<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-548X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Biológica Colombiana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta biol.Colomb.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-548X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-548X2008000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[LAS ANTOCIANINAS COMO COLORANTES NATURALES Y COMPUESTOS BIOACTIVOS: REVISIÓN]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Anthocyanins As Natural Colorants And Bioactive Compounds: A Review]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GARZÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GLORIA ASTRID]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Química ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-548X2008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-548X2008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-548X2008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En la actualidad existe una demanda considerable de colorantes naturales alternativos a los colorantes sintéticos, como el rojo No. 40, debido a su toxicidad en alimentos, cosméticos y productos farmacéuticos. Las antocianinas son pigmentos vegetales con gran potencial para el reemplazo competitivo de colorantes sintéticos; por tanto es de gran importancia conocer los aspectos bioquímicos que enmarcan estos pigmentos. El objetivo de esta revisión es ofrecer un esquema actualizado sobre el potencial de las antocianinas como colorantes de origen natural, y de sus propiedades químicas y bioactivas. Las antocianinas son pigmentos responsables de la gama de colores que abarcan desde el rojo hasta el azul de muchas frutas, vegetales y cereales. El interés en estos pigmentos se ha intensificado gracias a sus posibles efectos terapéuticos y benéficos, dentro de los cuales se encuentran la reducción de la enfermedad coronaria, los efectos anticancerígenos, antitumorales, antiinflamatorios y antidiabéticos; además del mejoramiento de la agudeza visual y del comportamiento cognitivo. Las propiedades bioactivas de las antocianinas abren una nueva perspectiva para la obtención de productos coloreados con valor agregado para el consumo humano.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[At present there is a considerable demand for natural colorants to replace synthetic ones such red No. 40 due to their toxicity when added to food products, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Anthocyanins are vegetable pigments with high potential for replacement of synthetic dyes. Consequently, it is important to know the biochemical aspects that characterize these pigments. The objective of this review is to offer an updated overview of the potential of anthocyanins as natural colorants and their chemical and bioactive properties. Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for colors varying between red and purple in many fruits, vegetables and cereals. Interest in these pigments has intensified due not only to their potential as natural colorants, but also because of their therapeutic properties. Health benefits associated with anthocyanin extracts include reduced risk of coronary heart disease, anticarcinogen and antitumoral activity, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects, improved visual acuity, and improved cognitive behavior. The bioactive properties of anthocyaninas open new perspectives for the use of these pigments in obtaining value-added colored products for human consumption.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antocianinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[colorantes naturales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bioactividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anthocyanins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[natural colorants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioactivity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="verdana" size="2">     <p align="center"><font size="4"> <b>LAS ANTOCIANINAS COMO COLORANTES NATURALES Y COMPUESTOS BIOACTIVOS: REVISI&Oacute;N </b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>Anthocyanins As Natural Colorants And Bioactive Compounds. A Review </b></font></p>     <P>GLORIA ASTRID GARZ&Oacute;N<Sup>1</Sup>, Ph. D.