<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-548X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Biológica Colombiana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta biol.Colomb.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-548X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-548X2008000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[ESTUDIO MORFOLÓGICO DEL CULTIVO A LARGO PLAZO DE FOLÍCULOS AISLADOS Y CERRADOS DE TIROIDES DE CERDO]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Morphological Study of Long-term culture of closed isolated pig folicles]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HERRERA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ONDO-MENDEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERNAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SPINEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Internacional de Física Laboratorio de Biofísica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Química]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,UN Facultad de Medicina Unidad Ciencias Fisiológicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,UN FC Departamento de Biología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-548X2008000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-548X2008000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-548X2008000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La unidad morfológica y funcional de la glándula tiroides es el folículo, estructura ovoide cerrada, constituida por una capa de células cúbicas (tirocitos) que encierran un lumen lleno del coloide secretado por ellas. En cultivo, tanto la estructura como la función del folículo se pierden rápidamente en las primeras 24 horas. Sin embargo, si se cultivan folículos cerrados de tiroides de rata conservan la arquitectura folicular, la morfología del tirocito y la función hasta la síntesis de hormonas tiroides de manera similar a la glándula in vivo. En este trabajo describimos el aislamiento y cultivo de folículos porcinos cerrados y su análisis morfológico. Los folículos se aíslan por digestión enzimática y disociación mecánica del parénquima tiroideo, luego se cultivan sobre agarosa con y sin hormona tirotrópica o tirotropina (1 mU/ml, TSH). El tejido de tiroides porcino obtenido tiene las mismas características de una glándula hipotiroidea in vivo, un epitelio casi plano, retículo endoplásmico rugoso (RER) exiguo, complejo de Golgi (CG), y microvellosidades escasas y cortas. Los folículos cultivados sin TSH conservan la forma ovoide y el coloide en su interior, y la misma ultra-estructura del tejido in vivo, RER y CG muy escasos, pero con el tiempo de cultivo aumenta la longitud de la microvellosidades y el espesor del epitelio. En presencia de TSH el epitelio se hipertrofia desde el primer día y las cavidades foliculares se reducen considerablemente. Se demuestra que folículos cerrados de tiroides durante ocho días (d) de cultivo conservan su morfología con y sin TSH. Además, estos responden al estímulo de TSH disminuyendo su cavidad folicular y aumentando el espesor del epitelio folicular.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The morphological and functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle - an ovoid closed-structure, constituted by a layer of cubical cells (thyrocytes) that lock up a full lumen of the colloid secreted by themselves. In culture, the structures as well as the function of the follicles are lost rapidly in the first 24 hours. However, if the rat thyroid follicles closed are seeded since the beginning of the culture, these conserve the follicular structure, the thyrocyte morphology and the function even as the thyroid hormone synthesis in a similar way to the gland in vivo. This work describes the isolation and the culture of closed swine thyroid follicles and its morphological analysis. The follicles are isolated by enzymatic and mechanic digestion of the thyroid, then they are cultured in agarose with and without thyrotropin (1 mU/ml, TSH). The swine thyroid tissue obtained has the same characteristics of an in vivo hypothyroid gland, an almost flat epithelium, low quantity of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Golgi complex (GC), short and very scarce microvillus. The isolated and closed follicles cultivated without TSH preserve the ovoid form and the colloid in the lumen, and the same ultrastructure of the thyroid tissue in vivo, RER and GC, but the length of the microvillus as well as the thickness of the epithelium were increased with the culture time. In the presence of TSH the thickness of the epithelium increases from the first day and the follicular cavities reduce considerably. The isolated and closed follicles preserve their morphology in the long term (8 days) of culture with and without the TSH. Besides, they responded to the stimulus of the TSH reducing the follicular cavity.