<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3584</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Desarro. soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3584</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-35842018000200011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13043/dys.81.1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿CÓMO SE MODIFICARÍAN LA POBREZA Y LA DESIGUALDAD DE INGRESOS DE LOS HOGARES SI SE CIERRAN LAS BRECHAS DE GÉNERO EN EL MERCADO LABORAL? UN ESTUDIO PARA CUATRO PAÍSES DE AMÉRICA LATINA]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[EFFECTS OF CLOSING THE LABOR GENDER MARKET GAPS ON POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN FOUR LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colacce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Cepal  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>81</numero>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-35842018000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-35842018000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-35842018000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo busca estimar el potencial efecto que tendría en la pobreza y en la desigualdad de ingresos de los hogares en cuatro países de América Latina (Bolivia, Brasil, Perú y Uruguay), la eliminación de las diferencias de género en la participación e ingresos laborales. La simulación se basa en una técnica de imputación múltiple de datos faltantes (Rubin, 1987) aplicada a ejercicios de construcción de contrafactuales. Mientras que los efectos de la eliminación de las diferencias de género en el mercado laboral en la pobreza son inequívocos y siempre positivos, los efectos sobre la desigualdad del ingreso laboral y del ingreso de los hogares no pueden ser generalizados, dependerán del país y del escenario. Esto obedece a que, dependiendo de la situación de partida, se generan modificaciones en diferentes partes de la distribución del ingreso, reflejo de cómo se concentran las desigualdades de género en el mercado laboral de cada país. Clasificación JEL: D31, I30, J16.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The main objective of this paper is to estimate how the gender differences in the labor market (participation and wage gap) affect both poverty and income inequality, based on four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Perú, Uruguay). The methodology is based on a multiple imputations technique (Rubin, 1987) applied to the construction of counterfactuals. While the effects on poverty are always positive and strong, the effects of the elimination of the gender differences on the labor market on labor and household income cannot be generalized. They depend on the country, and the scenario since modifications on different parts of the income distribution is observed, associated with the starting point of each one. These results are in accordance with the differences in the sort of inequalities between men and women observed among countries. JEL Classification: D31, I30, J16.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[método estadístico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[discriminación sexual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelos de simulación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[statistical method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender discrimination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[simulation models]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[An]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Little]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multiple imputation: An alternative to top coding for statistical disclosure control]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>170</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>923-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inequality: what can be done?]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Massachusetts ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The effects of women&#8217;s economic power in Latin America and the Caribbean]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Mundial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kenward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Multiple imputation and its application]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chichester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sticky floors and glass ceilings in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Economic Inequality]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>339-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Cepal</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Panorama social de América Latina 2014]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Cepal</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Pactos para la igualdad. Hacia un futuro sostenible]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Firpo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decomposition methods in economics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>1-102</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gartner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rässler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analyzing the changing gender wage gap based on multiply inputed right censored wages]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IAB]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchionni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Implications of female labor force participation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchionni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bridging gender gaps? The rise and deceleration of female labor force participation in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>261-306</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Plata ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de La Plata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchionni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badaracco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterizing female participation changes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchionni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bridging gender gaps? The rise and deceleration of female labor force participation in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>151-78</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Plata ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de La Plata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harkness]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s employment and household income inequality]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gornik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jäntti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Income inequality: Economic disparities and the middle class in affluent countries]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>207-33</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford, California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burkhauser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larrimore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring inequality using censored data: A multiple-imputation approach to estimation and inference]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>174</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>63-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Training, wages, and sample selection: Estimating sharp bounds on treatment effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1071-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madalozzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occupational segregation and the gender wage gap in Brazil: An empirical analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Aplicada]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>147-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madalozzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender wage gaps: Comparing the 80s, 90s and 00s in Brazil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economia e Administração]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>141-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maxwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changing female labor force participation: Influences on income inequality and distribution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Forces]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1251-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The gender wage gap in Peru 1986-2000: Evidence from a matching comparisons approach]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Departamento de Investigación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New century, old disparities: Gender and ethnic wage gaps in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piesse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Judkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Causal inference using semi-parametric imputation]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Section on Survey Research Methods of the American Statistical Association]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1085-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inference and missing data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>581-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diferenciais de rendimentos entre homens e mulheres no Brasil revisitado: Explorando O &#8216;teto de vidro&#8217;]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Universitario Newton Paiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