</P>     <P    ><Sup>1 </Sup>Departamento de Qu&iacute;mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.   AA 14490 Bogot&aacute;, Colombia; tel&eacute;fono (571) 316 50 00, ext. 14457;   Fax (571) 316 52 20; <a href="mailto:agarzonmo@unal.edu.co">agarzonmo@unal.edu.co</a></P >     <P    >Presentado 2 de mayo de 2008, aceptado 31 de mayo de 2008, correcciones 14 de agosto de 2008. </P ><hr size="1">     <p   align="left"  ><b>RESUMEN </b></p >     <P     > En la actualidad existe una demanda considerable de colorantes naturales alternativos a los colorantes sint&eacute;ticos, como el rojo No. 40, debido a su toxicidad en alimentos, cosm&eacute;ticos y productos farmac&eacute;uticos. Las antocianinas son pigmentos vegetales con gran potencial para el reemplazo competitivo de colorantes sint&eacute;ticos; por tanto es de gran importancia conocer los aspectos bioqu&iacute;micos que enmarcan estos pigmentos. El objetivo de esta revisi&oacute;n es ofrecer un esquema actualizado sobre el potencial de las antocianinas como colorantes de origen natural, y de sus propiedades qu&iacute;micas y bioactivas. Las antocianinas son pigmentos responsables de la gama de colores que abarcan desde el rojo hasta el azul de muchas frutas, vegetales y cereales. El inter&eacute;s en estos pigmentos se ha intensificado gracias a sus posibles efectos terap&eacute;uticos y ben&eacute;ficos, dentro de los cuales se encuentran la reducci&oacute;n de la enfermedad coronaria, los efectos anticancer&iacute;genos, antitumorales, antiinflamatorios y antidiab&eacute;ticos; adem&aacute;s del mejoramiento de la agudeza visual y del comportamiento cognitivo. Las propiedades bioactivas de las antocianinas abren una nueva perspectiva para la obtenci&oacute;n de productos coloreados con valor agregado para el consumo humano. </P >     <P    ><b>Palabras clave:</b> antocianinas, colorantes naturales, bioactividad. </P >  <hr size="1">     <p   align="left"  ><b>ABSTRACT </b></p >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P     > At present there is a considerable demand for natural colorants to replace synthetic ones such red No. 40 due to their toxicity when added to food products, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Anthocyanins are vegetable pigments with high potential for replacement of synthetic dyes. Consequently, it is important to know the biochemical aspects that characterize these pigments. The objective of this review is to offer an updated overview of the potential of anthocyanins as natural colorants and their chemical and bioactive properties. Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for colors varying between red and purple in many fruits, vegetables and cereals. Interest in these pigments has intensified due not only to their potential as natural colorants, but also because of their therapeutic properties. Health benefits associated with anthocyanin extracts include reduced risk of coronary heart disease, anticarcinogen and antitumoral activity, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects, improved visual acuity, and improved cognitive behavior. The bioactive properties of anthocyaninas open new perspectives for the use of these pigments in obtaining value-added colored products for human consumption. </P >     <P    ><b>Key words:</b> anthocyanins, natural colorants, bioactivity. </P >  <hr size="1">     <p   align="left"  ><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N </b></p >     <P     > Las antocianinas representan el grupo m&aacute;s importante de pigmentos hidrosolubles detectables en la regi&oacute;n visible por el ojo humano (Strack y Wray, 1994). Estos pigmentos son responsables de la gama de colores que abarcan desde el rojo hasta el azul en varias frutas, vegetales y cereales, acumulados en las vacuolas de la c&eacute;lula (Wagner, 1982). Las antocianinas poseen diferentes funciones en la planta como son la atracci&oacute;n de polinizadores para la posterior dispersi&oacute;n de semillas y la protecci&oacute;n de la planta contra los efectos de la radiaci&oacute;n ultravioleta y contra la contaminaci&oacute;n viral y microbiana. </P >     <P     >El inter&eacute;s por los pigmentos antoci&aacute;nicos e investigaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica se han incrementado en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, debido no solamente al color que confieren a los productos que las contienen sino a su probable papel en la reducci&oacute;n de las enfermedades coronarias, c&aacute;ncer, diabetes; a sus efectos antiinflamatorios y mejoramiento de la agudeza visual y comportamiento cognitivo. Por lo tanto, adem&aacute;s de su papel funcional como colorantes, las antocianinas son agentes potenciales en la obtenci&oacute;n de productos con valor agregado para el consumo humano. A pesar de las ventajas que ofrecen las antocianinas como sustitutos potenciales de los colorantes artificiales, factores como su baja estabilidad y la falta de disponibilidad de material vegetal limitan su aplicaci&oacute;n comercial (Wrolstad, 2000; Cevallos-Casals y Cisneros Zeballos, 2004). </P >     <P     >El objetivo de esta revisi&oacute;n es ofrecer un esquema actualizado sobre el potencial de las antocianinas como colorantes de origen natural, adem&aacute;s de sus propiedades qu&iacute;micas y bioactivas. </P >     <p    ><b>LAS ANTOCIANINAS COMO COLORANTES NATURALES </b></p >     <P     > La creciente preocupaci&oacute;n por la toxicidad de los colorantes sint&eacute;ticos usados en alimentos, cosm&eacute;ticos y productos farmac&eacute;uticos ha sido investigada por Hallagan, 1991, y Lauro, 1991, quienes reportaron que los colorantes rojo No. 2 y No. 40 se han prohibido en Austria, Jap&oacute;n, Noruega y Suecia, pero el rojo No. 40 a&uacute;n se encuentra en escrutinio en Estados Unidos. Al mismo tiempo, dichos hallazgos se relacionan con modificaciones en la hiperactividad de ni&ntilde;os de edad escolar lo cual puede considerarse un mal neuronal agudo (Breakey <I>et al.</I>, 2007). Tales antecedentes son indicios suficientes para disminuir la demanda de colorantes artificiales a favor del consumo generalizado de colorantes naturales como las antocianinas (Huck y Wilkes, 1996; Birks, 1999; Ersus y Yurdagel, 2007; Olaya <I>et al.</I>, 2008; Wallace y Giusti, 2008). </P >     <P     >Las pol&iacute;ticas regulatorias en cuanto al uso de colorantes derivados de las antocianinas var&iacute;an de pa&iacute;s a pa&iacute;s (Otters&auml;ater, 1999). Estados unidos es el pa&iacute;s m&aacute;s restrictivo en cuanto al uso de las antocianinas como colorantes naturales. All&iacute;, cuatro de los 26 colorantes que est&aacute;n exentos de certificaci&oacute;n y aprobados para el uso en alimentos se derivan de la c&aacute;scara de la uva, del extracto de la uva, del jugo de vegetales y del jugo de frutas. Las fuentes m&aacute;s comunes de jugo de vegetales son el repollo morado, los r&aacute;banos y diferentes variedades de bayas (Wrolstad, 2004). En contraste, en la Uni&oacute;n Europea, Chile, Colombia, Ir&aacute;n, Israel, Corea del Sur, Malta, Per&uacute;, Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos &Aacute;rabes todos los colorantes derivados de las antocianinas son reconocidos como naturales (Otters&auml;ater, 1999). </P >     <p   align="left"  ><b>ESTRUCTURA DE LAS ANTOCIANINAS Y COLOR </b></p >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P     > Las antocianinas son gluc&oacute;sidos de antocianidinas, pertenecientes a la familia de los flavonoides, compuestos por dos anillos arom&aacute;ticos A y B unidos por una cadena de 3 C. Variaciones estructurales del anillo B resultan en seis antocianidinas conocidas (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1</a>). </P >    <p>    <center><a name="fig1"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a2f1.jpg"></center></p>     <P     >El color de las antocianinas depende del n&uacute;mero y orientaci&oacute;n de los grupos hidroxiloy metoxilo de la mol&eacute;cula. Incrementos en la hidroxilaci&oacute;n producen desplazamientos hacia tonalidades azules mientras que incrementos en las metoxilaciones producen coloraciones rojas. </P >     <P     >En la naturaleza, las antocianinas siempre presentan sustituciones glicos&iacute;dicas en las posiciones 3 y/o 5 con mono, di o trisac&aacute;ridos que incrementan su solubilidad. Dentro de los sac&aacute;ridos glicosilantes se encuentran la glucosa, galactosa, xilosa, ramnosa, arabinosa, rutinosa, soforosa, sambubiosa y gentobiosa. Otra posible variaci&oacute;n en la estructura es la acilaci&oacute;n de los residuos de az&uacute;cares de la mol&eacute;cula con &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos. Los &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos pueden ser alif&aacute;ticos, tales como: mal&oacute;nico, ac&eacute;tico, m&aacute;lico, succ&iacute;nico u ox&aacute;lico; o arom&aacute;ticos: p-coum&aacute;rico, caf&eacute;ico, fer&uacute;lico, sin&aacute;pico, g&aacute;lico, o p-hidroxibenz&oacute;ico. Stintzing <I>et al.