<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-4157</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-4157</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-41572005000400018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus resistente a vancomicina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vesga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas GRIPE  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Farmacología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>575</fpage>
<lpage>587</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-41572005000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-41572005000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-41572005000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Objetivo. Revisar la evolución y mecanismos moleculares de la resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus a vancomicina. Fuente de los datos. Se consultó la base de datos MEDLINE y se seleccionaron artículos tipo reportes de caso, estudios bioquímicos, de microscopía electrónica y biología molecular pertinentes. Síntesis. Después de casi 40 años de eficacia ininterrumpida de la vancomicina, en 1997 se reportaron los primeros casos de fracaso terapéutico debido a cepas de Staphylococcus aureus con resistencia intermedia, denominadas VISA (concentración inhibitoria mínima, CIM, 8 a 16 µg/ml), así como a cepas con resistencia heterogénea hVISA (CIM global = 4 µg/ml, pero con subpoblaciones VISA), en las cuales la resistencia está mediada por engrosamiento de la pared celular y disminución de su entrecruzamiento, lo que afecta la llegada del antibiótico al blanco principal, los monómeros del peptidoglicano en la membrana plasmática. En 2002 se aisló la primera de las 3 cepas reportadas hasta la fecha con resistencia total al antibiótico, denominadas VRSA (CIM>32 µg/ml), en las que se encontró el transposón Tn1546 proveniente de Enterococcus spp, responsable del reemplazo de la terminación D-Ala-D-Ala por D-Ala-Dlactato en los precursores de la pared celular con pérdida de la afinidad por el glicopéptido. Conclusiones. La resistencia a vancomicina es una realidad en S. aureus, mediada en el caso de VISA por alteraciones en la pared celular que atrapan el antibiótico antes de llegar al sitio de acción, y en el caso de VRSA, por transferencia desde Enterococcus spp. de genes que llevan a la modificación del blanco molecular.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The evolution and molecular mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus were reviewed. Case reports and research studies on biochemestry, electron microscopy and molecular biology of Staphylococcus aureus were selected from Medline database and summarized in the following review. After almost 40 years of successful treatment of S. aureus with vancomycin, several cases of clinical failures have been reported (since 1997). S. aureus strains have appeared with intermediate susceptibility (MIC 8-16 µg/ml), as well as strains with heterogeneous resistance (global MIC <=4 µg/ml), but with subpopulations of intermediate susceptibility. In these cases, resistance is mediated by cell wall thickening with reduced cross linking. This traps the antibiotic before it reaches its major target, the murein monomers in the cell membrane. In 2002, a total vancomycin resistant strain (MIC  > or = 32 µg/ml) was reported with vanA genes from Enterococcus spp. These genes induce the change of D-Ala-D-Ala terminus for D-Ala-D-lactate in the cell wall precursors, leading to loss of affinity for glycopeptides. Vancomycin resistance in S. aureus has appeared; it is mediated by cell wall modifications that trap the antibiotic before it reaches its action site. In strains with total resistance, Enterococcus spp. genes have been acquired that lead to modification of the glycopeptide target.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[peptidoglicano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biosíntesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antibióticos glicopéptidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vancomicina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia microbiana a drogas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia a vancomicina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[peptidoglycan]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biosynthesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antibiotics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[glycopeptide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vancomycin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drug resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microbial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vancomycin resistance]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>339</volume>
<page-range>520-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldvogel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus (including staphylococcal toxic shock)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Principles and practice of infectious diseases]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<edition>Fifth Edition</edition>
<page-range>2069-92</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Churchill-Livingston]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vesga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groeschel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Proctor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants are induced by the endothelial cell intracellular milieu]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>173</volume>
<page-range>739-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rozwadowska-Dowzenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Infection by penicillin-resistant staphylococci]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1948</year>
<volume>252</volume>
<page-range>641-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Epidemic staphylococci]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<volume>273</volume>
<page-range>190-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jevons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Calbenin-resistant staphylococci]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med J]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>124-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low affinity penicillin-binding protein associated with beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Bacteriol]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>158</volume>
<page-range>513-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayliffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The progressive intercontinental spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>S74-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diekema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfaller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smayevsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program 1997-1999]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>114-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>282</volume>
<page-range>1123-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwalbe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stapleton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilligan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Emergence of vancomycin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>316</volume>
<page-range>927-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yabuta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oguri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>135-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin-United States 2002]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>565-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved Standard]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<edition>Sixth Edition</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CLSI document M7-A6]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Comité de l’antibiogramme de la societé francaise de microbiologie</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Communiqué]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pathol Biol]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>1- 16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Revised guidelines for the control of MRSA infections in hospitals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hosp Infect]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>253-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olsson-Liljequist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miorner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Sweden]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>13-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ploy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grélaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Lumley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Denis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[First clinical isolate of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a French hospital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>351</volume>
<page-range>1212</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bierbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szekat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presence of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Germany]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>691-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin-United States, 1997]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>765-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilcox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lancaster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson-Dunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>340</volume>
<page-range>493-501</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin-Illinois 1999]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWR Mortal Wkly Rep]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>1165-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schoonmaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maupin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin isolated from a patient with fatal bacteremia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerging Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>147-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ryu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in Korea]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>3879-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dell’Aquila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masiero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Isolation in Brazil of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>443-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuñiga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Multicentre surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci and staphylococci from Colombian hospitals, 2001-2002]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>59-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lancaster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stocker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hancock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Characterization of staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and other glycopeptides]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1020-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liñares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The VISA/GISA problem: therapeutic implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Microbiol Infect]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>8-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Preliminary analysis of the genetic basis for vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strain Mu50]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>255-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneewind]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria and their targeting to the cell wall envelope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microbiol Mol Biol Rev]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>174-229</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin resistance in staphylococci]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Resist Updat]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>135-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watanakunakorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mode of action an in vitro activity of vancomycin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>7-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuwahara-Arai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyle-Vavra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labischinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Activated