E]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[zoonosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hepatitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hepatitis E]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[zoonoses]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="Verdana">      <p>Trabajos Originales</p>      <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>Seroprevalencia de Hepatitis E en trabajadores de fincas porc&iacute;colas del Valle de Aburr&aacute; 2011-2012</b></font></p>      <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E in swine farms workers in Aburr&aacute; Valley 2011-2012</b></font></p>      <p align="center">Carlos Alberto Betancur, Mar&iacute;a Victoria Mej&iacute;a, Sebasti&aacute;n Portillo, Medell&iacute;n (Colombia)</p>      <p>Dr. Carlos Alberto Betancur J.: Internista, Profesor Titular;    <br>  Lic. Mar&iacute;a Victoria Mej&iacute;a M.: Bacteri&oacute;loga, Msc Docente;    <br>  Sebasti&aacute;n Portillo G.: Estudiante. Universidad CES Medell&iacute;n, Antioquia (Colombia).    <br>  Correspondencia. Dr. Carlos A. Betancur J. Cl&iacute;nica Soma, Medell&iacute;n. E-mail: <a href="mailto:cbetancurmed@gmail.com">cbetancurmed@gmail.com</a></p>      <p>Recibido: 5/VI/2012 Aceptado: 7/III/2013</p>  <hr>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Resumen</b></p>      <p><b>Introducci&oacute;n: </b>el virus de la Hepatitis E es causa frecuente de Hepatitis En Latinoam&eacute;rica, pero no hay publicaciones en nuestro medio de su presencia.</p>      <p><b>Objetivo: </b>describir la seroprevalencia de este virus en una poblaci&oacute;n de riesgo como es la de trabajadores de fincas porc&iacute;colas.</p>      <p><b>Metodolog&iacute;a: </b>se determin&oacute; la presencia de IgG contra el virus de Hepatitis E por la t&eacute;cnica de ELISA en 98 trabajadores de fincas porc&iacute;colas de municipios vecinos a la ciudad de Medell&iacute;n.</p>      <p><b>Resultados: </b>se encontraron 11 muestras positivas para IgG contra Hepatitis E (11.25%) en un grupo de 89 hombres y nueve mujeres con promedio de edad para los positivos de 41.7 y los negativos 35 a&ntilde;os relacionando su seropositividad con la edad (p= 0.04).</p>      <p><b>Conclusi&oacute;n: </b>en Colombia tambi&eacute;n existe el virus de la Hepatitis E y su seroprevalencia es del 11.22% en un grupo de riesgo por contacto con una fuente contaminante como son los cerdos.</p>      <p><b>Palabras clave: </b><i>hepatitis, Hepatitis E, zoonosis.</i></p>  <hr>      <p><b>Abstract</b></p>      <p><b>Introduction: </b>Hepatitis E virus is a frequent cause of hepatitis in Latin America, but in our country there are no publications of his presence.</p>      <p><b>Objective: </b>to describe the seroprevalence of this virus in a population at risk as is that of the swine farm workers.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Method: </b>we determined the presence of IgG against Hepatitis E virus by ELISA test in 98 swine farm workers from neighboring municipalities to the city of Medellin.</p>      <p><b>Results: </b>there were 11 samples positive for IgG against Hepatitis E (11.25%) in a group of 89 men and 9 women with mean age of 41.7 for the positive and 35 years for the negative by relating their seropositivity with age (p = 0.04 ).</p>      <p><b>Conclusion: </b>in Colombia also exists the Hepatitis E virus and its seroprevalence is 11.22% in a risk group by contact with a contaminant source like the pigs.</p>      <p><b>Palabras clave: </b><i>hepatitis, Hepatitis E, zoonoses</i></p>  <hr>      <p><font size="3"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>      <p>El virus de la Hepatitis E es un ARN virus que causa una forma aguda, autolimitada de hepatitis y fue reconocido desde 1980 de sueros recolectados en Delhi de una epidemia del a&ntilde;o 1955 (1), su transmisi&oacute;n es ent&eacute;rica y su genoma se logr&oacute; conocer en 1990 (2, 3).</p>      <p>La presencia de IgM anti VHE indica infecci&oacute;n aguda, aparece tempranamente en la infecci&oacute;n y puede persistir hasta cuatro a cinco meses en 80-100% de los casos; y la IgG est&aacute; presente en la fase de convalecencia o infecci&oacute;n pasada, persistiendo hasta 14 a&ntilde;os (4-7).</p>      <p>Hay cuatro genotipos y 24 subtipos, el 1 y 2 dan solamente en humanos, el 3 y 4 tanto en humanos como en animales (8).</p>      <p>Infecta los cerdos y esta es una importante fuente de transmisi&oacute;n del virus al hombre (9, 10), tambi&eacute;n afecta roedores, osos, venados, ciervos, jabal&iacute;es, mangostas y ostras, y animales dom&eacute;sticos como perros, gatos, caballos, monos, ratas, ovejas (11-14).</p>      <p>Se han reportado casos de transmisi&oacute;n madre-feto (15, 16).</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>En &aacute;reas end&eacute;micas la seroprevalencia est&aacute; entre el 15 y 60% (17-19). En un estudio de 18695 sueros en EE.UU. 21% resultaron positivos (11), en Latinoam&eacute;rica la seroprevalencia fluct&uacute;a entre 1.1 y 14.2% (20-24).