<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-4157</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biomed.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-4157</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-41572020000400749</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7705/biomedica.5187</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sensibilidad in vitro a benznidazol, nifurtimox y posaconazol de cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi de Paraguay]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[In vitro susceptibility to benznidazole, nifurtimox and posaconazole of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Paraguay]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nidia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yaluff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gloria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elsa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bobadilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Analía]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Departamento de Medicina Tropical]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales-CINTROP ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>749</fpage>
<lpage>763</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-41572020000400749&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-41572020000400749&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-41572020000400749&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción. Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas, exhibe una sustancial heterogeneidad fenotípica y genotípica que puede influir en las variaciones epidemiológicas y clínicas de la enfermedad, así como en la sensibilidad a los fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento.  Objetivo. Evaluar la sensibilidad in vitro al benznidazol, el nifurtimox y el posaconazol de 40 cepas clonadas de T. cruzi de Paraguay, con distintos genotipos, huéspedes y localidades de origen.  Materiales y métodos. En su estado epimastigote, los parásitos se incubaron en medio de cultivo LIT (Liver Infusion Tryptose) con diferentes concentraciones de cada fármaco en ensayos por triplicado. El grado de sensibilidad se estimó a partir de las concentraciones inhibitorias del 50 y el 90% (IC50 e IC90) y se obtuvieron los valores promedio y la desviación estándar de cada cepa y fármaco. La significación estadística entre grupos se determinó mediante análisis de varianzas con el test no paramétrico de Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis y valores de p&lt;0,05.  Resultados. Se observó un amplio rango de respuesta a los fármacos. Se identificaron dos grupos de parásitos (A y B) con diferencias significativas en la sensibilidad al benznidazol (p&lt;0,0001), y tres grupos (A, B, C) en cuanto a la sensibilidad al nifurtimox y el posaconazol (p&lt;0,0001).  Conclusiones. En general, las cepas fueron más sensibles al nifurtimox que al benznidazol y el posaconazol. Estas diferencias evidencian la heterogeneidad de las poblaciones de T cruzi que circulan en Paraguay, lo que debe considerarse en el tratamiento y el seguimiento de las personas afectadas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, shows substantial phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity, which can influence the epidemiological and clinical variations of the disease and the sensitivity to the drugs used in the treatment.  Objective: To assess the in vitro susceptibility to benznidazole, nifurtimox, and posaconazole of 40 cloned strains of T. cruzi isolated in Paraguay belonging to different genotypes, hosts, and localities.  Materials and methods: We incubated the parasites in their epimastigote stage in LIT culture medium with different concentrations of each drug in triplicate assays. The degree of susceptibility was estimated by the inhibitory concentrations of 50 and 90% (IC50 and IC90) to obtain the average values and the standard deviation for each strain and drug. We determined the statistical significance between groups by analysis of variances with the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and values of p&lt;0.05.  Results: A wide range of drug response was observed. Two groups of parasites (A and B) were identified as having significant differences in susceptibility to benznidazole (p&lt;0.0001), and three groups (A, B, C) to nifurtimox and posaconazole (p&lt;0.0001).  Conclusions: Overall, the isolates were more susceptible to nifurtimox than benznidazole and posaconazole. Such differences highlight the heterogeneity of T. cruzi populations circulating in Paraguay, an aspect to consider in the treatment and follow up of patients.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trypanosoma cruzi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfermedad de Chagas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nitroimidazoles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nifurtimox]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[triazoles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Paraguay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trypanosoma cruzi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chagas disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nitroimidazoles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nifurtimox]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[triazoles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Paraguay]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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