<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3347</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombian Journal of Anestesiology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. colomb. anestesiol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3347</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SCARE-Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-33472012000400007</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rca.2012.07.008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Anestesia para cirugía fetal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Anesthesia for fetal surgery]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasco Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>268</fpage>
<lpage>272</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-33472012000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-33472012000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-33472012000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: La cirugía fetal es un área de la medicina que progresa rápidamente, debido a los avances en el diagnostico prenatal se identifican precozmente anomalías susceptibles de intervención antenatal. Los procedimientos de intervencionismo fetal varían desde procedimiento mínimamente invasivos sobre el feto, placenta o membranas, hasta técnicas abiertas que requieren laparotomía e histerotomía materna. Objetivo:Realizar una revisión narrativa de las técnicas anestésicas utilizadas para cirugía fetal. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda no sistemática de publicaciones en bases de datos médicas que incluyeron MEDLINE, SciELO y EMBASE, utilizando los términos «anesthesia y fetal surgery» y restringida a los siguientes tipos de publicación: «Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled Trial, Review». Resultados: Las técnicas anestésicas en cirugía fetal pueden ir desde la sedación, técnicas neuroaxiales o anestesia general materna y la analgesia/anestesia con o sin inmovilización en el feto. El desarrollo de técnicas anestésicas en este campo se debe enfocar en la minimización de riesgos maternos y la preservación del neurodesarrollo normal en el feto.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: Fetal surgery is making huge strides in medicine due to the breakthroughs in prenatal medicine that have opened a window into early diagnosis of abnormalities which may be subject to prenatal interventions. Fetal interventional procedures range from minimally invasive surgery on the fetus, the placenta or membranes, to open techniques requiring laparotomy and maternal hysterectomy Objective: A narrative review of anesthetic techniques used in fetal surgery. For that purpose, a non-systematic review of medical databases publications including MEDLINE, SciELO and EMBASE, was undertaken usingthe terms "anesthesia and fetal surgery" and restricted to the following types of publications: "Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled Trial, Review". Results:Minimally invasive procedures may be performed under local anesthesia or neuraxial techniques, with appropriate sedation of the mother, analgesia/anesthesia and fetal immobilization. The development of anesthetic techniques in this area should focus on minimizing maternal risk and preserving a normal neural development of the fetus.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anestesia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Feto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Embarazo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anesthesia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fetus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pregnancy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="Verdana">     <p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rca.2012.07.008" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rca.2012.07.008</a></p>      <p align="right">Revisi&oacute;n</p>      <p align="center"><b><font size="4" face="Verdana">Anestesia para cirug&iacute;a fetal</font></b></p>     <p align="center"><b><font size="3">Anesthesia for fetal surgery</font></b></p>      <p><b>Mauricio Vasco Ram&iacute;rez *</b></p>     <p>Especialista en Anestesiolog&iacute;a, Cuidados Intensivos y Reanimaci&oacute;n, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. Coordinador del Comit&eacute; de Anestesia Obst&eacute;trica, Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n S.C.A.R.E. Anestesi&oacute;logo Cl&iacute;nicas Colsanitas, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia.</p>     <p>* Autor para correspondencia: Carrera 15 A No. 120-74, Comit&eacute; de Anestesia Obst&eacute;trica, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. Correo electr&oacute;nico: <a href="mailto:machuchovasco@yahoo.com">machuchovasco@yahoo.com</a>    <br> &copy; 2012 Publicado por Elsevier Espa&ntilde;a, S.L. en nombre de Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n.</p> <hr> INFORMACI&Oacute;N DEL ART&Iacute;CULO     <p>Historia del art&iacute;culo: Recibido el 10 de mayo de 2012 Aceptado el 13 de julio de 2012     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>On-line el 11 de septiembre de 2012</p>     <p><b><font size="3">Resumen</font></b></p>      <p><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b>: La cirug&iacute;a fetal es un &aacute;rea de la medicina que progresa r&aacute;pidamente, debido a los avances en el diagnostico prenatal se identifican precozmente anomal&iacute;as susceptibles de intervenci&oacute;n antenatal. Los procedimientos de intervencionismo fetal var&iacute;an desde procedimiento m&iacute;nimamente invasivos sobre el feto, placenta o membranas, hasta t&eacute;cnicas abiertas que requieren laparotom&iacute;a e histerotom&iacute;a materna.</p>     <p><b>Objetivo</b>:Realizar una revisi&oacute;n narrativa de las t&eacute;cnicas anest&eacute;sicas utilizadas para cirug&iacute;a fetal. Para ello se realiz&oacute; una b&uacute;squeda no sistem&aacute;tica de publicaciones en bases de datos m&eacute;dicas que incluyeron MEDLINE, SciELO y EMBASE, utilizando los t&eacute;rminos &laquo;anesthesia y fetal surgery&raquo; y restringida a los siguientes tipos de publicaci&oacute;n: &laquo;Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled Trial, Review&raquo;.</p>     <p><b>Resultados</b>: Las t&eacute;cnicas anest&eacute;sicas en cirug&iacute;a fetal pueden ir desde la sedaci&oacute;n, t&eacute;cnicas neuroaxiales o anestesia general materna y la analgesia/anestesia con o sin inmovilizaci&oacute;n en el feto. El desarrollo de t&eacute;cnicas anest&eacute;sicas en este campo se debe enfocar en la minimizaci&oacute;n de riesgos maternos y la preservaci&oacute;n del neurodesarrollo normal en el feto.</p> <b>Palabras clave</b>: Anestesia, Feto, Dolor, Embarazo.     <p>&copy; 2012 Publicado por Elsevier Espa&ntilde;a, S.L. en nombre de Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n.</p>  <hr>     <p><font size="3" face="Verdana"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>       <p><b>Introduction</b>: Fetal surgery is making huge strides in medicine due to the breakthroughs in prenatal medicine that have opened a window into early diagnosis of abnormalities which may be subject to prenatal interventions. Fetal interventional procedures range from minimally invasive surgery on the fetus, the placenta or membranes, to open techniques requiring laparotomy and maternal hysterectomy</p>     <p><b>Objective</b>: A narrative review of anesthetic techniques used in fetal surgery. For that purpose, a non-systematic review of medical databases publications including MEDLINE, SciELO and EMBASE, was undertaken usingthe terms &quot;anesthesia and fetal surgery&quot; and restricted to the following types of publications: &quot;Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled Trial, Review&quot;.