</p>      <p>En Colombia, s&oacute;lo aparecen dos reportes no publicados presentados en el Encuentro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Enfermedades Infecciosas de 2010 y 2012 del grupo de gastrohepa-tolog&iacute;a de la Universidad de Antioquia, donde, de 77 casos de hepatitis aguda, 17 ten&iacute;an IgM para Hepatitis E y 4 IgG, determinando por PCR en materia fecal era del genotipo 3 (25). No conocemos m&aacute;s reportes de esta enfermedad viral, a pesar de que nuestras caracter&iacute;sticas sociodemogr&aacute;ficas y clim&aacute;ticas son aptas, para su presentaci&oacute;n, por ello la raz&oacute;n de esta investigaci&oacute;n.</p>      <p><font size="3"><b>Material y m&eacute;todos</b></font></p>      <p><b>Estudio descriptivo</b></p>      <p>Durante el periodo comprendido entre julio 2011 y enero 2012 se tomaron en municipios vecinos a Medell&iacute;n (Caldas, San Pedro, Guarne), por conveniencia 98 muestras de suero de igual n&uacute;mero de trabajadores mayores de 18 a&ntilde;os que ten&iacute;an contacto por m&aacute;s de un a&ntilde;o trabajando con cerdos y aceptaron participar en el estudio frmando previamente el consentimiento informado. A todos se les hizo una encuesta sociodemogr&aacute;fica.</p>      <p>Para la realizaci&oacute;n del ensayo, se utilizaron muestras de suero. Las muestras de sangre se recogieron en tubos limpios, secos y vac&iacute;os sin anticoagulante. Posteriormente, la muestra sangu&iacute;nea se separ&oacute; en sus componentes por centrifugaci&oacute;n. El suero obtenido se congel&oacute; a -20&deg;C hasta el momento de procesarlo en el laboratorio de la Universidad CES.</p>      <p>Para la prueba serol&oacute;gica se utiliz&oacute; un estuche comercial de la casa DIA.PRO (Diagnostic Bioprobes) de Mil&aacute;n (Italia), es un inmunoenzayo (ELISA) de tercera generaci&oacute;n para la determinaci&oacute;n de anticuerpos anti IgG para el virus de la Hepatitis E (VHE) en suero humano. La especificidad que se observa con esta t&eacute;cnica es de 99.5%, no se han observado resultados falsos positivos por este m&eacute;todo y la sensibilidad es de 100% (comparado con estuche de referencia de la FDA realizado por el laboratorio DIA.PRO)</p>      <p><b>Interpretaci&oacute;n de los resultados</b></p>      <p>Anticuerpos anti-VHE IgG: Negativo: &lt;1 S/Co.</p>      <p>Dudoso o indeterminado: 0.9 -1.1 S/Co. Positivo: &gt;1.1 S/Co</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="3"><b>Resultados</b></font></p>      <p>De las 98 muestras resultaron positivas 11 (11.22%), indeterminadas dos y negativas 85. La edad fluctu&oacute; entre 20 y 62 a&ntilde;os, siendo el promedio de edad para los positivos 41.7 a&ntilde;os y para los negativos 35 a&ntilde;os, relacionando la positividad con mayor edad (p=0.04). El contacto con cerdos vari&oacute; de uno a 36 a&ntilde;os en promedio 7.87 a&ntilde;os, siendo en los positivos de 10.36 a&ntilde;os y negativos siete a&ntilde;os relacionando tambi&eacute;n el mayor tiempo de contacto con tener IgG positiva para Hepatitis E pero no significativo estad&iacute;sticamente (p=0.171). Fueron 89 hombres y nueve mujeres, s&oacute;lo una mujer fue positiva (<a href="#tab1">Tabla 1</a>).</p>      <p align="center"><a name="tab1"></a><img src="img/revistas/amc/v38n2/v38n2a05t1.jpg"></p>       <p>El grado de escolaridad fue ninguno en dos personas, primaria 56, secundaria 18, tecnol&oacute;gica dos y universitaria 17, no relacionando con la positividad de la prueba (<a href="#tab1">Tabla 1</a>).</p>      <p>Recordaron haber tenido hepatitis A, siete personas y B, dos trabajadores.</p>      <p>S&oacute;lo una persona neg&oacute; lavarse las manos y tres no lavarse antes de comer, no se puede establecer entonces relaci&oacute;n significativa entre estas variables.</p>      <p><font size="3"><b>Discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>      <p>Encontramos una seroprevalencia de 11.22% en las 98 muestras analizadas, que es un porcentaje elevado comparado con las estad&iacute;sticas de pa&iacute;ses como el nuestro que son los latinoamericanos, en Brasil por ejemplo, de 996 muestras de candidatos a donantes de sangre se hall&oacute; una seropositividad de 2.3% (20) y de 1059 muestras de poblaci&oacute;n general, resultaron positivas 1.68% (26), en grupos de riesgo en ese pa&iacute;s en un estudio de 1115 pacientes, la seropositividad fue en pacientes en di&aacute;lisis 6.2%, drogadictos intravenosos 11.8% y en 2.1% de los pacientes que ten&iacute;an hepatitis no A, no B (21), en Chile la seroprevalencia en 168 ni&ntilde;os de bajo nivel socioecon&oacute;mico fue de 1.2% (22) y 8% en 1360 donantes de sangre (27), en M&eacute;xico de 3459 individuos j&oacute;venes, el 10.5% fueron positivos para IgG contra Hepatitis E (24). Creemos que la mayor seroprevalencia que encontramos nosotros se debe a que la muestra es de una poblaci&oacute;n de riesgo por el contacto con una fuente de alta contaminaci&oacute;n como son los cerdos (28-30). La Hepatitis E como enfermedad zoon&oacute;tica se ha reconocido (9-11,31,32), nosotros encontramos que el mayor contacto en tiempo con el cerdo s&iacute; aument&oacute; la seroprevalencia, pero no fue significativo estad&iacute;sticamente. Una investigaci&oacute;n semejante a la nuestra se hizo en Brasil, donde el 6.8% de los manipuladores de estos animales result&oacute; positiva, siendo tambi&eacute;n inferior a nuestros hallazgos (11.22%) (28).</p>      <p><font size="3"><b>Conclusiones</b></font></p>      <p>En Colombia tambi&eacute;n existe el virus de la Hepatitis E y su seroprevalencia es 11.22% en un grupo de riesgo por contacto con una fuente contaminante como son los cerdos, siendo comprable con otros pa&iacute;ses latinoamericanos que fluct&uacute;a entre 2.3 y 14.2% de la poblaci&oacute;n general.