<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3584</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Desarro. soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3584</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-35842022000100005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13043/dys.90.4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Índice de eficiencia técnica de las empresas de Perú]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Index of technical efficiency of Peruvian companies]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Departamento de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>90</numero>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>151</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-35842022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-35842022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-35842022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Ante una década de bajo nivel de productividad total factorial (PTF) en América Latina, este artículo muestra evidencias del grado de ineficiencia técnica de las empresas del sector productivo peruano. Para ello se estimaron los índices de eficiencia técnica de 116 875 empresas (83 271 formales y 33 604 informales) distribuidas en 25 regiones y diez sectores productivos (agricultura, pecuario, agropecuario, minería, pesca, manufacturas, construcción, comercio, hoteles y restaurantes, y resto de servicios no gubernamentales) obteniendo un índice promedio general de eficiencia para las regiones y sectores de Perú de 37.94 &#8212;el producto total de las empresas se multiplicaría por 2.6 sin requerir factores productivos adicionales&#8212;. Dicha cifra sugiere que intervenciones del gobierno o empresas que induzcan comportamientos técnicamente eficientes en la producción pueden contribuir a incrementar la PTF de la economía, probablemente, a menor costo y tiempo. Clasificación JEL: D24, L60.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In a decade of low TFP &#8212;factorial total productivity&#8212; in Latin America, the paper shows evidence of the low level of TFP due to the degree of technical inefficiency of companies in the Peruvian productive sector case. For this, the technical efficiency indices of 116 875 companies (83 271 formal and 33 604 informal) distributed in 25 regions and ten productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, agriculture, mining, fishing, manufacturing, construction, commerce, hotels and restaurants, and the rest are non-governmental services). The estimates yielded a general average efficiency index for the regions and sectors of Peru of 37.94 &#8212;in other words, the total product of the companies would multiply by 2.6 without requiring additional productive factors&#8212;. This figure suggests that government or company interventions that induce technically efficient behaviors in production can contribute to increasing the TFP of the economy, probably at lower cost and time. JEL Classification: D24, L60.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[productividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[firmas formales e informales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Perú]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Productivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[formal and informal firms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peru]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arbelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Factores determinantes de la eficiencia económica: evidencias de la industria hotelera en España]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badunenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fritsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What determines technical efficiency of FIRMS? Evidence from a representative Panel of German Manufacturing Firms]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[DIW Berlin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mimeo German Institute for Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Battese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimation of a production frontier model: With application to the pastoral zone of Eastern Australia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Australian Journal of Agriculture Economics]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>169-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Banco Mundial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Perú siguiendo la senda del éxito: Productividad para impulsar el crecimiento. Resumen Ejecutivo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D. C ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Banco Mundial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daidone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stochastic frontier analysis using Stata]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stata Journal]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>719-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo-Ureta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinheiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficiency analysis of developing country agriculture: A review of the frontier function literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural and Resource Economics Review]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>88-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Céspedes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aquije]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera-Tudela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Productividad sectorial en el Perú: un análisis de firmas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Estudios Económicos]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>9-26</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[BCRP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Battese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Kluwer Academic Publisher]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pursuing efficiency: A data envelopment analysis of MFIs in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics Letters]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>480-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Agostino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tests for departure from normality. Empirical results for the distributions of b2 and &#8730;b1]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biometrika]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>613-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gumbau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional technical efficiency: A stochastic frontier approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics Letters]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>723-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEI-ENAHO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. 2008-2015]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEI-EEA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Económica Anual (EEA), 2008-2015]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEI-ENA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria 2014-2015]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>INEI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Perú: Evolución de los indicadores de empleo e ingresos por departamento, 2007-2016]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Producción y empleo informal en el Perú: Cuenta satélite de la economía informal 2007-2012]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INEI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumbhakar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horncastle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A practitioner&#8217;s guide to stochastic frontier analysis using Stata]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumbhakar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Benchmarking for performance evaluation: a production frontier approach]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumbhakar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimation of technical inefficiency in production frontier models using Cross-Sectional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian Economic Review, New Series]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>7-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumbhakar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lovell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stochastic frontier analysis]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technical efficiency in agricultural production and access to credit in west Bengal, India: A stochastic frontier approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>53-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparing SFA and DEA methods on measuring production efficiency for forest and paper companies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Forest Products Journal]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>7/8</numero>
<issue>7/8</issue>
<page-range>51-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lovell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Production frontiers and productive efficiency]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FriedLovell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The measurement of productivity efficiency: Techniques and applications]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piovesan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arruda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The performance of agriculture in Latin America: Analyzing, efficiency and efficacy in the region]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>33-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mekonnen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spielman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonsah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Innovation systems and technical efficiency in developing-country agriculture]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Birmingham ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Céspedes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aquije]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera-Tudela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Productividad sectorial en el Perú: un análisis a nivel de firmas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Económicos]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>9-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Céspedes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Productividad en el Perú: medición, determinantes e implicancias]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo Editorial, Universidad del Pacífico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimators and hypothesis tests for a stochastic frontier function: A Monte Carlo analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Productivity Analysis]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>247-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>PNUD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe Sobre el Desarrollo Humano, Perú 2013, Cambio climático y territorio: Desafíos y respuestas para un futuro sostenible]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[PNUD]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Safiullah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamsuddin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technical efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks with undesirable output: Evidence from a stochastic meta-frontier directional distance function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Finance Journal]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>51</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saliola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Measuring total factor productivity using micro-level data from enterprise surveys (Working Paper)]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Enterprise Analysis Unit Finance and Private Sector Development Vice-Presidency World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saliola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Total factor productivity across the developing world]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Enterprise Surveys, Enterprise Note Series]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T-F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simple tests of alternative specifications in stochastic frontier models]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>349-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shanmugam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venkataramani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technical efficiency in agricultural production and its determinants: An exploratory study at the district level]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>169-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Likelihood functions for generalized stochastic frontier estimation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>58-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thiam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo-Ureta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technical efficiency in developing country agriculture: a meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural Economics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>25</numero>
<issue>25</issue>
<page-range>235-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La productividad total de factores agregada en el Perú: Nacional y departamental]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INEI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mediciones del cambio estructural en el Perú: un análisis regional (DT-Dpto. Economía)]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[PUCP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vostroknutova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wacker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clavijo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Understanding the Income and Efficiency Gap in Latin America and the Caribbean]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quentin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kompas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Firm efficiency in a transitional economy: Evidence from Vietnam]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valderrama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Eficiencia técnica en la industria manufacturera en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación Económica]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>294</numero>
<issue>294</issue>
<page-range>1-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wanke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Md. Abul Kalam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pestana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Financial distress and the Malaysian dual baking system: A dynamic slacks approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Banking &amp; Finance]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>C</numero>
<issue>C</issue>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