</p>  </font>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Results</b>:Minimally invasive procedures may be performed under local anesthesia or neuraxial techniques, with appropriate sedation of the mother, analgesia/anesthesia and fetal immobilization. The development of anesthetic techniques in this area should focus on minimizing maternal risk and preserving a normal neural development of the fetus.</font></p> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Keywords</b>: Anesthesia, Fetus, Pain, Pregnancy.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&copy; 2012 Published by Elsevier Espa&ntilde;a, S.L. on behalf of Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n.</p>  <hr>     <p><font size="3" face="Verdana"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>      <p>La cirug&iacute;a fetal es un &aacute;rea de la medicina que progresa r&aacute;pidamente. Gracias a los avances en el diagn&oacute;stico prenatal se identifican precozmente anomal&iacute;as susceptibles de intervenci&oacute;n antenatal. Los procedimientos de intervencionismo fetal var&iacute;an desde procedimientos m&iacute;nimamente invasivos (percut&aacute;neos, endosc&oacute;picos) sobre el feto, la placenta o las membranas, hasta t&eacute;cnicas abiertas que requieren laparotom&iacute;a e histerotom&iacute;a materna<sup>1-3</sup>. Las intervenciones anest&eacute;sicas representan un reto cl&iacute;nico, pues requieren un completo conocimiento de la fisiolog&iacute;a materno-fetal e involucran el cuidado de la madre y su(s) feto(s)<sup>4</sup>. El objetivo de este art&iacute;culo es realizar una revisi&oacute;n narrativa de la anestesia para la cirug&iacute;a fetal.</p>     <p><b>Metodolog&iacute;a</b></p>     <p>Se realiz&oacute; una b&uacute;squeda no sistem&aacute;tica de publicaciones en bases de datos m&eacute;dicas que incluyeron MEDLINE, SciELO y EMBASE, utilizando los t&eacute;rminos &laquo;anesthesia y fetal surgery&raquo; y restringida a los siguientes tipos de publicaci&oacute;n: &laquo;Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled Trial, Review&raquo;.</p>     <p><b>¿Siente el feto dolor?</b></p>     <p>Para contestar esta pregunta revisaremos el desarrollo de las v&iacute;as del dolor en el feto. Los receptores perif&eacute;ricos al dolor inician su desarrollo durante la semana 7 de gestaci&oacute;n, las fibras aferentes que comunican dichos receptores perif&eacute;ricos con la sustancia gelatinosa en el cuerno dorsal se desarrollan durante la semana 8, las conexiones espinotal&aacute;micas est&aacute;n completamente formadas para la semana 20 y las conexiones talamocorticales, presentes desde la semana 17, se desarrollan completamente entre las semanas 26 y 30 de gestaci&oacute;n<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>     <p>La respuesta al estr&eacute;s desde el punto de vista hormonal (manifestada por el incremento en los niveles de catecolaminas, betaendorfinas y cortisol) tambi&eacute;n ha sido identificada en el feto y est&aacute; definido que el sistema hipot&aacute;lamo-pituitario-adrenal es funcional desde el comienzo del segundo trimestre<sup>8-10</sup>. Adem&aacute;s, se han documentado respuestas hemodin&aacute;micas a los est&iacute;mulos dolorosos caracterizadas por la redistribuci&oacute;n del flujo sangu&iacute;neo, para proteger la perfusi&oacute;n a &oacute;rganos vitales<sup>11</sup>; adicionalmente, el sistema descendente inhibitorio del dolor mediado por serotonina solo se desarrolla despu&eacute;s del nacimiento, &laquo;por lo que es claro que los fetos sienten m&aacute;s dolor que los neonatos&raquo;<sup>12</sup>. Todas estas respuestas hemodin&aacute;micas y hormonales a los est&iacute;mulos nociceptivos durante el periodo de sinaptog&eacute;nesis pueden tener impacto en el neurodesarrollo del feto y son atenuadas por los agentes anest&eacute;sicos<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>     <p>Recientemente se ha observado en estudios en roedores, que los agentes anest&eacute;sicos en dosis inapropiadas