</p>  <hr>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="3"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p>1. <b>Vishwanathan R. </b>Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56): A critical study: Epidemiology. <i>Indian J Med Res </i>1957; <b>45(Suppl 1): </b>1-29.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000054&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>2. <b>Balayan MS, Andjaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS, et al. </b>Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. <i>Inter virology </i>1983; <b>20: </b>23-31.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000056&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>3. <b>Reyes GR, Purdy MA, Kim JP, et al. </b>Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. <i>Science </i>1990; <b>247: </b>1335-1339.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000058&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>4. <b>Mast EE, Alter MJ, Holland PV, et al. </b>Evaluation of assays for antibody to Hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Serum Panel Evaluation Group. <i>Hepatology </i>1998; <b>27: </b>857-861.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000060&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>5. <b>Favorov MO, Fields HA, Purdy MA, et al. </b>Serologic identification of Hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. <i>J Med Virol </i>1992; <b>36: </b>246.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000062&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>6. <b>Dawson GJ, Chau KH, Cabal CM, et al. </b>Solid-phase enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay for Hepatitis E virus IgG and IgM antibodies utilizing recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides. <i>J Virol Methods </i>1992; <b>38: </b>175.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000064&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>7. <b>Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Dar MY, et al. </b>Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. <i>Lancet </i>1993; <b>341: </b>1355.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000066&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>8. <b>Emerson SU, Purcell RH. </b>Running like water-the omnipresence of Hepatitis E. <i>N Engl J Med </i>2004; <b>351: </b>2367.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000068&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>9. <b>Ijaz S, Arnold E, Banks M, et al. </b>Non-travel-associated Hepatitis E in England and Wales: demographic, clinical, and molecular epidemiological characteristics. <i>J Infect Dis </i>2005; <b>192: </b>1166.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000070&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>10. <b>Rutjes SA, Lodder WJ, Lodder-Verschoor F, et al. </b>Sources of Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in The Netherlands. <i>Emerg Infect Dis </i>2009; <b>15: </b>381.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000072&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>11. <b>Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, et al. </b>Epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. <i>J Infect Dis </i>2009; <b>200: </b>48.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000074&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>12. <b>Nakamura M, Takahashi K, Taira K, et al. </b>Hepatitis E virus infection in wild mongooses of Okinawa, Japan: demonstration of anti-HEV antibodies and a full-genome nucleotide sequence. <i>Hepatol Res </i>2006; <b>34: </b>137-140.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000076&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>13. <b>Takahashi K, Kitajima N, Abe N, Mishiro S. </b>Complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of Hepatitis E virus genome recovered from a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer. <i>Virology 2004; </i><b>330: </b>501-505.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000078&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>14. <b>Li TC, Miyamura T, Takeda N</b>. Detection of Hepatitis E virus RNA from the bivalve Yamato-Shijimi (Corbicula japonica) in Japan. <i>Am J Trop Med Hyg </i>2007; <b>76: </b>170-172.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000080&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>15. <b>Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Jameel S. </b>Vertical transmission of Hepatitis E virus. <i>Lancet </i>1995; <b>345: </b>1025.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000082&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>16. <b>Kumar RM, Uduman S, Rana S, et al. </b>Sero-prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of Hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. <i>Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol </i>2001; <b>100: </b>9.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000084&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>17. <b>Arankalle VA, Tsarev SA, Chadha MS, et al. </b>Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. <i>J Infect Dis </i>1995; <b>171: </b>447-450.