<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3347</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombian Journal of Anestesiology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. colomb. anestesiol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3347</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SCARE-Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-33472020000400204</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5554/22562087.e935</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Concordance between the loss of resistance technique and ultrasound in measuring the distance from the skin to the epidural space in pediatric patients: Observational study]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Concordancia entre la técnica de pérdida de resistencia y ecografia en la medición de la distancia entre la piel y el espacio epidural en pacientes pediátricos: Estudio observacional]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echeverry-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Piedad Cecilia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Pradilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes-Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira-Ospina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rocío del Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiroga-Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación National Committee of Pediatric Anesthesia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá D. C]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Roosevelt  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá D. C]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de La Sabana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Chía]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Roosevelt Education and Research Area ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá D. C]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-33472020000400204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-33472020000400204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-33472020000400204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: The use of ultrasound in regional anesthesia has become a standard technique to improve nerve block accuracy and reduce associated complications. The literature reports a good correlation between the distance from the skin to the dura mater or the ligamentum flavum measured on ultrasound and the conventional technique of "loss of resistance". Latin American populations have not been included in the studies conducted so far but, because of differences in physical build, it is important to determine whether this correlation is maintained in the various populations. This paper offers new information about the role of ultrasound in determining the distance to the ligamentum flavum and recognizing the proximity of the dura mater to avoid accidental puncture of this structure in Latin American populations.  Objective: To determine correlation and concordance in estimating the distance from the skin to the epidural space between the loss of resistance technique and ultrasound measurement.  Methodology: Observational study conducted in 52 pediatric patients who received general anesthesia plus epidural analgesia for acute perioperative pain management between July 2014 and November 2015 to assess correlation and concordance between loss of resistance and ultrasound measurement of distance to the epidural space.  Results: There is a correlation between distances measured using the two techniques, which appears to be higher as patient age increases. As for concordance, the study found that 0.43 cm should be added to the ultrasound measurement to achieve agreement with the distance obtained using the loss of resistance technique; however, the interval between the two measurements is 1.15 cm.  Conclusions: A correlation was found between the measurement taken from the skin to the epidural space using ultrasound and the measurement obtained with the traditional needle puncture and loss of resistance technique. Although concordance was not as expected and the distance measured with ultrasound may be smaller than the real measurement with the needle, ultrasound offers good guidance regarding proximity to the epidural space.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: El uso del ultrasonido en la anestesia regional se ha convertido en una técnica estándar para mejorar la precisión de los bloqueos nerviosos y disminuir las complicaciones relacionadas con dicha anestesia. La literatura informa que hay una buena correlación entre la distancia entre la duramadre o el ligamento amarillo y la piel según el ultrasonido y la técnica convencional de "pérdida de resistencia". Los estudios realizados hasta ahora no han incluido población latinoamericana y, debido a las diferencias en la contextura física, es importante determinar si esta correlación se mantiene en varias poblaciones. Con este trabajo se aporta nueva información sobre la utilidad del ultrasonido para determinar la distancia al ligamento amarillo y advertir la cercanía de la duramadre con el fin de evitar la punción accidental de esta estructura en población latina.  Objetivo: Determinar la correlación y concordancia en la estimación de la distancia de la piel al espacio epidural entre la técnica de pérdida de resistencia y la medición por ultrasonido.  Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional en 52 pacientes pediátricos, que recibieron anestesia general más analgesia epidural para manejo del dolor agudo perioperatorio entre julio de 2014 y noviembre de 2015. Se evaluó la correlación y la concordancia de la distancia medida al espacio epidural entre la técnica de pérdida de resistencia y la distancia por ultrasonido.  Resultados: Existe una correlación entre la distancia obtenida mediante las dos técnicas de medición que parece aumentar a medida que aumenta la edad de los pacientes. En cuanto a la concordancia se encontró que a la medida tomada por ultrasonido se le debería sumar 0,43 cm para que concuerde con la distancia tomada por pérdida de resistencia; no obstante, el intervalo entre ambas medidas es de 1,15 cm.  Conclusiones: Encontramos una correlación entre la medida tomada desde la piel hasta el espacio epidural por ultrasonido y la tomada por la técnica tradicional de punción con aguja y pérdida de resistencia. Aunque la concordancia que hallamos no fue la esperada, y la medición del ultrasonido puede ser menor a la medición real encontrada con la aguja, es una buena guía para advertir la cercanía del espacio epidural.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Regional anesthesia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pediatrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epidural space]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ultrasonography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[safety]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anestesia, regional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pediatría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[técnica de pérdida de resistencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ultrasonido]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Iglesias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tielens LKP Diéguez-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasonografía para anestesia regional en cirugía pediátrica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cir May Amb]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>55-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrígues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barretto de Carvalho M do]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saraiva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Complicaciones y secuelas neurológicas de la anestesia regional realizada en niños bajo anestesia general. ¿Un problema real o casos esporádicos?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Anestesiol]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>200656</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>382-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ecoffey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pediatric regional anesthesia -update]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>232-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kapral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krafft P Eibenberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzgerald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinstabl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular approach for regional anesthesia of the brachial plexus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>507-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prepuncture ultrasound-measured distance: an accurate reflection of epidural depth in infants and small children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reg Anesth Pain Med]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>102-1066</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potolicchio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spinal anesthesia in premature infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>95-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spear]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deshpande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maxwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LG.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Caudal anesthesia in the awake, high-risk infant]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>407-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saint-Maurice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Indications and limitations or regional anesthesia in pediatric practice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reg Anesth infants, Child Adolesc]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>127-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boninsegni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salerno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giannotti P Andreuccetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Busoni P Santoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of surgery and epidural or general anaesthesia on testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol plasma levels in prepubertal boys]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Steroid Biochem]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1783-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casiani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anestesia regional en pediatría: ¿Qué es necesario conocer?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anest México]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>57-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: current state of the art]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>368-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gnaho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villevielle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marret]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gentili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación de la profundidad del espacio subaracnoideo con el uso del ultrasonido]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Anestesiol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cork]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kryc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaughan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasonic localization of the lumbar epidural space]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>513-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leipold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conradi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasound imaging facilitates localization of the epidural space during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reg Anesth Pain Med]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>64-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leipold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conradi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy of ultrasound imaging in obstetric epidural anesthesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Anesth]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>169-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leipold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conradi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The lumbar epidural space in pregnancy: visualization by ultrasonography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Anaesth]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>798-804</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Driessen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wijnen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Egmond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Depth of the thoracic epidural space in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Anaesthesiol Belg]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>271-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melman-Szteyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anestesia regional en pediatría... 30 años y más]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Mex Anestesiol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>53-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moggi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schkair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anestesia regional en pediatría]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Arg Anest]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>87-111</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BCH.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New advances in technique for pediatric caudal and epidural placement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>194-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lessoway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rohling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Preinsertion paramedian ultrasound guidance for epidural anesthesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>661-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raghunathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determining the accuracy of caudal needle placement in children: A comparison of the swoosh test and ultrasonography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Paediatr Anaesth]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>606-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent advances in epidural analgesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiol Res Pract]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cravero JP Rice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional anesthesia in infants, children, and adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>892</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwiecien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kopp-Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blettner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Concordance analysis: part 16 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dtsch Arztebl Int]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<numero>30</numero>
<issue>30</issue>
<page-range>515</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Counsell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wildsmith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JAW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Major complications of central neuraxial block: Report on the Third National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Anaesth]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>179-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abukawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiroki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morioka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwakiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higuchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasound versus anatomical landmarks for caudal epidural anesthesia in pediatric patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Anesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
