<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3584</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Desarro. soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3584</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-35842025000100006</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13043/dys.99.5</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reconciling Keynes and Tinbergen? Klein and His View on Econometrics as a Practical Tool for Policy Formulation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Reconciliando a Keynes y Tinbergen? Klein y su visión de la econometría como una herramienta práctica para la formulación de política]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón-Fuchsa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erich]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>99</numero>
<fpage>91</fpage>
<lpage>110</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-35842025000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-35842025000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-35842025000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In 1944, just five years after the controversy between John Maynard Keynes and Jan Tinbergen, Lawrence R. Klein found himself in a unique position. As a leading expert on Keynesian economics in the United States, Klein was recruited at the Cowles Commission to rebuild Tinbergen&#8217;s macro-econometric model of the US economy. This paper explores Klein&#8217;s macro-econo- metric approach as a serious attempt to reconcile Tinbergen&#8217;s work with Keynes&#8217;s criticisms. For Klein, macro-econometric modeling was not merely a tool for generating insights about the economic world but also a practice that took seriously the inherent limitations of statistical and mathematical methods. Ultimately, it was this complex practice&#8212;rather than econometric techniques alone&#8212;that enabled macroeconomists to discover, understand, and articulate concrete obser- vations about the economy.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En 1944, solamente cinco años después de la Controversia entre John Maynard Keynes y Jan Tinbergen, Lawrence R. Klein se encontró en una posición particular: Klein era uno de los expertos en economía Keynesiana en EEUU que acababa de ser reclutado por la Cowles Comission para volver a hacer el modelo macroeconométrico de EEUU de Tinbergen. En este artículo, presento la aproxima- ción de Klein como un intento serio de reconciliar el trabajo de Tinbergen con las críticas de Keynes. Esta aproximación presenta la modelización macroeco- nométrica como una manera poderosa de descubrir cosas sobre el mundo económico y como una manera rigurosa de considerar las limitaciones de los métodos estadísticos y matemáticos en economía. Al final, la reconciliación propuesta por Klein no puede entender la econometría solamente como una herramienta, sino más bien como una práctica de modelización macro- econométrica, que le permite a la macroeconometrista descubrir, entender y hacer recomendaciones con- cretas sobre el mundo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Keynes vs Tinbergen Controversy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[History of Econometrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Controversia entre Keynes y Tinbergen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[historia de la econometría e historia de la macroeconomía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[B22]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[B23]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[B41]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Backhouse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Transformation of U.S. Economics, 1920-1960, Viewed through a Survey of Journal Articles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<numero>^sannual suppl</numero>
<issue>^sannual suppl</issue>
<supplement>annual suppl</supplement>
<page-range>85-107</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Backhouse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Founder of Modern Economics: Paul A. Samuelson: Volume 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915-1948]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjerkholt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Notes on the early years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Policy Modeling]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>767-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boumans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The problem of passive observation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>75-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boumans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Econometrics: the Keynes&#8211; Tinbergen controversy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Elgar Companion to John Maynard Keynes]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>283-9</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carabelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[On Keynes&#8217;s Method]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan Press Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desrosie&#768;res]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Managing the economy, the State, the market and statistics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 7, Modern Social and Behavioural Sciences]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchionatti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keynes on Econometric Method: A reassessment of his debate with Tinbergen and other econometricians, 1938- 1934]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Working paper No. 01/2004]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universita&#768; di Torino]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goutsmedt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón-Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Renault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sergi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reacting to the Lucas Critique The Keynesians&#8217; Replies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>535-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haavelmo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Statistical Implications of a System of Simultaneous Equations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1943</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haavelmo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The probability approach in econometrics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1944</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>^sannual suppl</numero>
<issue>^sannual suppl</issue>
<supplement>annual suppl</supplement>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haberler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prosperity and Depression]]></source>
<year>1937</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The League of Nations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hacking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical Language, Statistical Truth, and Statistical Reason: The Self- Authentication of a Style of Scientific Reasoning]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMullin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Dimensions of Science]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>130-57</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Notre Dame University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hacking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historical Ontology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Econometrics &#8211; Alchemy or Science?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economica]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>188</numero>
<issue>188</issue>
<page-range>387-406</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Foundations of Econometric Analysis]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Scope and Method of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1910</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Treatise on Probability]]></source>
<year>1921</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan and Co., Limited]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvest/Harcourt, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>1971-89</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume 14: The General Theory and After; Part 2: Defence and Development]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press for the Royal Economic Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Professor Tinbergen&#8217;s Method]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>558-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1940</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>154-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theories of Effective Demand and Employment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1947</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>108-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Fluctuations in the United States, 1921-1941]]></source>