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000086&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>18. <b>Clayson ET, Shrestha MP, Vaughn DW, et al</b>. Rates of Hepatitis E virus infection and disease among adolescents and adults in Kathmandu, Nepal <i>J Infect Dis </i>1997; <b>176: </b>763-766.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000088&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>19. <b>Tran HT, Ushijima H, Quang VX, et al. </b>Prevalence of hepatitis virus types B through E and genotypic distribution of HBV and HCV in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. <i>Hepatol Res </i>2003; <b>26: </b>275-280.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000090&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>20. <b>Bortoliero AL; Bonametti, AM; Morimoto, HK; Matsuo, T; Reiche, EMV.</b> Seroprevalence for Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among volunteer blood donors of the Regional Blood Bank of Londrina, State of Paran&aacute;, Brazil. <i>Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006</i>; <b>48: </b>87-92.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000092&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>21. <b>Trinta KS; Liberto MI; Paula VS; Yoshida CF; Gaspar AM. </b>Hepatitis E virus infection in selected Brazilian populations. <i>Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz </i>2001; <b>96: </b>25-29.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000094&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>22. <b>Ibarra H; Riedemann S; Toledo C. </b>Seguimientos de anticuerpos contra hepatitis A y E en una cohorte de ni&ntilde;os de bajo nivel socioecon&oacute;mico A one year followup study. <i>Rev Med Chile </i>2006; <b>134: </b>139-144.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000096&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>23. <b>Ibarra H; Riedemann S; Siegel F; Toledo C; Reinhardt G. </b>Hepatitis aguda por virus A, E y no A-E en adultos chilenos a fines de los a&ntilde;os 90. <i>Rev Med Chile </i>2001; <b>129: </b>523-30.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000098&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>24. <b>Alvarez MT, Torres J, Damasio L, G&oacute;mez A, Tapia R, Mu&ntilde;oz O. </b>Sero-epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus infection in Mexican subjects 1 to 29 tears of age. <i>Arch Med Res </i>1999; <b>30: </b>251-4.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000100&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>25. <b>Rendon JC, Navas MC, Hoyos MC, Cortes FM, Correa G, Sepulveda ME, Yepez N, Jaramillo S, Zuleta JJ, Almanza R. </b>Evidencia serol&oacute;gica y molecular de la circulaci&oacute;n del virus de la Hepatitis E en Medell&iacute;n. <i>Infectio </i>2010; <b>14: </b>S1:34.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000102&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>26. <b>Focaccia R, Concei&ccedil;äo OJ, Sette Junior H, Sabino E, Bassit L, Nitrini DR, Lomar AV, Loren&ccedil;o R, Souza FV, Kiffer CR, Santos EB, Gonzales MP, S&aacute;ez-Alqu&eacute;zar A, Riscal JR, Fisher D. </b>Estimated prevalence of viral hepatitis in the general population of the municipality of Säo Paulo, measures by a serologic survey of a stratified, randomized and residence-based population. <i>Braz J Infect Dis </i>1998; <b>2: </b>269-284.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000104&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>27. <b>Ibarra H, Riedemann S, Reinhardt G,;Frieck P, Siegel F, Toledo C, Calvo M, Frösner G. </b>Prevalencia de anticuerpos del virus Hepatitis E en donantes de bancos de sangre y otros grupos de poblaci&oacute;n en la X regi&oacute;n, Chile. <i>Rev Med Chile </i>1997; <b>125: </b>275-8.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000106&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600027&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>28. <b>Vitral CL, Pinto MA, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Khudyakov YE, Santos D, Gaspar AM. </b>Serological evidence of Hepatitis E virus infection in different animal species from the Southeast of Brazil Mem. <i>Inst. Oswaldo Cruz </i>2005; <b>100: </b>117-122.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000108&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600028&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>29. <b>Ibarra H, Riedemann S, Reinhardt G, Calvo M. </b>Presencia de anti-VHE en un estudio de cohorte de porcinos &iquest;reservorio animal de Hepatitis E en Chile? / Presence of anti Hepatitis E virus antibodies in swine. <i>Rev m&eacute;d Chile </i>2007; <b>135: </b>997-1001.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000110&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>30. <b>Li XJ, Zhao CY, Fan JP, Song AJ, Wang YC, Zhang JG. </b>Epidemiological survey on the infection of Hepatitis E virus among pigs in Henan province. <i>Zhongua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du XueZaZhi </i>2008; <b>22: </b>24-6.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000112&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>31. <b>Meng XJ. </b>From barnyard to food table: The omnipresence of Hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety. <i>Virus Res </i>2011; <b>161: </b>23-30.