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[folículo tiroideo cerrado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cultivo tridimensional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hormona tirotrópica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tirotropina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Closed thyroid follicle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[three-dimensional culture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thyrotrophic hormone]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="verdana" size="2">     <p align="center"><font size="4"><b> ESTUDIO MORFOL&Oacute;GICO DEL CULTIVO A LARGO PLAZO DE FOL&Iacute;CULOS AISLADOS Y CERRADOS DE TIROIDES DE CERDO. </b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>Morphological Study of Long-term culture of closed isolated pig folicles </b></font></p>     <P    >HERRERA M<Sup>1</Sup>, ONDO-MENDEZ A<Sup>1,2</Sup>, Est- Ph. D.; BERNAL E<Sup>1,3</Sup>, Est-   MSc.; SPINEL C<Sup>1,4</Sup>, Ph. D.</P >     <P    ><Sup>1</Sup>Laboratorio de Biof&iacute;sica, Centro Internacional de F&iacute;sica,</P >     <P    ><Sup>2</Sup>Departamento de Qu&iacute;mica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad     Nacional de Colombia (FC-UN) y Unit&eacute; CEA UNSA TIRO, Francia.</P >     <P    ><Sup>3 </Sup>Unidad Ciencias Fisiol&oacute;gicas, Facultad de Medicina-UN.</P >     <P    ><Sup>4</Sup>Departamento de Biolog&iacute;a, FC-UN. Cr 30 No. 45-03, Bogot&aacute;,       Colombia. <a href="mailto:cmspinelg@unal.edu.co">cmspinelg@unal.edu.co</a></P >     <P    >Presentado 22 de agosto de 2007, aceptado 18 de octubre de 2007, correcciones 24 de junio de 2008. </P ><hr size="1">     <p   align="left"  ><b>RESUMEN </b></p >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >La unidad morfol&oacute;gica y funcional de la gl&aacute;ndula tiroides es el fol&iacute;culo, estructura ovoide cerrada, constituida por una capa de c&eacute;lulas c&uacute;bicas (tirocitos) que encierran un lumen lleno del coloide secretado por ellas. En cultivo, tanto la estructura como la funci&oacute;n del fol&iacute;culo se pierden r&aacute;pidamente en las primeras 24 horas. Sin embargo, si se cultivan fol&iacute;culos cerrados de tiroides de rata conservan la arquitectura folicular, la morfolog&iacute;a del tirocito y la funci&oacute;n hasta la s&iacute;ntesis de hormonas tiroides de manera similar a la gl&aacute;ndula <I>in vivo</I>. En este trabajo describimos el aislamiento y cultivo de fol&iacute;culos porcinos cerrados y su an&aacute;lisis morfol&oacute;gico. Los fol&iacute;culos se a&iacute;slan por digesti&oacute;n enzim&aacute;tica y disociaci&oacute;n mec&aacute;nica del par&eacute;nquima tiroideo, luego se cultivan sobre agarosa con y sin hormona tirotr&oacute;pica o tirotropina (1 mU/ml, TSH). El tejido de tiroides porcino obtenido tiene las mismas caracter&iacute;sticas de una gl&aacute;ndula hipotiroidea <I>in vivo</I>, un epitelio casi plano, ret&iacute;culo endopl&aacute;smico rugoso (RER) exiguo, complejo de Golgi (CG), y microvellosidades escasas y cortas. Los fol&iacute;culos cultivados sin TSH conservan la forma ovoide y el coloide en su interior, y la misma ultra-estructura del tejido <I>in vivo</I>, RER y CG muy escasos, pero con el tiempo de cultivo aumenta la longitud de la microvellosidades y el espesor del epitelio. En presencia de TSH el epitelio se hipertrofia desde el primer d&iacute;a y las cavidades foliculares se reducen considerablemente. Se demuestra que fol&iacute;culos cerrados de tiroides durante ocho d&iacute;as (d) de cultivo conservan su morfolog&iacute;a con y sin TSH. Adem&aacute;s, estos responden al est&iacute;mulo de TSH disminuyendo su cavidad folicular y aumentando el espesor del epitelio