y altas pueden llevar a apoptosis neuronal, con el riesgo te&oacute;rico de problemas en el neurodesarrollo a largo plazo; esto actualmente es un tema de controversia. Se ha demostrado que los efectos neuroapoptoicos son dosis dependientes, y los datos obtenidos en roedores no se pueden extrapolar a humanos<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>     <p>El consenso actual es suministrar analgesia/anestesia fetal de manera juiciosa y adecuada durante las intervenciones dolorosas que desencadenan respuestas nocivas al feto<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Lo que s&iacute; est&aacute; claro y vale la pena resaltarlo, es que en el seguimiento a largo plazo de los reci&eacute;n nacidos cuya madre recibi&oacute; t&eacute;cnicas de analgesia y anestesia neuroaxial para parto vaginal o ces&aacute;rea no se presentaron alteraciones en el neurodesarrollo<sup>21-24</sup>.</p>     <p><b>Intervenciones anest&eacute;sicas en cirug&iacute;a fetal</b></p>     <p>Se puede suministrar analgesia, anestesia e inmovilidad fetal de varias maneras. Las m&aacute;s utilizadas son: aplicaci&oacute;n de agentes a la madre y aprovechamiento de su alto paso transplacentario (agentes inhalados, opioides tipo remifentanil); por aplicaci&oacute;n intramuscular o intravenosa directamente al feto o su cord&oacute;n umbilical (relajantes neuromusculares, opiodes tipo fentanil) y, en algunas ocasiones, administraci&oacute;n de anest&eacute;sicos intraamni&oacute;ticos<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>     <p>Todas las pacientes en quienes se considere realizar intervenciones fetales deben ser conocidas por el servicio de neonatolog&iacute;a y anestesiolog&iacute;a y ser enviadas a evaluaci&oacute;n preanest&eacute;sica. Se debe obtener el consentimiento informado para las intervenciones anest&eacute;sicas y se debe cumplir con la normas de ayuno establecidas para los procedimientos quir&uacute;rgicos<sup>25,26</sup>; en caso de edad gestacional en el rango de viabilidad fetal se debe realizar dicho procedimiento en las salas de cirug&iacute;a, por la posibilidad de que se deba hacer una ces&aacute;rea de urgencia.</p>     <p>Existen 2 procedimientos que actualmente est&aacute;n respaldados por ensayos cl&iacute;nicos aleatorizados: por una parte, la correcci&oacute;n abierta de mielomeningocele<sup>27,28</sup>; y, por otra, la terapia l&aacute;ser endosc&oacute;pica para el s&iacute;ndrome de transfusi&oacute;n fetofetal<sup>29</sup>.</p>     <p>Se describir&aacute;n las t&eacute;cnicas anest&eacute;sicas para la cirug&iacute;a fetal dividiendo dichos procedimientos en 3 grupos: &laquo;cirug&iacute;a fetal abierta, procedimientos en soporte placentario (EXIT &#91;<i>ex-utero intrapartum procedure</i>&#93;, OPPS &#91;<i>operations on placental support</i>&#93;) y procedimientos m&iacute;nimamente invasivos&raquo;.</p>     <p><b>Cirug&iacute;a fetal abierta</b></p>     <p>Algunos ejemplos de esta incluyen: correcci&oacute;n de mielomeningocele<sup>27,30-33</sup>; resecci&oacute;n de malformaci&oacute;n adenomatosa qu&iacute;stica pulmonar   <sup>34</sup> ; casos seleccionados de teratoma sacrococc&iacute;geo<sup>30</sup>. Todos ellos requieren laparotom&iacute;a e histerotom&iacute;a materna, sea con o sin exposici&oacute;n de partes fetales, seg&uacute;n el caso; las madres reciben profilaxis antibi&oacute;tica, adem&aacute;s de profilaxis de broncoaspiraci&oacute;n y de enfermedad venosa tromboemb&oacute;lica. Se realiza a continuaci&oacute;n reserva sangu&iacute;nea para la madre y se garantiza la disponibilidad de al&iacute;cuotas de 50 ml de sangre 0 negativo desleucocitada para el feto.</p>     <p>La mayor&iacute;a de las veces se suministra anestesia general con intubaci&oacute;n endotraqueal materna y, previamente a la inducci&oacute;n de la anestesia general, se sugiere la aplicaci&oacute;n de un cat&eacute;ter epidural para el manejo balanceado de la analgesia postoperatoria.