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000114&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600031&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>32. <b>Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH. </b>Hepatitis E. <i>N Engl J Med </i>2012; <b>367: </b>1237-1244.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000116&pid=S0120-2448201300020000600032&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>  </font>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vishwanathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56): A critical study: Epidemiology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian J Med Res]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>1-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balayan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andjaparidze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savinskaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inter virology]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>23-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purdy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>247</volume>
<page-range>1335-1339</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mast]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Serum Panel Evaluation Group]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepatology]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>857-861</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Favorov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purdy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Virol]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>246</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Solid-phase enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay for hepatitis E virus IgG and IgM antibodies utilizing recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Virol Methods]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>175</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khuroo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>341</volume>
<page-range>1355</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purcell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Running like water-the omnipresence of hepatitis E]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>351</volume>
<page-range>2367</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ijaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arnold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Non-travel-associated hepatitis E in England and Wales: demographic, clinical, and molecular epidemiological characteristics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>192</volume>
<page-range>1166</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutjes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lodder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lodder-Verschoor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sources of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in The Netherlands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerg Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>381</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuniholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purcell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McQuillan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>200</volume>
<page-range>48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis E virus infection in wild mongooses of Okinawa, Japan: demonstration of anti-HEV antibodies and a full-genome nucleotide sequence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepatol Res]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>137-140</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitajima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus genome recovered from a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Virology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<page-range>501-505</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miyamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA from the bivalve Yamato-Shijimi (Corbicula japonica) in Japan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Trop Med Hyg]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>170-172</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khuroo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jameel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>345</volume>
<page-range>1025</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uduman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seroprevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<page-range>9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arankalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsarev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chadha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>171</volume>
<page-range>447-450</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clayson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ET]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shrestha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaughn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Rates of hepatitis E virus infection and disease among adolescents and adults in Kathmandu, Nepal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>176</volume>