<year>1950</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Empirical Foundations of Keynesian Economics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurihara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Post Keynesian Economics]]></source>
<year>1954</year>
<page-range>15-44</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[H. Wolff Manufacturing Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Scope and Limitations of Econometrics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Single Equation System Methods of Estimation in Econometrics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>866-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Keynesian Revolution]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave McMillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Econometric contributions of the Cowles Commission, 1944-47: A Retrospective View]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Banca Nationale del Lavoro Quarterly Review]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>77</numero>
<issue>77</issue>
<page-range>107-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Econometric Model of the United States, 1929-1952]]></source>
<year>1955</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[North-Holland Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Did Mainstream Econometric Models Fail to Anticipate the Inflationary Surge?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feiwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Issues in Contemporary Macroeconomics and Distribution]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mariano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ET interview with Professor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometric Theory]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>409-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koopmans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Logic of Econometric Business-Cycle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1941</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>157-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koopmans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Three Essays on the State of Economic Science]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw- Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keuzenkamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Keynes and the logic of econometric method, (CentER Discussi]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>1995- 113</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unknown Publisher]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keuzenkamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Probability, econometrics and truth: the methodology of econometrics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uncertainty and Economic Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>380</numero>
<issue>380</issue>
<page-range>909-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keynes, prediction and econometrics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Keynes&#8217; economics (Routledge revivals)]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>94-107</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Econometric Policy evaluation: a critique. in Lucas (1981 pp. 104-130)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucas]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meltzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Phillips Curve and Labor Markets]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>104-30</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[North-Holland]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Methodology: A Historical Introduction]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marschak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mr. Keynes on the Statistical Verification of Business Cycle Theories]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Foundations of Econometric Analysis]]></source>
<year>1940</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Principles of Economics, third edition]]></source>
<year>1895</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan and Co]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Microfoundations Reconsidered: the relationship of micro and macroeconomics in historical perspective]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>131-67</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Edgar Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moggridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The collected writings of John Maynard Keynes, Volume XIV: The General Theory and After]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>II</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moggridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Maynard Keynes: An Economist&#8217;s Biography]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The History of Econometric Ideas]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[American Economics: The Character of the Transformation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutherford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[From Interwar Pluralism to Postwar Neoclassicism]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>^sAnnual supplement</numero>
<issue>^sAnnual supplement</issue>
<supplement>Annual supplement</supplement>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Models as Mediators]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Errouaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rational Econometric Man: Transforming Structural Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar Publishing Limited]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patinkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keynes and Econometrics: On the Interaction between the Macroeconomic Revolutions of the Interwar Period]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1091-123</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pesaran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keynes on Econometrics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pesaran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Keynes&#8217; Economics: Methodological Issues]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Croom Helm Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón-Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrics as a Pluralistic Scientific Tool for Economic Planning: On Lawrence R. Klein&#8217;s Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>2014.80</numero>
<issue>2014.80</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paris 1 University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón-Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lawrence R. Klein and the making of macro-econometric modeling, 1938-1955]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>401-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón-Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Becker, Friedman, and Klein on Statistical Illusions: Devising Criteria to Judge the Performance of Large-Scale Macroeconometric Models]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lecturas de Economia]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<numero>98</numero>
<issue>98</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shackle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. L. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Years of High Theory: Invention and Tradition in Economic Thought, 1926-1939]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keynes, political arithmetic and econometrics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Academy]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinbergen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Econometric Approach to Business Cycle Problems]]></source>
<year>1937</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Herman and Cie., Editeurs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinbergen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical Testing of Business Cycle Theories, Vol I: A Method and its Application to Investment Activity; Vol. II: Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919-1932]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[League of Nations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinbergen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On a method of statistical business-cycle research: A Reply]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1940</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>141-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinbergen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Use of Models: Experience and Prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>17-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinbergen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magnus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ET interview: Professor J. Tinbergen]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometric Theory]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>117-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Basic Issues in Econometrics: Past and Present]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economist]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>5-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