</p>     <p>La monitorizaci&oacute;n materna es b&aacute;sica (presi&oacute;n arterial no invasiva, oximetr&iacute;a de pulso, monitorizaci&oacute;n electrocardiogr&aacute;fica continua, capnograf&iacute;a/metr&iacute;a, temperatura, sonda vesical y monitorizaci&oacute;n de la relajaci&oacute;n neuromuscular); por otra parte, estas pacientes requieren una l&iacute;nea arterial para control estricto de la presi&oacute;n arterial, analizador de gases anest&eacute;sicos (se necesitan altas dosis de agentes inhalados 2 MAC para la relajaci&oacute;n uterina), y un cat&eacute;ter venoso central, para usar agentes vasoactivos.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>La toc&oacute;lisis profil&aacute;ctica en estos escenarios es multimodal, y consiste en antiinflamatorios no esteroides preoperatorios, sulfato de magnesio cuando se inicia el cierre de la histerotom&iacute;a (bolo de 6g e infusi&oacute;n de 3g/h), antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) y nifedipina en el postoperatorio.</p>     <p>El manejo de fluidos debe ser racional, pues las cantidades intraoperatorias mayores que 1 l se asocian a edema pulmonar; as&iacute; mismo, debido a las altas dosis de agentes inhalados para obtener relajaci&oacute;n uterina (y, en ocasiones, por el uso de nitroglicerina parenteral), el uso de vasoactivos (fenilefrina, efedrina) debe ser liberal, y el control hemodin&aacute;mico debe ser &oacute;ptimo; como meta general, la presi&oacute;n arterial sist&oacute;lica se debe mantener por encima de 100 mmHg.</p>     <p>El sangrado uterino se evita mediante el uso de grapas met&aacute;licas o suturando los bordes de la histerotom&iacute;a durante el procedimiento fetal. La monitorizaci&oacute;n fetal se realiza con ecocardiograf&iacute;a continua o intermitente por ultrasonido; en los casos de exteriorizaci&oacute;n fetal se puede aplicar un ox&iacute;metro fetal est&eacute;ril en las extremidades del feto y, eventualmente, hacer medici&oacute;n de gases de arteria umbilical.</p>     <p>Se debe disponer en el campo quir&uacute;rgico de jeringas est&eacute;riles, as&iacute; como de todos los medicamentos para reanimaci&oacute;n y anestesia fetal (adrenalina, atropina, fentanil, pancuronio o vecuronio). La monitorizaci&oacute;n y la reversi&oacute;n de la relajaci&oacute;n neuromuscular en la madre son mandatorias si est&aacute;n indicadas; ello, teniendo en cuenta que la inyecci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida de los agentes anticolenesterasa desencadena contracciones uterinas.</p>     <p>Se debe prevenir y tratar la n&aacute;usea/v&oacute;mito y la hipotermia maternas, y durante su despertar y el postoperatorio inmediato el escalofr&iacute;o y el v&oacute;mito deber ser manejados agresivamente, para evitar la p&eacute;rdida de l&iacute;quido amni&oacute;tico por la zona de la histerorrafia. La analgesia postoperatoria adecuada disminuye los niveles maternos de oxitocina y contribuye a la prevenci&oacute;n de parto pret&eacute;rmino; la mayor&iacute;a de estas pacientes no necesitan manejo postoperatorio en UCI, y se les hace monitorizaci&oacute;n tocodinamom&eacute;trica materno-fetal continua durante las primeras 12-24h del postoperatorio.</p>     <p>La hipotermia fetal durante su exposici&oacute;n en cirug&iacute;a abierta se puede desarrollar r&aacute;pidamente: la piel delgada y friable facilita la ca&iacute;da en la temperatura y, por lo tanto, los l&iacute;quidos de irrigaci&oacute;n utilizados en cirug&iacute;a abierta deben estar a temperatura corporal, para evitar dicha complicaci&oacute;n.</p>     <p><b>EXIT (ex-utero intrapartum procedure) / OOPS (operations on placental support)<sup>35</sup></b></p>     <p>La terapia intraparto in-utero fue inicialmente descrita en casos donde se aseguraba la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea y se aplicaba surfactante en pacientes a quienes se les hab&iacute;a realizado oclusi&oacute;n traqueal con clip para manejo de hernia diafragm&aacute;tica cong&eacute;nita durante la ces&aacute;rea en soporte placentario. Posteriormente, se adapt&oacute; esta terapia para el manejo de pacientes con masas gigantes en el cuello u obstrucci&oacute;n cong&eacute;nita alta de la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea (s&iacute;ndrome CHAOS)<sup>36</sup>.