<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-4157</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biomed.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-4157</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-41572024000300368</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7705/biomedica.7018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Relationship between video game addiction and bladder/bowel dysfunction in children]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Relación entre la adicción a los videojuegos y la disfunción vesical o intestinal en niños]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tiryaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Öznur]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menek&#351;e]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dilek]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Çinar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nursan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sakarya University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sakarya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Sakarya</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sakarya University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sakarya ]]></addr-line>
<country>Sakarya</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>368</fpage>
<lpage>378</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-41572024000300368&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-41572024000300368&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-41572024000300368&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  Video games have a strong influence on children and adolescents. Video game addiction has negative effects on children&#8217;s health.  Objective.  To determine the relationship between video game addiction and bladder/bowel dysfunction in children.  Materials and methods.  Three hundred sixty-three children and their mothers who met the inclusion criteria constituted the sample of this correlational study. The data were collected using a descriptive information form, the Video Game Addiction Scale for Children, and the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire.  Results.  We found that 72.5% of the children were nine years old and 27.5% were ten years old; 50.4% were males and 49.6% were female. While 4.7% of the children who participated in the study were underweight, 19.6% were overweight, and 17.9% were obese. The mean Video Game Addiction Scale for Children score was 50.77 ± 16.17, whereas the mean Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire score was 29.98 ± 8.90. The ratio of children with a mean Video Game Addiction Scale for Children scores equal to or greater than 90 was 0.8% (n = 3). We found that 3.6% (n = 13) of the children had urinary/fecal incontinence while playing video games. There was a weak positive relationship between the dimensions of the Video Game Addiction Scale for Children scores, the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire scores, and children&#8217;s bladder and bowel function (r = 0.220; p &lt; 0.05).  Conclusions.  There is a correlation between children&#8217;s video game addiction level and their bladder and bowel dysfunction grade. Higher video game addiction levels correspond to higher bladder and bowel dysfunction.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción.  Los videojuegos tienen una fuerte influencia en los niños y adolescentes. La adicción a ellos tiene efectos perjudiciales para la salud de los niños.  Objetivo.  Determinar la relación entre la adicción a los videojuegos y la disfunción vesical o intestinal en niños.  Materiales y métodos.  Los 373 niños y sus madres que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión constituyeron la muestra de este estudio descriptivo y correlacional. Los datos se recopilaron mediante un formulario de información descriptiva, la Video Game Addiction Scale for Children y el Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire.  Resultados.  El 72,5 % de los niños tenía nueve años y, el 27,5 %, diez; el 50,4 % eran hombres y el 49,6 %, mujeres. El 4,7 % de los estudiantes que participaron en el estudio tenían bajo peso, el 19,6 % presentaba sobrepeso y el 17,9 % tenía obesidad. Se constató que las puntuaciones medias de las escalas fueron 50,77 ± 16,17 para la Video Game Addiction Scale for Children y 29,98 ± 8,90 para el Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire. La proporción de niños con una puntuación de 90 o superior en la dicha escala fue del 0,8 % (n = 3). Se encontró que el 3,6 % (n = 13) de los niños tenía incontinencia urinario-fecal mientras jugaba videojuegos. Se reveló que había una correlación positiva débil entre las dimensiones de las dos escalas evaluadas, y la función de la vejiga y el intestino (p &lt; 0,05).  Conclusiones.  El grado de adicción a los videojuegos de los niños está correlacionado con su grado de disfunción vesical o intestinal: entre mayor sea la adicción, mayor es la disfunción.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Video games]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[technology addiction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urinary bladder diseases, child]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[juegos de video]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[adicción a la tecnología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfermedades de la vejiga urinaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[niño]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esposito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simeone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarracino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Continisio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An investigation into video game addiction in pre-adolescents and adolescents: A crosssectional study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicina]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonfiglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Renati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rollo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sulla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An exploratory study on the relationship between video game addiction and the constructs of coping and resilience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE MeMeA]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[inci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koçtu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Çinar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ÍÔ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korkmaz Aslan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kartal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sleeping habits of primary school children and affecting factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Turk Sleep Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>91-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaplan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elmas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence estimates of voiding disorders in Turkish schoolage children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[LUTS]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>244-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Li]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence and risk factors of overactive bladder in Chinese children: A population-based study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurourol Urodyn]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>688-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nijman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trzpis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PMA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms in children in the Netherlands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr Urol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>164-e1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Çam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bagirsak-Mesane disfonksiyonu: Konstipasyon üriner sistem hastaliklarinin ilk belirtisi olabilir mi?