folicular. </P >     <P    ><b>Palabras clave:</b><B> </B>fol&iacute;culo tiroideo cerrado, cultivo tridimensional, hormona tirotr&oacute;pica o tirotropina. </P > <hr size="1">     <p   align="left"  ><b>ABSTRACT</b> </p >     <P    >The morphological and functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle - an ovoid closed-structure, constituted by a layer of cubical cells (thyrocytes) that lock up a full lumen of the colloid secreted by themselves. In culture, the structures as well as the function of the follicles are lost rapidly in the first 24 hours. However, if the rat thyroid follicles closed are seeded since the beginning of the culture, these conserve the follicular structure, the thyrocyte morphology and the function even as the thyroid hormone synthesis in a similar way to the gland <I>in vivo</I>. This work describes the isolation and the culture of closed swine thyroid follicles and its morphological analysis. The follicles are isolated by enzymatic and mechanic digestion of the thyroid, then they are cultured in agarose with and without thyrotropin (1 mU/ml, TSH). The swine thyroid tissue obtained has the same characteristics of an <I>in vivo </I>hypothyroid gland, an almost flat epithelium, low quantity of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Golgi complex (GC), short and very scarce microvillus. The isolated and closed follicles cultivated without TSH preserve the ovoid form and the colloid in the lumen, and the same ultrastructure of the thyroid tissue <I>in vivo</I>, RER and GC, but the length of the microvillus as well as the thickness of the epithelium were increased with the culture time. In the presence of TSH the thickness of the epithelium increases from the first day and the follicular cavities reduce considerably. The isolated and closed follicles preserve their morphology in the long term (8 days) of culture with and without the TSH. Besides, they responded to the stimulus of the TSH reducing the follicular cavity. </P >     <P    ><b>Key words:</b><B> </B>Closed thyroid follicle, three-dimensional culture, thyrotrophic hormone. </P > <hr size="1">     <p   align="left"  ><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N </b></p >     <P    >La tiroides es una de las gl&aacute;ndulas endocrinas m&aacute;s importantes del organismo, tiene m&uacute;ltiples efectos en el desarrollo y el metabolismo de los vertebrados. Regula la tasa metab&oacute;lica basal y es esencial para mantener alta y constante la temperatura corporal en los animales homeot&eacute;rmicos. El efecto de las hormonas tiroideas sobre el metabolismo de las prote&iacute;nas y de los l&iacute;pidos es de naturaleza bif&aacute;sica: a bajas concentraciones fisiol&oacute;gicas son anab&oacute;licas y a altas concentraciones son catab&oacute;licas (Werner e Ingbar, 1971; Wollman 1980). Las alteraciones de la funci&oacute;n de la tiroides ocasionan patolog&iacute;as importantes, entre las que se cuentan numerosos casos de bocio end&eacute;mico, hipertiroidismo, hipotiroidismo y c&aacute;ncer de tiroides en el mundo y en Colombia (Gait&aacute;n, 1991). La unidad estructural y funcional de la tiroides es el fol&iacute;culo, constituido por una capa de c&eacute;lulas epiteliales c&uacute;bicas (tirocitos) alrededor de una soluci&oacute;n viscosa, el coloide, secretado por los tirocitos (Werner e Ingbar, 1971; Nadler, 1974; Denef <I>et al., </I>1980; Wollman, 1980). El tama&ntilde;o de los fol&iacute;culos var&iacute;a seg&uacute;n la especie (50 a 150 &micro;m en rata y rat&oacute;n; 150 a 500 &micro;m cerdo y humanos), edad y su localizaci&oacute;n: los m&aacute;s grandes al exterior de los l&oacute;bulos (Wollman, 1980). </P >     <P    >La tiroides sintetiza y secreta las hormonas tiroideas: 3,5,3&#39;-triyodotironina (T3) y 3,5,3&#39;,5&#39;- tetrayodotironina (T4) que se realiza en tres procesos ligados a la morfolog&iacute;a folicular y a la ultraestructura de los tirocitos (Giraud <I>et al., </I>1997; Spinel, 2002). La s&iacute;ntesis de la tiroglobulina (Tg, prote&iacute;na precursora de las hormonas tiroideas) e inicio de su glicosilaci&oacute;n N-os&iacute;dica se realiza en el abundante RER que se encuentra alrededor del n&uacute;cleo; la maduraci&oacute;n y finalizaci&oacute;n de la glicosilaci&oacute;n en el CG, y en ves&iacute;culas de exocitosis, luego de lo cual es secretada