</p>     <p>Los objetivos durante la anestesia incluyen: garantizar una adecuada relajaci&oacute;n uterina, para poder exteriorizar la cabeza y el tronco fetales y evitar la separaci&oacute;n prematura de la placenta; adem&aacute;s, mantener el volumen uterino, el soporte placentario y la estabilidad hemodin&aacute;mica materna mientras se asegura la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea de manera controlada en un feto anestesiado. La premisa es convertir una situaci&oacute;n potencial de crisis en un escenario planeado.</p>     <p>Otras indicaciones para EXIT/OOPS son: pacientes con masas tor&aacute;cicas gigantes, agenesia pulmonar y situaciones donde la reanimaci&oacute;n neonatal sea muy compleja, inclusive, en ocasiones se aprovecha esta estrategia para canulaci&oacute;n vasculares en soporte placentario como transici&oacute;n a ECMO (circulaci&oacute;n en membrana extracorp&oacute;rea)<sup>37</sup>.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Estos casos, muchos de ellos electivos, se realizan garantizando la viabilidad y la madurez fetal. Las madres reciben profilaxis antibi&oacute;tica, as&iacute; como profilaxis de broncoaspiraci&oacute;n y de enfermedad venosa tromboemb&oacute;lica, y se hace reserva sangu&iacute;nea para la madre. La mayor&iacute;a de las veces se suministra anestesia general con intubaci&oacute;n endotraqueal materna; existen algunos trabajos de casos de pacientes con hipertermia maligna y v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea dif&iacute;cil, que se han llevado a cabo con anestesia regional y nitroglicerina endovenosa para obtener relajaci&oacute;n neuromuscular<sup>38,39</sup>.</p>     <p>La monitorizaci&oacute;n materna es b&aacute;sica (presi&oacute;n arterial no invasiva, oximetr&iacute;a de pulso, monitorizaci&oacute;n electrocardiogr&aacute;fica continua, capnograf&iacute;a/metr&iacute;a, temperatura, sonda vesical, monitorizaci&oacute;n de la relajaci&oacute;n neuromuscular), m&aacute;s la implementaci&oacute;n de una l&iacute;nea arterial para control estricto de la presi&oacute;n arterial, analizador de gases anest&eacute;sicos (se necesitan altas dosis de agentes inhalados 2 MAC para la relajaci&oacute;n uterina); el uso o no de cat&eacute;ter venoso central estar&aacute; determinado por las indicaciones maternas.</p>     <p>El uso de vasoactivos (fenilefrina, efedrina) debe ser liberal; el control hemodin&aacute;mico debe ser &oacute;ptimo. El sangrado uterino es importante, as&iacute; como el riesgo de aton&iacute;a uterina posnacimiento, por lo cual se debe disponer de buenos accesos venosos perif&eacute;ricos.</p>     <p>La monitorizaci&oacute;n fetal se realiza con ecocardiograf&iacute;a continua o intermitente por ultrasonido y en los casos de exteriorizaci&oacute;n fetal; en procedimientos que se anticipan como prolongados (traqueostom&iacute;as, ECMO) se puede aplicar un ox&iacute;metro fetal est&eacute;ril en las extremidades del feto y, seguidamente, se hace medici&oacute;n de gases de arteria umbilical y se canaliza una vena perif&eacute;rica en el feto.</p>     <p>Se debe disponer en el campo quir&uacute;rgico de todos los medicamentos para la reanimaci&oacute;n y la anestesia fetal (adrenalina, atropina, fentanil, pancuronio). Una vez asegurada la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea fetal, se disminuye o se cierra el agente inhalado y se aplican uterot&oacute;nicos para prevenir la aton&iacute;a uterina. Se termina el procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico como si fuera a partir de ese momento una ces&aacute;rea convencional; la mayor&iacute;a de madres cursan con una evoluci&oacute;n postoperatoria adecuada; se maneja la analgesia de manera multimodal. La estancia hospitalaria rara vez sobrepasa las 48 h; los neonatos son manejados por neonatolog&iacute;a y cirug&iacute;a pedi&aacute;trica, de acuerdo con su enfermedad de base<sup>40</sup>.