<page-range>763-766</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ushijima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VX]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Prevalence of hepatitis virus types B through E and genotypic distribution of HBV and HCV in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepatol Res]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>275-280</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bortoliero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morimoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsuo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reiche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EMV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seroprevalence for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among volunteer blood donors of the Regional Blood Bank of Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>87-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trinta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liberto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoshida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaspar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis E virus infection in selected Brazilian populations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seguimientos de anticuerpos contra hepatitis A y E en una cohorte de niños de bajo nivel socioeconómico A one year followup study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Hepatitis aguda por virus A, E y no A-E en adultos chilenos a fines de los años 90]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damasio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tapia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sero-epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in Mexican subjects 1 to 29 tears of age]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoyos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sepulveda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yepez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuleta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almanza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evidencia serológica y molecular de la circulación del virus de la hepatitis E en Medellín]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infectio]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>S1:34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Focaccia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conceição]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sette Junior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nitrini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lomar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenço]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáez-Alquézar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riscal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Estimated prevalence of viral hepatitis in the general population of the municipality of São Paulo, measures by a serologic survey of a stratified, randomized and residence-based population]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Braz J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>269-284</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frieck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frösner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Prevalencia de anticuerpos del virus hepatitis E en donantes de bancos de sangre y otros grupos de población en la X región]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chile. Rev Med Chile]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<page-range>275-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis-Ximenez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khudyakov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaspar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in different animal species from the Southeast of Brazil Mem]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inst. Oswaldo Cruz]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<page-range>117-122</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presencia de anti-VHE en un estudio de cohorte de porcinos ¿reservorio animal de hepatitis E en Chile? / Presence of anti hepatitis E virus antibodies in swine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Epidemiological survey on the infection of hepatitis E virus among pigs in Henan province]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zhongua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du XueZaZhi]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>24-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[From barnyard to food table: The omnipresence of hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Virus Res]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>161</volume>
<page-range>23-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoofnagle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purcell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis E]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>367</volume>
<page-range>1237-1244</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
