<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3584</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Desarro. soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3584</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-35842021000200011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13043/dys.88.1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Femicide in Latin America: An economic approach]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El feminicidio en América Latina: Un enfoque económico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Garavito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo Nicolás]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>88</numero>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-35842021000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-35842021000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-35842021000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Justification: The rising cases of femicide across Latin America have pushed governments to enact specific laws criminalizing this gender-based murder to deter violence and crime against women. However, given the lack of data, the effect of these legislations is unknown. We aim to understand the causes and mechanisms of femicide across Latin American countries, as well as the possible effect of the legislation on femicide rate. We propose an economic approach that combines ideas proposed by Becker&#8217;s economics of crime and bargaining household models to understand the mechanisms behind femicide. The proposed approach suggests that legislation has a positive effect on reduc­ing the number of murders of women by increasing the likelihood of the crimi­nal being convicted and punished, thus changing these criminals&#8217; incentives to commit the crime. However, government inaction and impunity towards femicide may impede the effectiveness of legislation in deterring criminal behavior. As data on femicide becomes available, the effect of the legislation on femicide rates could be estimated using a difference in difference method.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Justificación: El creciente número de casos de femicidio en América Latina ha impulsado a los gobiernos de la región a tipificarlo como delito para disuadir la violencia y el crimen contra las mujeres. Sin embargo, se desconoce el efecto de estas leyes por la falta de datos disponibles. Se pretende conocer las causas y mecanismos del femicidio en los países de América Latina, así como el posi­ble efecto de las leyes contra este delito. Proponemos un enfoque económico que combina las ideas de la economía del crimen de Becker y los modelos de negociación de los hogares para entender los mecanismos detrás del femici­dio. El enfoque propuesto sugiere que la legislación tiene un efecto positivo en la reducción del número de asesinatos de mujeres al aumentar la probabilidad del criminal de ser condenado y castigado, cambiando así los incentivos de los criminales para cometer el delito. Sin embargo, la inacción y la impunidad de los gobiernos hacia el femicidio podrían impedir la eficacia de la legislación para disuadir el comportamiento criminal. A medida que se disponga de mayor canti­dad de datos sobre femicidio, se podrá estimar el efecto de la legislación sobre la ocurrencia de este delito utilizando el método de diferencias en diferencias.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Intimate Partner Violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Legislation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Microeconomics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[JEL Code: K14, N36]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Violencia de pareja]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Legislación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Microeconomía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Clasificación JEL: K14, N36]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Amnesty International</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Justice fails in Ciudad Juarez and the city of Chihuahua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amnesty International]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvazzi del Frate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When the victim is a woman]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Burden of Armed Violence 2011]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>113-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Georgiades]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cullen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Racine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Community influences on intimate partner violence in India: Women&#8217;s educa­tion, attitudes towards mistreatment and standards of living]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social science &amp; medicine]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>691-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economics Dimension of Crime]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<page-range>13-68</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A theory of marriage: Part I]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>813-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A theory of marriage: Part II]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>11-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bobonis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Brenes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Transfers and domestic violence: The roles of private information and spousal control]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Journal: Economic Policy]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>179-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guedes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violence Against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pan American Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breiding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Black]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahendra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance Uniform Definitions and Recom­mended Data Elements Version 2.0]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Atlanta ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capaldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knoble N]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim Hyoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Partner Abuse]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>231-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Femicide Legislation: Lessons from Latin America]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Guelph]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Confronting violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean [annual Report 2013-2014]]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Publication]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellsberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization (WHO) and Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tiefenthaler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Economic Analysis of Domestic Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Social Economy]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>337-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedemann-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lovatón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intimate partner violence in Colombia: Who is at risk?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Forces]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>663-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s work, gender roles, and intimate partner violence in Nigeria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of sexual behavior]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1923-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence by Intimate Partners]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Report on Violence and Health]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>87-121</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WHO Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An exchange/social control theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The dark side of families: Current family violence research]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<page-range>151-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Beverly Hills ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence Against Women: An integrated, ecological framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence Against Women]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>262-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidrobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cash transfers and domestic violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Health Economics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>304-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidrobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peterman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of cash, vouchers and food transfers on intimate partner violence: evidence from a randomized experiment in Northern Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Journal: Applied Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>284-303</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jewkes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The lancet]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>359</volume>
<numero>9315</numero>
<issue>9315</issue>
<page-range>1423-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Victims of Femicide in Latin America: Legal and Criminal Justice Responses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Temida]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knaul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Family Violence and Child Abuse in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Cases of Colombia and Mexico]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larraín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los orígenes y el control de la violencia doméstica en contra de la mujer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Género, mujer y salud en las Américas]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>541</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Marriage and Household Decision-Making: A Bargaining Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>31-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McElroy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nash Bargained Household Deci­sions: Towards a Generalization of the Theory of Demand]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>333-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pellegrin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crimes Without Punishment: Violence Against Women in Guatemala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hasting Women&#8217;s L.J]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>161</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nowak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Femicide: A global problem]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Small Survey Research Notes]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>1-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oduro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catanzarite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s Wealth and Intimate Partner Violence: Insights from Ecuador and Ghana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Feminist Economics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oxtoby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Taking a Cultural Perspective on Intimate Partner Violence]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Marquette University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palma-Solis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vives-Cases]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Dardet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender Progress and government expenditure as determinants of femicide]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Epidemiology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>322-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto-Carrón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macdonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[No more killings! Women respond to femicides in Central America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gender and Develop­ment]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>25-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Strength­ening Understanding of Femicide using research to galvanize action and accountability]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saccomano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Causes of Femicide in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institut Barcelona Estudis Internacionals]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stöckl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devries]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abrahams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>382</volume>
<numero>9895</numero>
<issue>9895</issue>
<page-range>859-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tauchen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Long]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Domestic violence: a non-random affair]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>491-511</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenkorang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owusu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeboah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bannerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors influencing domestic and marital violence against women in Ghana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Family Violence]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>771-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UN Women</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis de Legislación sobre Femicidio/Feminicidio en América Latina y el Caribe e insumos para una Ley Modelo]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s employment status, coercive control, and intimate partner violence in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Marriage and Family]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>418-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Decisions to Commit Crime: Rational or Nonra­tional?.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Criminology, Criminal Justice Law &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors influencing attitude toward intimate partner violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aggression and Violent Behavior]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>72-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajkotia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rehwikel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The economic dimensions of interpersonal violence]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Addressing Violence Against Women and Achieving the Millennium Development Goals]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WHO Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Understanding and addressing violence against wome]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WHO Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yodanis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender inequality, violence against women and fear: A cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of interpersonal violence]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>655-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