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Konuralp Med J]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>186-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siajunboriboon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanpowpong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Empremsilapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lertudomphonwanit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuntnarumit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of functional abdominal pain disorders and functional constipation in adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Paediatr Child Health]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>1209-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khayat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Algethami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alhajori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banjar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of using Rome IV Criteria on the prevalence of functional abdominal pain disorders and functional constipation among children of the Western Region of Saudi Arabia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Glob Pediatr Health]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vernon-Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Day]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic review of pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (Rome IV Criteria)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>5087</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Özta&#351;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Türkiye&#8217;nin Güneydo&#287;u Anadolu Bölgesinde Ya&#351;ayan Suriyeli ve Türkiyeli ilkokul çocuklar&#305;nda fonksiyonel kab&#305;zl&#305;k s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ahi Evran Med J]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>35-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malhotra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhlthau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosoklija]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Migliozzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaeffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Children&#8217;s experience with daytime and nighttime urinary incontinence - A qualitative exploration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr Urol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>535</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franceschini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bianchi Di Castelbianco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bombace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corsello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidemiology of enuresis: A large number of children at risk of low regard]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ital J Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yilmaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development and validation of videogame addiction scale for children (VASC)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Ment Health Addict]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>869-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Engelenburg-van Lonkhuyzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bols]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastiaenen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benninga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Bie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire: Development, feasibility and aspects of validity and reliability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>911-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aydin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Engelenburg-van Lonkhuyzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baktir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaya Mutlu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mutlu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Bie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Turkish version of the childhood bladder and bowel dysfunction questionnaire (CBBDQ): Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and construct validity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Turk J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>482-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Pasquale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiappedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sciacca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hichy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Online videogames use and anxiety in children during the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children (Basel)]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>205</numero>
<issue>205</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muiños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FMJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisión de la literatura científica sobre la adicción a los videojuegos y otras variables estudiadas en su relación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psocial]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>32-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paulus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Gontard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dev Med Child Neurol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>645-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Su]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potenza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are males more likely to be addicted to the internet than females? A meta analysis involving 34 global jurisdictions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comp Hum Behav]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<page-range>86-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samaha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The digital addiction scale for children: Development and validation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>771-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oflu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yalçin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Video game use among secondary school students and associated factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Argent Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<page-range>584-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effects of escape from self and interpersonal relationship on the pathological use of internet games]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Community Ment Health J]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>113-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durkee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wasserman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathological Internet use among European adolescents: Psychopathology and self-destructive behaviours]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>1093-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Hazzaa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musaiger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ATLS Research Group. Arab Teens Lifestyle Study (ATLS): Objectives, design, methodology and implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>417-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saquib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saquib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wahid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhuhayr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaghloul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Video game addiction and psychological distress among expatriate adolescents in Saudi Arabia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Addict Behav Rep]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>112-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chumbley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Affect and the computer game player: The effect of gender, personality, and game reinforcement structure on affective responses to computer gameplay]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cyberpsychol Behav]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>308-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Ment Health Addict]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>119-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallenius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Punamaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rimpela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Digital game playing and direct and indirect aggression in early adolescence: The roles of age, social intelligence, and parent-child communication]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Youth Adolesc]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>325-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vash-Margitaa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The complex relationship between urinary and defecatory disorders in young and adolescent girls]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>317-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furuncu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Õztürk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validity and reliability study of Turkish version of problematic media use measure: A parent report measure of screen addiction in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Early Childhood Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>535-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farchakh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haddad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sacre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salameh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Video gaming addiction and its association with memory, attention and learning skills in Lebanese children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>1-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