cell-wall synthesis is associated with vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains Mu3 and Mu50]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>199-209</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inaba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murakami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Increase in glutamine nonamidated muropeptides in the peptidoglycan of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strain Mu50]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>315-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murakami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuwahara-Aria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Contribution of a thickened cell wall and its glutamine non-amidated component to the vancomycin resistance expressed by Staphylococcus aureus Mu50]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>2276-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mamizuka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gemmel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cell wall thickening is a common feature of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>5-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peliska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ninfa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The regulation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase revisited: Role of 2-ketoglutarate in the regulation of glutamine synthetase adenylylation state]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biochemistry]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>12802-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruckner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Carbohydrate catabolism pathways and regulation in staphylococci]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fishetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferretti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portnoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gram Positive Pathogens]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<page-range>339-44</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ASM Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strominger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Amidation and crosslinking of the enzimatically synthesized peptidoglycan of Bacillus stearothermophilus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Biol Chem]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>249</volume>
<page-range>2489-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sieradzki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A highly vancomycin-resistant laboratory mutant of Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Microbiol Lett]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>142</volume>
<page-range>161-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sieradzki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Inhibition of cell wall turnover and autolysis by vancomycin in a highly vancomycinresistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Bacteriol]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<page-range>2557-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wyke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curtis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A role in vivo for penicillin-binding protein-4 of Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Biochem]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<page-range>389-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Climo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Role of penicillin-binding protein-4 in expression of vancomycin resistance among clinical isolates of oxacillin-resistant S. aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>3070-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyle-Vavra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labischinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ebert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ehlert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A spectrum of changes occurs in peptidoglycan composition of glycopeptide-intermediate clinical S. aureus isolates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>280-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuroda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuwahara-Arai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Identification of the up- and down-regulated genes in vancomycin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains Mu3 and Mu50 by cDNA differential hybridization method]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biochem Biophys Res Commun]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>269</volume>
<page-range>485-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuroda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uchiyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yuzawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kobayashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Whole genome sequencing of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>357</volume>
<page-range>1225-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sylvester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chalker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[So]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Two active forms of UDP-Nacetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase in Gram positive bacteria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Bacteriol]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<page-range>4146-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komatsuzawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sugai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fujiwara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glanzmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger-Bachi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Tn551-mediated insertional inactivation of the fmtB gene encoding a cell-wall associated protein abolishes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>421-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsieh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of DNA mismatch repair]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mutat Res]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>486</volume>
<page-range>71-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chambers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Methicillin resistance in Staphylococci: Molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Microb Rev]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>781-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muramaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomasz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Involvement of multiple genetic determinants in high-level methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Bacteriol]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>171</volume>
<page-range>874-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okuzumi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwamoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A retrospective study on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains in Tokyo University Hospital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Chemother]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>40-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chambers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin: epidemiology, clinical significance and critical assessment of diagnostic methods]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>3040-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aritaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawasaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hosoda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dissemination in japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>350</volume>
<page-range>1670-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolmström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qwarnström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wootton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of current methods for detection of staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>2439-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pujol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin in surgical infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>353</volume>
<page-range>1587-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwaber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmeli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venkataraman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeGirolami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gramatikova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clinical implications of varying degrees of vancomycin susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerging Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>657-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiramatsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new model of antibiotic resistance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>147-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noble]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Virani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cree]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Microbiol Lett]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<page-range>195-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhalla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donskey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Coexistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus in the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>875-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sievert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hageman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boulton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Downes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Infection with vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>348</volume>
<page-range>1342-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus- Pennsylvania, 2002]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWK Morb Mortal Wkly Rep]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>902-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitener]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Browne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Julian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozdogan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of vancomycin exposure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>1049-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-New York, 2004]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWK Morb Mortal Wkly Rep]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>322</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin resistance: decoding the molecular logic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>261</volume>
<page-range>308-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>66</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weigel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clewell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDougal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flannagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of a high level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>302</volume>
<page-range>1569-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>67</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weigel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Appelbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDougal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaitram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAllister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>275-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<label>68</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The biological cost of antibiotic resistance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Microbiol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>489-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<label>69</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabaqchali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: apocalypse now?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>350</volume>
<page-range>1644-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<label>70</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the clinic: not quite Armageddon]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>1056-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
