<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-4157</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-4157</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-41572020000500089</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7705/biomedica.4891</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[In vitro effectivity of three approved drugs and their synergistic interaction against Leishmania infantum]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectividad in vitro de tres fármacos aprobados y su interacción sinérgica contra Leishmania infantum]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abou-El-Naga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iman Fathy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rasha Fadly]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussien Mogahed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nermine Mogahed Fawzy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine Medical Parasitology Department]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Alexandria ]]></addr-line>
<country>Egypt</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>101</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-41572020000500089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-41572020000500089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-41572020000500089&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Leishmaniasis remains one of the neglected tropical diseases. Repurposing existing drugs has proven to be successful for treating neglected tropical diseases while combination therapy is a strategic alternative for the treatment of infectious diseases. Auranofin, lopinavir/ritonavir, and sorafenib are FDA approved drugs used in the treatment of diverse diseases by acting on different essential biological enzymes.  Objective: To evaluate the effects of monotherapy and combined therapies with the three drugs against Leishmania infantum.  Materials and methods: We compared the leishmanicidal effects of the three drugs on promastigotes in vitro as regards the parasite count, the drug concentration providing a half-maximal response, and the ultrastructural changes of the parasite. We determined the fractional inhibitory concentration index of combined drugs in two ways, as well as the activity of the three drugs together to establish their synergetic effect.  Results: The monotherapy with the three drugs was effective with auranofin showing the best leishmanicidal effect (EC50=1.5 µM), whereas sorafinib reduced parasite growth at EC50=2.5 µM. The scanning electron microscopy of promastigotes from all treated media showed distortion in the shape with loss of flagella and bleb formation. Acidocalcinosis was evident by transmission electron microscopy with all treatments suggesting apoptosis. Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir showed signs of autophagy. The two-way combination of the drugs led to additive interactions while the combination of the three drugs showed synergistic action.  Conclusion: Each drug when used as monotherapy against Leishmania spp. was effective, but the combination therapy was more effective than the individual drugs due to the additive or synergistic effects.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción. La leishmaniasis sigue siendo una de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas. La reutilización de medicamentos existentes ha demostrado ser exitosa para tratar enfermedades tropicales desatendidas y la terapia combinada es una alternativa estratégica para el tratamiento de enfermedades infecciosas. Auranofin, lopinavir/ritonavir y sorafenib son medicamentos aprobados por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) de Estados Unidos utilizados en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, pues actúan sobre diferentes enzimas biológicas esenciales.  Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos terapéuticos de la monoterapia y de los tres fármacos combinados contra Leishmania infantum.  Materiales y métodos. Los efectos leishmanicidas de los tres fármacos sobre los promastigotes se compararon in vitro en cuanto al recuento de parásitos, la concentración del fármaco que proporcionara una respuesta semimáxima y los cambios ultraestructurales del parásito. Se calculó el índice de concentración inhibitoria de fracciones de fármacos combinados de dos maneras y la actividad de los tres fármacos juntos para determinar el efecto sinérgico.  Resultados. La monoterapia con los tres medicamentos fue efectiva, pero la auranofina tuvo el mejor efecto antileishmanicida con un CE50 de 1,5 µM, en tanto que el sorafinib redujo el crecimiento del parásito con un CE50 de 2,5 µM. La microscopía electronica de barrido de promastigotes de todos los medios tratados mostró una distorsión en la forma, con pérdida de flagelos y formación de ampollas. La acidocalcinosis fue evidente por microscopía electrónica de transmisión con todos los tratamientos, lo que sugiere apoptosis. El tratamiento con lopinavir/ritonavir mostró signos de autofagia. La combinación de dos medicamentos condujo a interacciones aditivas, mientras que la combinación de las tres drogas produjo una acción sinérgica.  Conclusión. Los tres medicamentos usados como monoterapia contra Leishmania spp. fueron efectivos, pero el tratamiento combinado lo fue en mayor medida debido a los efectos aditivos o sinérgicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Leishmania infantum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drug synergism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[apoptosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[autophagy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Leishmania infantum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sinergismo farmacológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[apoptosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autofagia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>WHO Expert Committee on the Control of the Leishmaniases and World Health Organization</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Control of the leishmaniases: Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22-26 March, 2010]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ID]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desjeux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>7</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abou-El-Naga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental changes affecting the circulation of neglected tropical diseases in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian Pac J Trop Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>881-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zijlstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[PKDL and other dermal lesions in HIV co-infected patients with Leishmaniasis: Review of clinical presentation in relation to immune responses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Negl Trop Dis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grogl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hickman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hudson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug discovery algorithm for cutaneous leishmaniasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Trop Med Hyg]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<page-range>216-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bacha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicodemo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mucosal leishmaniasis. Current scenario and prospects for treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Trop]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leishmaniasis: Current status of available drugs and new potential drug targets.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asian Pac J Trop Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>485-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ekins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Finding promiscuous old drugs for new uses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pharm Res]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>1785-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Planer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulverson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ranade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Don]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buckner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Synergy testing of FDA- approved drugs identifies potent drug combinations against Trypanosoma cruzi]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Negl Trop Dis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karmakar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chakraborti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protease inhibitors in potential drug development for leishmaniasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian J Biochem Biophys]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>363-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhaduri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanism of action of amphotericin B on Leishmania donovani promastigotes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mol Biochem Parasitol]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>195-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Croft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olliaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chemotherapy in the treatment and control of leishmaniasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv Parasitol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>223-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigobello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scutari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boscolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bindoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Induction of mitochondrial permeability transition by auranofin, a gold(I)-phosphine derivative]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Pharmacol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<page-range>1162-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baiocco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiorillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boffi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gramiccia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A gold-containing drug against parasitic polyamine metabolism: The X-ray structure of trypanothione reductase from Leishmania infantum in complex with auranofin reveals a dual mechanism of enzyme inhibition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amino Acids]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>803-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandwani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shuter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of HIV-1 infection: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ther Clin Risk Manag]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>1023-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cvetkovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Drugs]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>769-802</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klemba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of plasmepsin V, a membrane-bound aspartic protease homolog in the endoplasmic reticulum of Plasmodium falciparum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mol Biochem Parasitol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>143</volume>
