<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-4157</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biomed.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-4157</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-41572021000300449</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7705/biomedica.5599</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A novel activity on thymocytes cells exerted by the rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus cumanensis) venom]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Nueva actividad de los timocitos estimulada por el veneno de la serpiente de cascabel (Crotalus durissus cumanensis)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulido-Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azuaje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elvia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Medicina Experimental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto Anatómico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>449</fpage>
<lpage>457</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-41572021000300449&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-41572021000300449&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-41572021000300449&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: The thymus is active mainly during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods.  Objective: To test naïve thymocytes proliferation and monocytes stimulation.  Materials and methods: We collected fresh thymus tissue from neonate mice after surgery. Suspension cells were coated onto Ficoll-Hypaque support. The obtained cells (thymocytes) were cultured measuring the proliferation of naïve T cells stimulated by Crotalus durissus cumanensis (Cdc) venom at sub-lethal doses (20 ng). Then, we supplemented the wells with AlamarBlue&#8482; and incubated them for 5 h to test their proliferation. Mononuclear cells from mice peripheral blood were collected and layered onto the support of the Ficoll-Hypaque solution. We added the thymocytes actively dividing (25 x 105 cells) from cultures stimulated with Cdc venom at 20 ng/well to cultured monocytes freshly obtained from the Ficoll-Hypaque separation. Both cell populations were incubated for 36 h until monocytes matured to macrophages.  Results: The naïve thymocytes rapidly proliferated after stimulation with the Cdc venom (NTCdc) and these successively induced the maturation and function of monocytes progenitor cells to mature macrophages, which ingested Chinese ink.  Conclusions: The naïve thymocytes proliferated by stimulation with the Cdc venom and subsequently the NT/Cdc induced the rapid maturation and function of monocytes progenitor cells becoming mature macrophages with their phenotypic characteristics.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción. El timo es activo principalmente durante los períodos neonatal y preadolescente.  Objetivo. Probar la proliferación de los timocitos tempranos y la estimulación de monocitos que producen.  Materiales y métodos. Se recogió tejido de timo fresco después de la cirugía de ratones recién nacidos. La suspensión de células se colocó sobre un soporte de Ficoll-Hypaque. Las células obtenidas (timocitos) se cultivaron y se midió la proliferación de células T vírgenes estimuladas por el veneno de Crotalus durissus cumanensis (Cdc) en dosis subletales (20 ng). A continuación, se agregó AlamarBlue&#8482; a los pocillos y se incubaron durante 5 horas para evaluar la proliferación. Se recogieron células mononucleares de sangre periférica de ratones y se colocaron sobre un soporte de solución de Ficoll-Hypaque. Los timocitos que se dividieron activamente (25 x 105 células) a partir de los cultivos estimulados con veneno de Cdc (20 ng/pocillo) y se agregaron a los cultivos de monocitos recién obtenidos de la separación en la solución de Ficoll-Hypaque. Ambas poblaciones celulares se incubaron durante 36 horas hasta que los monocitos maduraron a macrófagos.  Resultados Los timocitos tempranos experimentaron una rápida proliferación estimulada por el veneno de Cdc (NTCdc) y, posteriormente, indujeron la maduración y la función de las células progenitoras de monocitos, los cuales maduraron a macrófagos, que se tiñeron con tinta china.  Conclusiones. Los timocitos tempranos proliferaron con la estimulación del veneno de Cdc y, posteriormente, el NT/Cdc indujo la maduración rápida y la función de las células progenitoras de monocitos, transformándose en macrófagos con sus características fenotípicas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Crotalus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[crotalid venoms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thymocytes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[monocytes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[macrophages]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[venom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Crotalus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[venenos de crotálidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[timocitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[monocitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[macrófagos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chinn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCarthy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge anomaly]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Immunol Res]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>44</numero>
<issue>44</issue>
<page-range>61-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zucatelli-Mendonc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petricevich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines release in mice injected with Crotalus durissus terrifhus venom]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mediators Inflamm]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>2008</volume>
<numero>874962</numero>
<issue>874962</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van den Brink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rejuvenation of the aging T cell compartment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Immunol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>454-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van den Broek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borghans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JAM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Wijk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The full spectrum of human naive T cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Immunol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>363-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van den Brink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immune reconstitution following stem cell transplantation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>2015</numero>
<issue>2015</issue>
<page-range>215-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tominaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kinoshita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masudá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsuyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of cholinergic agonists on the proliferation and protein synthesis in a cultured thymic epithelial cell line]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Mol Biol]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<numero>35</numero>
<issue>35</issue>
<page-range>679-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Looking back on the discovery of alpha-bungarotoxin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Biomed Sci]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>368-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Academies Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stadnyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Befus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gauldie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of nonspecific esterase activity in macrophages and intestinal epithelium of the rat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Histochem Cytochem]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakul-Aquaronne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frelin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coexpression of endothelial markers and CD14 by cytokine mobilized CD34+ cells under angiogenic stimulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cardiovasc Res]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>57</numero>
<issue>57</issue>
<page-range>816-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gowans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gesner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGregor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The immunological activity of lymphocytes. In: Wolstenholme GEW, O'Connor M, editors. Biological activity of the leucocyte]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<page-range>32</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ciba Foundation Study Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JFAP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of neonatal thymectomy on the immunological responsiveness of the mouse]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Roy Soc]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<numero>156B</numero>
<issue>156B</issue>
<page-range>410-28</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JFAP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immunological function of the thymus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>748-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JFAP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aetiology and pathogenesis of mouse leukaemia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv Cancer Res]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>291-368</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The source of leucocytes and the true function of the thymus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anat Anz]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>550-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Immunol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>953-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Immunol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>723-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muftuoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koksal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozkutlu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of phagocytic function of macrophages in rats after partial splenectomy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Coll Surg]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>191</numero>
<issue>191</issue>
<page-range>668-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bredenkamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nowell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blackburn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regeneration of the aged thymus by a single transcription factor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>141</numero>
<issue>141</issue>
<page-range>1627</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenblum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gratz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treating human autoimmunity: current practice and future prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Transl Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>125sr1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hwang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>288-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ieronymaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaporidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsatsanis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Akt signaling pathway in macrophage activation and M1/M2 polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Immunol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>198</numero>
<issue>198</issue>
<page-range>1006-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
