<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-2804</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Química]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Quim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-2804</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Química,  Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-28042019000100026</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v48n1.72401</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Técnicas de titulación ácido-base: consideraciones metrológicas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Acid-base titration techniques: metrological considerations]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Técnicas de titulação ácido-base: considerações metrológicas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Erazo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivonne A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abella-Gamba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johanna P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahumada-Forigua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Metrología de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>26</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-28042019000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-28042019000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-28042019000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Se evaluaron diferentes sistemas de medición para titulaciones ácido-base, con el propósito de determinar cuál presenta mejores características metrológicas. Estos sistemas incluyen volumetrías y gravimetrías, las cuales se combinaron con diferentes métodos de detección del punto de equivalencia: (i) potenciometría, (ii) indicador ácido-base y (iii) conductividad electrolítica. Este artículo propone una nueva aproximación para la estimación de la incertidumbre de medición asociada a la detección del punto de equivalencia. Los resultados indicaron que, para la determinación del punto de equivalencia, las incertidumbres más bajas se obtienen mediante el método potenciométrico en comparación con el método conductimétrico cuyo sesgo es hasta 78 veces mayor. Sin embargo, se encontró que el método potenciométrico es fuertemente dependiente de la resolución del instrumento y/o la cantidad de agente titulante que se adiciona en la cercanía al punto de equivalencia. También se encontró que la incertidumbre disminuye cerca del 40% empleando métodos gravimétricos en comparación con los volumétricos. Al realizar la evaluación del sesgo de los sistemas de medición acorde con la guía ISO 33:2015, los resultados mostraron que, de los métodos evaluados, el método gravimétrico con detección potenciométrica presentó las mejores características metrológicas, pues se obtuvieron sesgos e incertidumbres menores.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Different measurement systems for acid-base titrations were evaluated to determine which one had the best metrological characteristics. These systems included volumetric and gravimetric titrations, which were combined with different detection systems: (i) potentiometry, (ii) acid-base indicator, and (iii) electrolytic conductivity. This article proposes a new approach for estimating the measurement uncertainty associated with the detection of the equivalence point. The results showed that, for the determination of the equivalence point, the lowest uncertainties were obtained by the potentiometric method in comparison with the conductometric method, whose bias was 78 times higher. The potentiometric method, however, was strongly dependent on the instrument resolution and/or the titrant amount that is added close to the equivalence point. It was also found that uncertainty decreases about 40% using gravimetric methods as compared to volumetric methods. When performing bias evaluation of the measurement systems according to the ISO 33:2015 guide, results showed that, among the evaluated methods, the gravimetric method with potentiometric detection presented the best metrological characteristics, with the lowest biases and uncertainties.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Foram avaliados diferentes sistemas de medida para titulações ácido-base, a fim de determinar quais possuem as melhores características metrológicas. Estes sistemas incluem titulações e gravimétricas, que foram combinadas com diferentes sistemas de detecção do ponto de equivalência: (i) potenciometria, (ii) indicador ácido-base e (iii) condutividade electrolítica. Este artigo propõe uma nova abordagem para estimar a incerteza de medição associada à detecção do ponto de equivalência. Os resultados indicaram que, para a determinação do ponto de equivalência, as incertezas mais baixas são obtidas pelo método potenciométrico enquanto que a incerteza do método condutométrico é até 78 vezes maior que a obtida pela potenciometria. Além disso, a potencimetria é altamente dependente da resolução do instrumento e/ou da quantidade de titulante para ser adicionado na proximidade com o ponto de equivalência. Também verificou-se que a incerteza diminui em torno de 40% utilizando métodos gravimétricos. De acordo à guia de norma ISO 33:2015, os resultados mostraram que os métodos de titulação ácido-base avaliados gravimetricamente com detecção potenciométrica proporcionaram as melhores características de metrologia, porque obtiveram os menores distorções e incertezas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[incertidumbre de medición]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[punto de equivalencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[indicador ácido-base]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[potenciometría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conductividad electrolítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gravimetría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[volumetría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[uncertainty measurement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[equivalence point]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acid-base indicator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[potentiometry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electrolytic conductivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gravimetric analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[volumetric analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[incerteza de medição]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[análise gravimétrica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[análise volumétrica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Development of the Titration Methods. Some Historical Annotations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anal. Chim. Acta]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>206</volume>
<page-range>97-109</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Development of Titrimetric Analysis till 1806]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>19</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Copenhagen ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gad Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koort]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herodes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pihl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimation of Uncertainty in pKa values determined by potentiometric titration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anal. Bioanal. Chem]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>379</volume>
<page-range>720-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boguta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokolowska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of the sorption properties of different soils using water vapour adsorption and potentiometric titration methods]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. Agrophys]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>369-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lochhead]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risks and Benefits of Rapid Clozapine Titration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ment. Illn]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>6457-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santagata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determination of vanadium(V) by direct automatic potentiometric titration with EDTA using a chemically modified electrode as a potentiometric sensor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Talanta]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<page-range>843-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pampati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCormick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhattacharyya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protein Nitrogen Determination by Kjeldahl Digestion and Ion Chromatography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Pharm. Sci]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>1851-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hupp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of Br0nsted acidity and proton topology in Zr- and Hf-based metal-organic frameworks using potentiometric acid-base titration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Mater. Chem. A]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>1479-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ophardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acid Rain Analysis by Standard Addition Titration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Chem. Educ]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<page-range>257-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pratt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Automated, High-Precision Coulometric Titrimetry Part II. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anal. Chim. Acta]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>289</volume>