<page-range>183-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Derouin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santillana-Hayat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-Toxoplasma activities drugs and interactions with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in vitro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>2575-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parikh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Istvan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Havlir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenthal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimalarial activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>2983-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savoia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tovo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-leishmanial activity of HIV protease inhibitors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Antimicrob Agents]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>92-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitório]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Branquinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[d&#8217;Avila-Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nelfinavir is effective in inhibiting the multiplication and aspartic peptidase activity of Leishmania species, including strains obtained from HIV-positive patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>348-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pozio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Highly active antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic protozoan infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Parassitologia]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>83-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trudel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sundar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ouellette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tremblay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intracellular survival of Leishmania species that cause visceral leishmaniasis is significantly reduced by HIV-1 protease inhibitors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<page-range>1292-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altoé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitório]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Britto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HIV aspartyl peptidase inhibitors interfere with cellular proliferation, ultrastructure and macrophage infection of Leishmania amazonensis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>4</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demarchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lonardoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of HIV protease inhibitors on New World Leishmania]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Parasitol Int]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>538-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yardley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Croft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Activity of anti-cancer protein kinase inhibitors against Leishmania spp]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>1888-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleghorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woodland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torrie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norcross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luksch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification of inhibitors of the Leishmania cdc2-related protein kinase CRK3]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chem Med Chem]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>2214-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karaman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrgard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atteridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A quantitative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Biotechnol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>127-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siliciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Outwitting evolution: Fighting drug-resistant TB, malaria, and HIV]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>148</volume>
<page-range>1271-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buyse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Besnard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interaction between miltefosine and amphotericin B: Consequences for their activities towards intestinal epithelial cells and Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>3793-800</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seifert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munday]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Syeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In vitro interactions between sitamaquine and amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate, miltefosine, paromomycin and pentamidine against Leishmania donovani]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>850-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Morais-Teixeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallupo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romanha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In vitro interaction between paromomycin sulphate and four drugs with leishmanicidal activity against three New World Leishmania species]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>150-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Croft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med Bull]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<page-range>175-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCartry-Burke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dwyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leishmania donovani: Use of two different commercially available chemically defined media for the continuous in vitro cultivation of promastigotes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Exp Parasitol]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>385-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parasite recovery: Culture methods, animal inoculation and xenodiagnosis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnostic Medical Parasitology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<edition>5</edition>
<page-range>927-8</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society for Microbiology]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fivelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[QL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adagu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warhurst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modified fixed-ratio isobologram method for studying in vitro interactions between atovaquone and proguanil or dihydroartemisinin against drug- resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Agents Chemother]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>4097-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klainer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Scanning-beam electron microscopy of selected microorganisms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<page-range>339-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozzola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conventional specimen preparation techniques for transmission electron microscopy of cultured cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Methods Mol Biol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>369</volume>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biostatistics 102: Quantitative data- parametric &amp; non-parametric tests]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Singapore Med J]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>391-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siqueira-Neto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-leishmanial high- throughput drug screening reveals drug candidates with new scaffolds]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Negl Trop Dis]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>4</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazanion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seveno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In vitro activity of nicotinamide/anti-leishmanial drug combinations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Parasitol Int]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>19-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crowther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shanmugam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hertz-Fowler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berriman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification of attractive drug targets in neglected-disease pathogens using an in silico approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Negl Trop Dis]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>4</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdivieso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dagger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rascon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leishmania mexicana: Identification and characterization of an aspartyl proteinase activity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Exp Parasitol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<page-range>77-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ÉA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magalhães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muniz-Junqueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-HIV drugs, lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir, modulate innate immune response triggered by Leishmania in macrophages: The role of NF-&#954;B and PPAR-&#947;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Immunopharmacol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>314-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ferroptosis, a new form of cell death, and its relationships with tumourous diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cell Mol Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>648-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesquita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tempone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reimão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JQ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combination therapy with nitazoxanide and amphotericin B, glucantime, miltefosine and sitamaquine against Leishmania infantum intracellular amastigotes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Trop]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<page-range>112-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can cell systems biology rescue drug discovery?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Drug Discov]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>461-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Da Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chomont]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palamara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tardugno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gold drug auranofin restricts the viral reservoir in the monkey AIDS model and induces containment of viral load following ART suspension]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AIDS]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>1347-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Croft]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sundar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fairlamb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug resistance in leishmaniasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Microbiol Rev]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>111-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olliaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug combinations for visceral leishmaniasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>595-602</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borisy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elliott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Price]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic discovery of multicomponent therapeutics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<page-range>7977-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leimgruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sciotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hickman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Auranofin is an apoptosis-simulating agent with in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial activity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACS Chem Biol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>663-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Polo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pauleau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jalil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larochette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souquère]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Apoptosis/autophagy paradox: autophagic vacuolization before apoptotic death]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cell Sci]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<page-range>3091-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Cell Biol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>663-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