</I>, 2002, demostraron que el tipo de sustituci&oacute;n glicos&iacute;dica y de acilaci&oacute;n producen efectos en el tono de las antocianinas; es as&iacute; como sustituciones glicos&iacute;dicas en la posici&oacute;n 5 al igual que acilaciones arom&aacute;ticas, producen un desplazamiento hacia las tonalidades p&uacute;rpura. </P >     <p    ><b>BIOS&Iacute;NTESIS DE LAS ANTOCIANINAS </b></p >     <P     > Los precursores de las antocianinas son bien conocidos (Springob <I>et al.</I>, 2003). Se ha establecido experimentalmente que al anillo A de las antocianinas se sintetiza por la ruta del &aacute;cido mal&oacute;nico con la condensaci&oacute;n de tres mol&eacute;culas de malonil-CoA, mientras que el anillo B se sintetiza por la ruta de &aacute;cido shik&iacute;mico. El &aacute;cido shik&iacute;mico da paso a la fenilalanina que por acci&oacute;n de una fenilalanina amonia liasa (PAL), y despu&eacute;s de una p&eacute;rdida de Np se convierte en &aacute;cido p-coum&aacute;rico. El p-coumaril-CoA luego participa en una reacci&oacute;n de condensaci&oacute;n con las tres mol&eacute;culas de malonil-CoA para formar una chalcona de 15 C, reacci&oacute;n propiciada por una chalcona sintetasa. Este compuesto intermedio de 15 C es transformado en una flavanona en una reacci&oacute;n catalizada por una chalcona isomerasa. Finalmente, la flavanona es transformada en la correspondiente antocianidina por una reacci&oacute;n de hidroxilaci&oacute;n en el carbono 3 seguida por una deshidrataci&oacute;n (<a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>). La mol&eacute;cula de antocianidina se estabiliza por glicosilaci&oacute;n del heterociclo; reacci&oacute;n en la que interviene una glicosil transferasa y posterior posibles reacciones de metilaci&oacute;n de los hidroxilos seguidas de acilaciones.</P >    <p>    <center><a name="fig2"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a2f2.jpg"></center></p>     <p     ><b>FACTORES QU&Iacute;MICOS QUE DETERMINAN EL COLOR Y LA ESTABILIDAD DE LAS ANTOCIANINAS </b></p >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P     > A pesar de las ventajas que las antocianinas ofrecen como posibles sustitutos de los colorantes artificiales, su incorporaci&oacute;n a matrices alimenticias o productos farmac&eacute;uticos y cosm&eacute;ticos son limitadas debido a su baja estabilidad durante el procesamiento y el almacenamiento (Wrolstad, 2000; Cevallos-Casals y Cisneros Zeballos, 2004). Factores como su misma estructura qu&iacute;mica, pH, temperatura, presencia de ox&iacute;geno y &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico, concentraci&oacute;n y actividad de agua de la matriz determinan la estabilidad del pigmento. </P >     <P     >Efecto del pH. El pH tiene efecto en la estructura y la estabilidad de las antocianinas (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a>) . La acidez tiene un efecto protector sobre la mol&eacute;cula. En soluciones acuosas a valores de pH inferiores a dos, b&aacute;sicamente 100% del pigmento se encuentra en su forma m&aacute;s estable o de i&oacute;n oxonio o cati&oacute;n flavilio (AH<Sup>+</Sup>) de color rojo intenso. A valores de pH m&aacute;s altos ocurre una p&eacute;rdida del prot&oacute;n y adici&oacute;n de agua en la posici&oacute;n 2, dando lugar a un equilibrio entre la pseudobase carbinol o hemicetal (B) y la forma chalcona (C), o de cadena abierta. Tanto el hemicetal como la chalcona, son formas incoloras y bastante inestables. A valores de pH superiores a 7 se presentan las formas quinoidales (A, A<Sup>-</Sup>) de color p&uacute;rpura que se degradan r&aacute;pidamente por oxidaci&oacute;n con el aire (Hutchings, 1999). </P >     <p>    <center><a name="fig3"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a2f3.jpg"></center></p>     <P     >Efecto de la temperatura. Incrementos de temperatura resultan en p&eacute;rdida del az&uacute;car glicosilante en la posici&oacute;n 3 de la mol&eacute;cula y apertura de anillo con la consecuente producci&oacute;n de chalconas incoloras (Timberlake, 1980). </P >     <P     >Efecto del ox&iacute;geno y el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico. El efecto degradativo del ox&iacute;geno y el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico sobre la estabilidad de las antocianinas est&aacute; relacionado. Sondheimer y Kertesz, 1953, reportaron que las condiciones que favorecen la oxidaci&oacute;n aer&oacute;bica del &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico en jugo de fresa y en sistemas modelo que conten&iacute;an pelargo-nidina-3-gluc&oacute;-sido proveniente de la fresa causaban grandes p&eacute;rdidas de antocianinas, pero cuando el ox&iacute;geno era excluido del sistema no se observaba deterioro del color. De igual manera, Markakis <I>et al.</I>, 1957, reportaron un efecto sinerg&iacute;stico entre el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico y el ox&iacute;geno sobre la degradaci&oacute;n de la pelargonidina-3-gluc&oacute;sido en soluci&oacute;n. En investigaciones m&aacute;s recientes, Garz&oacute;n y Wrolstad, 2002, confirmaron la aceleraci&oacute;n de la destrucci&oacute;n de antocianinas de fresa cuando el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico est&aacute; presente tanto en sistemas naturales como en sistemas modelo. El efecto del &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico sobre la estabilidad de las antocianinas ha sido explicado por Jurd, 1972, y Poei-Langston, 1981, como una posible reacci&oacute;n de condensaci&oacute;n entre el &aacute;cido y los pigmentos. </P >     <P     >Otros factores. La concentraci&oacute;n del pigmento y la actividad de agua de la matriz afectan la estabilidad del color. Garz&oacute;n y Wrolstad, 2002, compararon la estabilidad de la antocianina de fresa (pelargonidina-3-gluc&oacute;sido) con la de la antocianina de la c&aacute;scara de r&aacute;bano (pelargonidina-3-sofor&oacute;sido 5-gluc&oacute;sido acilada con &aacute;cidos arom&aacute;ticos y alif&aacute;ticos) y encontraron que dicha estabilidad era independiente de la estructura, a una misma concentraci&oacute;n de pigmento. Hoshino <I>et al.</I>, 1992, y Dangles <I>et al.</I>, 1994, demostraron que cuando la concentraci&oacute;n de antocianinas alcanza valores altos, se presentan fen&oacute;menos de autoasociaci&oacute;n entre dos cationes flavilio, dos formas hemicetal, dos bases quinoidales, e inclusive, entre una base quinoidal y un cati&oacute;n flavilio y protegiendo la mol&eacute;cula de antocianina. Por otro lado, incrementos en la actividad de agua del medio causan degradaci&oacute;n de las antocianinas probablemente debido a una mayor interacci&oacute;n entre el agua y el cati&oacute;n flavilio para formar la pseudobase inestable (Garz&oacute;n y Wrolstad, 2001; Olaya <I>et al.</I>, 2008). </P >     <p    ><b>ACTIVIDAD BIOL&Oacute;GICA DE LAS ANTOCIANINAS </b></p >     <P     > El inter&eacute;s en los pigmentos antoci&aacute;nicos se ha intensificado recientemente debido a sus propiedades farmacol&oacute;gicas y terap&eacute;uticas. Durante el paso del tracto digestivo al torrente sangu&iacute;neo de los mam&iacute;feros, las antocianinas permanecen intactas (Miyazawa <I>et al.</I>, 1999) y ejercen efectos terap&eacute;uticos conocidos que incluyen la reducci&oacute;n de la enfermedad coronaria, efectos anticancer&iacute;genos, antitumorales, antiinflamatorios y antidiab&eacute;ticos; adem&aacute;s del mejoramiento de la agudeza visual y del comportamiento cognitivo. Los efectos terap&eacute;uticos de las antocianinas est&aacute;n relacionados con su actividad antioxidante. Estudios con fracciones de antocianinas provenientes del vino han demostrado que estas son efectivas en atrapar especies reactivas del ox&iacute;geno, adem&aacute;s de inhibir la oxidaci&oacute;n de lipoprote&iacute;nas y la agregaci&oacute;n de plaquetas (Ghiselli <I>et al.