<page-range>135-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuselman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shenhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uncertainty in chemical analysis and validation of the analytical method: acid value determination in oils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accredit. Qual. Assur]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>180-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llorente-Marigómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso-Calleja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Microbiological Profiles, pH, and Titratable Acidity of Chorizo and Salchichón (Two Spanish Dry Fermented Sausages) Manufactured with Ostrich, Deer, or Pork Meat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Food Prot]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>1183-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Primary methods for the measurement of amount of substance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Metrologia]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>289-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Felber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rezzonico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Máriássy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Titrimetry at a metrological level]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Metrologia]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>249-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Metrología</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación de los resultados de la encuesta de demanda metrológica en la Industria Colombiana]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introducción Al Desarrollo de Capacidad Para Producir, Analizar Y Evaluar Materiales de Referencia]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Amperometric, Bipotentiometric, and Coulometric Titration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anal. Chem]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michalowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toporek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rymanowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[pH-Static Titration: A Quasistatic Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Chem. Educ]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<page-range>142-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenoir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manceau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Number of Independent Parameters in the Potentiometric Titration of Humic Substances]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Langmuir]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>3998-4003</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the accuracy of acid-base determinations from potentiometric titrations using only a few points from the titration curve]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Talanta]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>303-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Propagation of error in fulvic acid titration data: a comparison of three analytical methods]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can. J. Chem]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>1185-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brewer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[High Accuracy Titrimetry with Application to HCl]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>201</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NPL Report COAM 5]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>[23]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quantitative Chemical Analysis: W. H]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>222</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Freeman and Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>[24]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uncertainty of a titration equivalence point: A graphical method using spreadsheets to predict values and detect systematic errors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Chem. Educ]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>879</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>[25]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pueyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obiols]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilalta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Expression of Uncertainty of an Acid-Base Titration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anal. Commun]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>205-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>[26]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Organization of Standardization (ISO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ISO/IEC 17025: General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Genova ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>[27]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>[28]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>[29]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cáñez-Carrasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Alegría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corella-Madueño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimación de la incertidumbre expandida en titulaciones ácido-base]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EPISTEMUS]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>5-12N</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>[30]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wampfler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rõsslein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uncertainty due to volumetric operations is often underestimated]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Talanta]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>113-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>[31]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ISO Guide 33:2015 - Reference Materials -- Good Practice in Using Reference Materials]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>32</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Genova ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>[32]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>R Core Team</collab>
<source><![CDATA[R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>[33]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cáñez-Carrasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Alegría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal-Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Federico-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wicochea-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conductimetría y titulaciones: ¿Cuándo, por qué y para qué?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educ. quím]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>166-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>[34]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations. Part II]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Analyst]]></source>
<year>1952</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<page-range>661-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>[35]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of measurement uncertainty in analytical assays by means of Monte-Carlo simulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Talanta]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>415-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>[36]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical uncertainties of end points at intersecting straight lines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anal. Chem]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>1487-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
