<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-2456</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anu. colomb. hist. soc. cult.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-2456</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-24562018000200089</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/achsc.v45n2.71028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Caldas as Galileo: Republican Print Culture Invents an Obscurantist Monarchy to Legitimate Rule]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Caldas como Galileo: la cultura impresa de la República se inventa una monarquía oscurantista para legitimar su poder]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Caldas como Galileu: a cultura impressa da República inventa uma monarquia espanhola obscurantista para legitimar seu poder]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DEL CASTILLO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LINA]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Texas at Austin  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Austin ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>117</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-24562018000200089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-24562018000200089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-24562018000200089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT During the 1820s, Gran Colombia's official newspaper selectively edited writings by Francisco José de Caldas, casting him as a Galilean figure -the martyr of an obscurantist regime. The Gaceta refused to acknowledge Spanish Monarchical support for Caldas and the extensive network patriotically studying political economy and natural history for the Crown. Colombian officials deployed print culture to convince national audiences that monarchical tyranny and chaotic federalism sealed Caldas' fate. They did so to secure Bogotá's capital status and centralizing authority over cities resentful of Bogotá's pretentions. Officials claimed Caldas inspired this call, erasing their appropriation of long-standing state-building traditions from Spain. Forces pulling Colombia apart overwhelmed their efforts.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Durante la década de 1820, el periódico oficial de la Gran Colombia editó selectivamente escritos de Francisco José de Caldas, exhibiéndolo como una figura galiléica -el martir de un régimen oscurantista-. La Gaceta se negó a reconocer el apoyo de la Monarquía española a Caldas y la extensa red que se dedicó a estudiar patrióticamente economía política e historia natural para la Corona. Los funcionarios colombianos hicieron uso de la cultura impresa para convencer a las audiencias nacionales de que la tiranía monárquica y el caótico federalismo habían sellado la suerte de Caldas. Lo hicieron para asegurar el estatus de Bogotá como capital y ratificar su autoridad centralizadora sobre otras ciudades que pudieran contestar estas pretensiones. Los oficiales colombianos reclamaban que Caldas había inspirado este llamado, suprimiendo con ello su apropiación de tradiciones de construcción estatal españolas de larga data. Las fuerzas que desarticulaban a Colombia en aquel entonces terminaron minando sus esfuerzos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO Durante a década de 1820, o jornal oficial da Grã-Colômbia editou seletivamente textos de Francisco José de Caldas, exibindo-o como uma figura galileica - o mártir de um regime obscurantista. A Gaceta negou-se a reconhecer o apoio da Monarquia espanhola a Caldas e a extensa rede que se dedicou a estudar patrioticamente economia política e história natural para a Coroa. Os funcionários colombianos utilizaram a cultura escrita para convencer o público nacional de que a tirania monárquica e o caótico federalismo tinham definido o destino de Caldas. Fizeram isso para garantir o status de Bogotá como capital e ratificar sua autoridade centralizadora sobre outras cidades que pudessem contestar essas pretensões. Os oficiais colombianos reclamavam que Caldas tinha inspirado o chamado, suprimindo com isso sua apropriação de tradições de construção estatal espanholas de longa data. As forças que desarticulavam a Colômbia naquele então acabaram enfraquecendo seus esforços.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[(Author) Francisco José de Caldas, Gran Colombian Republic, José Manuel Restrepo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[(Thesaurus) cartography, geography, print culture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[(Autor) Francisco José de Caldas, Gran Colombia, José Manuel Restrepo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[(Thesaurus) cartografía, geografía, cultura impresa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[(Autor) Francisco José de Caldas, Grã-Colômbia, José Manuel Restrepo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[(Tesauro) cartografia, geografia, cultura impressa]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sección Asuntos Criminales (SAC)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sección Mapas y Planos (SMP)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sección República (SR)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo Negocios Administrativos (FNA)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo Guerra y Marina (FGM)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (FMRE)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Archivo General de la Nación (AGN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Enrique Ortega Ricaurte (FEOR)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Gaceta de Colombia]]></source>
<year>1822</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santafé ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Semanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada]]></source>
<year>1808</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santafé ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Cuerpo de Leyes de la República de Colombia, que comprende todas las leyes, decretos y resoluciones dictados por sus congresos desde el de 1821 hasta el último de 1827]]></source>
<year>1840</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta de Valentín Espinal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Constitución del Estado de la Nueva Granada, dada por la Convención Constituyente en el año de 1832, 22o. de la Independencia]]></source>
<year>1832</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tipografía de Bruno Espinosa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Colombia. Acta de Independencia (Acta del Cabildo Extraordinario de Santa Fe) 20 de julio de 1810.Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2006. Web. Reconocimiento Mompoxino, a la Cámara de su provincia]]></source>
<year>1832</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cartagena ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tipografía Tormentaria por J.M. Angulo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Resolución de 23 de Junio [1830] sobre la agregación perdida por la provincial de Casanare</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cuerpo de leyes de Venezuela]]></source>
<year>1851</year>
<volume>I</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta de Valentín Espinal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simón]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reply of a South American to a Gentleman of this Island [Jamaica]]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lewis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Selected Writings of Bolivar]]></source>
<year>1951</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Colonial Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caldas y Tenorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco José de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario de la Nueva Granada]]></source>
<year>1849</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Las-sarre]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["José Manuel Restrepo to Santander", Rionegro, Jul. 5, 1820]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades: órgano de la Academia de Historia Nacional]]></source>
<year>1905</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>25</numero>
<issue>25</issue>
<page-range>181</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bateman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obras completas de Francisco José de Caldas: publicadas por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia como homenaje con motivo del sesquicentenario de su muerte]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio-Fajardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Outline of the Revolution in Spanish America]]></source>
<year>1817</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-Row]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pombo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lino de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La memoria histórica sobre la vida, character, trabajos y servicios de don Francisco José de Caldas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Siesta]]></source>
<year>1852</year>
<page-range>328-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de la Revolución de la República de Colombia]]></source>
<year>1827</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Librería Americana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boussingault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Memoria sobre diferentes masas de hierro, encontradas en la cordillera oriental de los Andes]]></source>