</p>     <p><b>Procedimientos m&iacute;nimamente invasivos</b></p>     <p>Existen varios procedimientos incluidos dentro de esta clasificaci&oacute;n, y que involucran intervenciones realizadas sobre la placenta, las membranas o el feto. Algunos ejemplos son las punciones percut&aacute;neas guiadas por ultrasonido -como es el caso de las transfusiones fetales intrauterinas y las punciones cardiacas para septostom&iacute;a auricular<sup>41</sup>- y los procedimientos intervencionistas en v&aacute;lvulas cardiacas<sup>42</sup>; tambi&eacute;n est&aacute;n los procedimientos fetosc&oacute;picos, como la fotocoagulaci&oacute;n l&aacute;ser de anastomosis placentarias en los casos de transfusi&oacute;n feto-fetal, <i>twin-to-twin transfusi&oacute;n syndrome</i> (TTTS)<sup>29,43,44</sup> y la oclusi&oacute;n traqueal con bal&oacute;n en casos de hernia diafragm&aacute;tica congenita, fetal endoscopic tracheal balloon occlusion (FETO)<sup>45-48</sup>. Actualmente se est&aacute; llevando a cabo el ensayo cl&iacute;nico denominado TOTAL trial, dicho estudio nos permitir&aacute; emitir las recomendaciones definitivas de este &uacute;ltimo procedimiento<sup>49</sup>.</p>     <p>Estos procedimientos son realizados la mayor&iacute;a de las veces con anestesia locorregional; el papel primordial del anestesi&oacute;logo en tales casos es proporcionar sedoanalgesia y estabilidad hemodin&aacute;mica materna con inmovilidad fetal: esto permite acortar el tiempo quir&uacute;rgico, evita el trauma fetal, mejora las condiciones t&eacute;cnicas para la adecuada realizaci&oacute;n del procedimiento y evita las consecuencias adversas de la nocicepci&oacute;n fetal en los casos donde se interviene al feto<sup>50,51</sup>.</p>     <p>El est&aacute;ndar de manejo anest&eacute;sico actual en Cl&iacute;nicas Colsanitas son las t&eacute;cnicas neuroaxiales (combinada espinal epidural) a la madre y la utilizaci&oacute;n de agentes opioides de acci&oacute;n ultracorta (remifentanil) que, por el alto paso transplacentario que presentan, se titula hasta llevar a la inmovilizaci&oacute;n fetal requerida.</p>     <p>Algunas situaciones espec&iacute;ficas como la que se presenta durante el procedimiento FETO o las intervenciones cardiacas percut&aacute;neas, requieren relajaci&oacute;n neuromuscular al feto, y esta obtiene mediante aplicaci&oacute;n intramuscular fetal de manera percut&aacute;nea a cargo del especialista en cirug&iacute;a fetal. Dichos procedimientos se manejan con estancias hospitalarias maternas muy cortas (m&aacute;ximo 24 h) y con tasas muy bajas de complicaciones maternas y neonatales.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Conclusiones</b></p>     <p>La anestesia para intervenciones fetales es un reto: siempre hay que cuidar del binomio madre-hijo o de m&aacute;s de un feto como en los casos donde las intervenciones se hacen en embarazos m&uacute;ltiples. Las condiciones fisiol&oacute;gicas maternas y fetales deben ser claramente conocidas por el anestesi&oacute;logo. Las gestantes tienen un incremento en las complicaciones anest&eacute;sicas; especialmente, en los casos que requieren anestesia general<sup>52</sup>. Si bien la discusi&oacute;n sobre el dolor fetal y sus implicaciones persiste; las intervenciones de los anestesi&oacute;logos deben ser juiciosas y racionales promoviendo el adecuado neurodesarrollo fetal.</p>     <p><b>Conflicto de intereses</b></p>     <p>El autor declara no tener ning&uacute;n conflicto de intereses.</p>     <p><b>Financiaci&oacute;n</b></p>     <p>Ninguna.</p>     <p><b><font size="3" face="Verdana">REFERENCIAS</font></b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>1. 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