</I>, 1998). Estos resultados sugieren que las antocianinas son la explicaci&oacute;n de la conocida &quot;Paradoja Francesa&quot;. Aunque varias hip&oacute;tesis existen, se propone que el bajo riesgo de la enfermedad coronaria en Francia se asocia con el alto consumo de vino tinto (St. Leger <I>et al.</I>, 1979; Xia <I>et al.</I>, 1998). De igual manera, Wang y Jiao (2000) y Wang y Lin (2000) han demostrado que frutos ricos en antocianinas evidencian una alta actividad antioxidante contra el per&oacute;xido de hidr&oacute;geno (H2O2) y contra radicales per&oacute;xido, (ROO.), super&oacute;xido (O2. ), hidroxilo (.OH) y ox&iacute;geno singulete (<Sup>1</Sup>O2). </P >     <P     >A las antocianinas tambi&eacute;n se les atribuye actividad antitumoral y anticancer&iacute;gena. Hagiwara <I>et al.</I>, 2002, demostraron que el suministro de papas p&uacute;rpuras dulces y repollo morado a ratas de laboratorio, causan supresi&oacute;n de tumores. De igual manera, Koide <I>et al.</I>, 1997, reportaron efectos antitumorales al usar extractos de fr&iacute;joles rojos de soya que conten&iacute;an cianidina conjugada con glucosa y ramnosa. En cuanto a la actividad anticancer&iacute;gena, Kamei <I>et al.</I>, 1998, reportaron la supresi&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas cancer&iacute;genas HCT-15 provenientes del colon humano y de c&eacute;lulas cancer&iacute;genas g&aacute;stricas AGS al suministrar fracciones de antocianinas del vino tinto. As&iacute; tambi&eacute;n, Tristan <I>et al.</I>, 2005, realizaron bioensayos que demuestran que los ar&aacute;ndanos inhiben las etapas de iniciaci&oacute;n, promoci&oacute;n y progresi&oacute;n de la carcinog&eacute;nesis. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P     >Referente a la actividad antiinflamatoria, Wang y Mazza, 2002, encontraron en extractos concentrados de antocianas efecto inhibitorio de la producci&oacute;n de &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico en macr&oacute;fagos activados. Por otra parte, Vuorela <I>et al.</I>, 2005, encontraron efecto supresor de prostaglandina EG2, sin&oacute;nimo de actividad antiinflamatoria en extractos de antocianinas de frambuesa. </P >     <P     >De acuerdo a Tristan <I>et al.</I>, 2008, antocianinas provenientes de cuatro especies de ar&aacute;ndanos silvestres: <I>Amelanchier alnifolia, Viburnum trilobum, Prunus virginian </I>y <I>Shepherdia argentea, </I>muestran propiedades hypoglic&eacute;micas. Tales frutos, con alto contenido de sustancias fitoqu&iacute;micas, han sido consumidas tradicionalmente por tribus norteamericanas para la protecci&oacute;n de enfermedades cr&oacute;nicas como diabetes. Otro ejemplo de actividad antidiab&eacute;tica de las antocianinas fue reportado por Perossini <I>et al.</I>, 1987. </P >     <P     >Estudios cl&iacute;nicos realizados en Italia revelaron que 79% de los pacientes diab&eacute;ticos consumidores de extracto de bayas rojas (160 mg dos veces al d&iacute;a durante un mes) mostraron alivio en los s&iacute;ntomas de retinopat&iacute;a diab&eacute;tica. Finalmente, el mejoramiento de la agudeza visual y del comportamiento cognitivo como resultado del consumo de antocianinas han sido reportados por Ohgami <I>et al.</I>, 2005, quienes suministraron extractos de frutas ricas en antocianinas a ratas con deficiencia ocular, lo cual result&oacute; en un efecto antiinflamatorio y de aumento de la agudeza visual. Joseph <I>et al.</I>, 1999, y Shukitt-Hale <I>et al.</I>, 2005, han demostrado que el comportamiento cognitivo y las funciones neuronales de ratas de laboratorio puede ser mejorado a trav&eacute;s de suplementaci&oacute;n nutricional con extractos de ar&aacute;ndanos y fresas. </P >     <p   align="left"  ><b>CONCLUSI&Oacute;N </b></p >     <P     > Las antocianinas son pigmentos naturales que imparten colores a las plantas para diversas funciones. Estos pigmentos representan un potencial para el reemplazo competitivo de colorantes sint&eacute;ticos en alimentos, productos farmac&eacute;uticos y cosm&eacute;ticos y para la obtenci&oacute;n de productos con valor agregado dirigidos al consumo humano. Sin embargo, mucho hay por aprender en cuanto a su estabilidad en matrices espec&iacute;ficas y a la relaci&oacute;n entre su estructura, la actividad biol&oacute;gica de los metabolitos bioactivos, los efectos sinerg&iacute;sticos y las dosis efectivas. 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