<year>1823</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Nicomedes Lora]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeremy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colonialism and National Histories: José Manuel Restrepo and Bartolomé Mitre]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt-Nowara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto-Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Interpreting Spanish Colonialism: Empires, Nations and Legends]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>163-86</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Albuquerque ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of New Mexico Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Afanador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Economy, Geographical Imagination, and Territory in the Making and Unmaking of New Granada, 1739-1830]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Austin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Texas at Austin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bibliografía de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada (1783-1816)]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benedict]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Appel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John Wilton]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Francisco José de Caldas: A Scientist at Work in New Granada]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The American Philosophical Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias de Greiff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Caldas: inquietudes, proyectos y tragedias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Francisco José de Caldas]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colciencias]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Artola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los afrancesados]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bateman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Francisco José de Caldas, el hombre y el sabio]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Planeta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berquist-Soule]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emily]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Bishop's Utopia: Envisioning Improvement in Colonial Peru]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Pennsylvania Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleichmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleichmar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500-1800]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bromilow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pollie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Authority in European Book Culture, 1400-1600]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Struggle for Power in Post-Independence Colombia and Venezuela]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bushnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El desarrollo de la prensa en la Gran Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensayos de historia política de Colombia siglos XIX y XX]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Carreta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cañizares-Esguerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iberian Colonial Science]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Isis]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>64-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo-Rocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Magali]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comienzos de una desilusión: noticias públicas y lealismo. Nueva Granada, 1808]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>95-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chasteen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kastro-Clarén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Beyond Imagined Communities: Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colmenares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La 'Historia de la Revolución', por José Manuel Restrepo: una prisión historiográfica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Independencia. Ensayos de historia social]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Colombiano de Cultura]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colombian Cartography in the Production (and Silencing) of Independence History, 1807-1827]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Decolonizing the Map]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Entangled Fates: French-Trained Naturalists, the First Colombian Republic, and the Materiality and Spaciality of Geopolitical Practice, 1819-1830]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hispanic American Historical Review]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>407-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Piedrahíta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva aproximación a Francisco José de Caldas: episodios de su vida y de su actividad científica]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Colombiana de Historia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucía]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Geografía y cartografía en la etapa fundacional del Estado colombiano: entre la utopía liberal y las herencias coloniales]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tovar Zambrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Independencia: Historia Diversa]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>413-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Earle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rebecca]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Information and Disinformation in Late Colonial New Granada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Americas]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>167-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810-1910]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Athens ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ohio University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hering]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Max]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sombras y ambivalencias de la igualdad y la libertad: Colombia a principios del siglo XIX]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tovar Zambrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Independencia: historia diversa]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>433-77</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández de Alba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Documentos sobre el doctor Vicente Azuero]]></source>
<year>1944</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Colombiana de Historia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Álvez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[State Formation and Democracy in Latin America 1810-1900]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucena Giraldo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de un Cosmopolita: José María de Lanz y la fundación de la ingeniería de caminos en España y América]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lynch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bolívar and the Caudillos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hispanic American Historical Review]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Pinzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una geografía para la guerra: narrativas del cerco en Francisco José de Caldas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Sociales]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>108-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Revolución en Letras. La historia de la revolución de Colombia de José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863)]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historias de la cartografía de Iberoamérica: nuevos caminos, viejos problemas]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mundy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barbara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Múnera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfonso]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fronteras imaginadas. La construcción de las razas y de la geografía en el siglo XIX colombiano]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Planeta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto-Olarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paola]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ilustración y orden social: el problema de la población en el Semanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada (1808-1810)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Indias]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>235</numero>
<issue>235</issue>
<page-range>683-708</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[La obra cartográfica de Francisco José de Caldas]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Remedios para el imperio: historia natural y la apropiación del Nuevo Mundo]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Orden natural y orden social: ciencia y política en el Semanario del Nuevo Reyno de Granada]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paquette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Dissolution of the Spanish Atlantic Monarchy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Historical Journal]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>175-212</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pimentel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[física de la monarquía: ciencia y política en el pensamiento colonial de Alejandro Malaspina (1754-1810)]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aranjuez ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Doce Calles]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pohl-Valero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¡Soy Caldas!: biografía de Francisco José de Caldas]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Idartes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Le Musée National de Colombie, 1823-1830: Histoire d'une création]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[L'Harmattan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Independence of Spanish America]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Safford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frank]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Creating Modernity, Nation, and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Latin America]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heidi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contested Territory: Mapping Peru in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Indiana ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Notre Dame Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Renán]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los Ilustrados de Nueva Granada, 1760-1808: genealogía de una comunidad de interpretación]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Eafit]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto-Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Francisco Antonio Zea: un criollo ilustrado]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Doce Calles]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto-Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Recepción y difusión de la producción científica, filosófica y política Ilustrada en España, Portugal y América colonial]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Aranjuez ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Doce Calles]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Cendales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leidy Jazmín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gazeta [Gaceta] de Colombia (1821-1826)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prensa siglos XIX-XX. Programa Nacional de Investigación: Las culturas políticas de la Independencia, sus memorias y sus legados: 200 años de ciudadanías]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