al coloide. La captaci&oacute;n de yoduro se efect&uacute;a en la membrana basal (de la Vieja <I>et al., </I>2000; Spitzweg <I>et al., </I>2000; Spinel, 2002), y pasa al coloide folicular a trav&eacute;s de la membrana apical del tirocito (Kopp <I>et al., </I>1999; Rodr&iacute;guez <I>et al., </I>2002). En la membrana apical la tiroperoxidasa une yoduro a la Tg (proceso conocido como organificaci&oacute;n o PBI (<I>protein binding iodide</I>)) y luego la misma enzima forma yodotironinas en la Tg (Bj&ouml;rkman y Ekh&ouml;lm, 1984; Medeiros-Neto <I>et al,. </I>1993; Vono-Toniolo <I>et al., </I>2004). Por &uacute;ltimo, la Tg es endocitada (Marino y McCluskey<I>, </I>2000) y degradada en prelisosomas y lisosomas (Dubois <I>et al., </I>1991), liberando las hormonas a la circulaci&oacute;n (van den Hove-Vandenbroucke <I>et al., </I>1980). La gl&aacute;ndula tiroides est&aacute; bajo el control de la TSH y de la concentraci&oacute;n de yoduro (Werner e Ingbar, 1971; Denef <I>et al., </I>1980; Wollman, 1980). </P >     <P    >Uno de los mayores problemas del cultivo del tejido tiroideo es mantener la arquitectura folicular y la polaridad de los tirocitos, sin lo cual las propiedades funcionales se pierden (Fayet <I>et al., </I>1982) debido a la desaparici&oacute;n del lumen coloidal y de la polaridad del tirocito (Ambesi-Impiombato <I>et al., </I>1980; Chambard <I>et al., </I>1982; Kimura <I>et al., </I>2001; Eggo <I>et al., </I>2003). En cultivos primarios, la introducci&oacute;n de elementos de la matriz extracelular (col&aacute;geno) u artificiales (matrigel), y en presencia de TSH se logran formaciones denominadas seudofol&iacute;culos que algunos autores llaman fol&iacute;culos (Fayet <I>et al., </I>1971; Toda <I>et al., </I>1993; Curcio <I>et al., </I>1994; Kuliawat <I>et al., </I>1995; Mauchamp <I>et al., </I>1998; Pellerin <I>et al., </I>1999; Kimura <I>et al., </I>2001; Toda <I>et al., </I>2002; Eggo <I>et al., </I>2003). Estas mis-mas estructuras pueden obtenerse a partir de la transfecci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas madre embrionarias (Lin <I>et al., </I>2003), pero son de corta duraci&oacute;n y no reproducen la organificaci&oacute;n de la Tg ni la formaci&oacute;n de hormonas T3 y T4. La polaridad del tirocito en cultivo es fundamental para conservar los dominios de membrana y por lo tanto la expresi&oacute;n de mol&eacute;culas espec&iacute;ficas de estos dominios (Kuliawat <I>et al., </I>1995; Bernier-Valentin <I>et al., </I>2006). Han sido reportados m&eacute;todos para cultivar fol&iacute;culos cerrados y abiertos (Chambard <I>et al., </I>1982; Nitsch y Wollman, 1980a; Nitsch y Wollman, 1980b; Herzog y Miller, 1981; Karlsson <I>et al., </I>1982; G&auml;rtner <I>et al., </I>1985; Westermark <I>et al., </I>1985), o de fol&iacute;culos recubiertos de col&aacute;geno (Takasu <I>et al., </I>1992; Massart <I>et al., </I>1997; Kraiem <I>et al., </I>2000; Cabezas <I>et al., </I>2005; Kusakabe <I>et al., </I>2006), pero no se describe la estructura, ni la funci&oacute;n, como tampoco la relaci&oacute;n entre estas dos. </P >     <P    >Fol&iacute;culos de rata cerrados desde el inicio del cultivo con y sin tirotropina (TSH) mantienen la polaridad del tirocito, la funci&oacute;n normal de s&iacute;ntesis de tiroglobulina y de hormonas tiroides (Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990), y reproducen el efecto Wolff-Chaikoff (Spinel y Yildiz, 1991) de manera hom&oacute;loga a los fol&iacute;culos de una gl&aacute;ndula <I>in vivo </I>(Wolff y Chaikoff, 1948; Denef, 1980; Many, 1982). Sin embargo, este modelo no es adecuado para extrapolar al humano, porque el metabolismo es 10 veces mayor y el di&aacute;metro promedio de los fol&iacute;culos es tres veces m&aacute;s peque&ntilde;o. Por lo tanto, desarrollamos este estudio con una gl&aacute;ndula tiroides hom&oacute;loga a la humana, como lo es la de cerdo. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p   align="left"  ><b>MATERIAL Y M&Eacute;TODOS </b></p >     <p     ><b>EXTRACCI&Oacute;N Y DISECCI&Oacute;N DE TIROIDES DE CERDO </b></p >     <P     >Los l&oacute;bulos de tiroides de cerdo se obtienen en Frigor&iacute;ficos Guadalupe, Bogot&aacute;-Colombia. Inmediatamente disecados del animal se lavan durante un minuto en alcohol al 70% y luego se colocan en medio de cultivo COON (Sigma F-6636; Ambesi-Impiombato <I>et al. </I>1980) con 100 &micro;U/ml-&micro;g/ml penicilina-estreptomicina (Gibco 15140-122; medio que denominamos de ahora en adelante COON), y se lleva directamente al laboratorio. Se retira la c&aacute;psula del l&oacute;bulo y se seccionan segmentos del par&eacute;nquima libre de tejido conectivo que son cortados en fragmentos peque&ntilde;os de aproximadamente 2 mm<Sup>3</Sup>. </P >     <p     ><b>DISOCIACI&Oacute;N Y CULTIVO </b></p >     <P     >Los fragmentos obtenidos se re&uacute;nen en un frasco de base plana con medio COON + 400 U/ml de colagenasa tipo II (Sigma C-6885), se incuban a 37 &deg;C con agitaci&oacute;n continua de 160 osc/min. Cada 10 min se renueva el medio COON + col&aacute;genasa y se realiza cuatro veces sin pasar 1 h de acci&oacute;n enzim&aacute;tica. Al final de cada etapa de 10 min se realiza la disociaci&oacute;n mec&aacute;nica de los fragmentos con ayuda de pipetas de 10 y 5 ml cada una 10 veces evitando la formaci&oacute;n de burbujas y turbulencia en el flujo; el material disociado se lava tres veces con COON + 2% de suero fetal bovino (SFB, Gibco 10437-028) 5 min a 50 g. Los sobrenadantes de cada lavado se eliminan y con ellos los deshechos celulares y las c&eacute;lulas aisladas. Se re&uacute;ne todo el material disociado de las cuatro digestiones de 10 min y se filtra a trav&eacute;s de una malla con poros de 300 mm de di&aacute;metro eliminando el tejido no disociado. Se realiza un control de viabilidad con azul Trypan 5% (Sigma T-8154) antes de iniciar el cultivo. </P >     <p     ><b>CULTIVO DE FOL&Iacute;CULOS </b></p >     <P     >Los fol&iacute;culos se cultivan en cajas de Petri de 35 y 75 mm en suspensi&oacute;n sobre agarosa tipo II al 1% (<I>agar-bearing marine algae type II, </I>Sigma A9918) en medio COON + 0,5% de SFB a 37 &deg;C y una atm&oacute;sfera 95% aire - 5% CO2 y saturada en humedad. Se cambia el medio de cultivo a las 12 h de preincubaci&oacute;n, a las 24 h y cada 3 d&iacute;as de cultivo por aspiraci&oacute;n del medio con los fol&iacute;culos y lavado de la superficie de agarosa, se centrifuga a 50 g por 5 min y se resuspenden con nuevo medio COON. Se hicieron cultivos con y sin 1 mU/ml de TSH (donada por el Dr. Thierry Pourcher) desde el inicio del cultivo, y se realiza su seguimiento en microscopio invertido (MI). </P >     <p     ><b>PROCESAMIENTO PARA EL AN&Aacute;LISIS MORFOL&Oacute;GICO </b></p >     <P     >El tejido completo se fija 2 h y los fol&iacute;culos 1 h con glutaraldeh&iacute;do 2,5% (Sigma G5882) en tamp&oacute;n cacodilato 0,1 M (Sigma C-0125) a pH 7,4. Tres lavados de 10 min con tamp&oacute;n cacodilato 0,1 M pH 7,4. Se contin&uacute;a inmediatamente con la postfijaci&oacute;n 1 h con tetr&oacute;xido de osmio 1% (OsO4 Sigma O-0631) en tamp&oacute;n cacodilato 0,1 M. Tres lavados de 10 min con tamp&oacute;n cacodilato 0,1 M, pH 7,4. Como los fol&iacute;culos se encuentran en suspensi&oacute;n son centrifugados a 200 g por 5 min en cada eta-pa desde su fijaci&oacute;n y deshidrataci&oacute;n hasta su impregnaci&oacute;n en resina. La deshidrataci&oacute;n se realiza con concentraciones ascendentes de etanol (Carlo Erba 414577/002) 75%, 85%, 90% cada una de 5 min y alcohol absoluto cinco veces 5 min. La infiltraci&oacute;n de la resina se realiza cuatro veces 15 min en &oacute;xido de propileno (Polysciences 00236), dos veces en una mezcla &oacute;xido de propileno/resina Epon 812 (Polysciences 08791) 1/1, la primera de 15 min y la segunda de 2 h. Se culmina con la inclusi&oacute;n de la resina una noche y cambio al d&iacute;a siguiente. La polimerizaci&oacute;n se realiza 6 h a 30 &deg;C, 12 h a 40 &deg;C y 2 d&iacute;as a 60 &deg;C, una vez formada la pir&aacute;mide de resina se realizan cortes semifinos de 0,5 &micro;m de espesor, coloreados con azul de Toluidina 1% (Merck 15930) y se examinan en microscopio &oacute;ptico (MO; Denef <I>et al., </I>1980; Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990). Los cortes ultrafinos se montan en rejillas de cobre y se contrastan con acetato de uranilo (Merck 8473) y citrato de plomo (Polysciences 003787) y se examinan en microscopio electr&oacute;nico (ME; Hayat, 1975).</P >     <p   align="left"  ><b>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSI&Oacute;N </b></p >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p   align="left"  ><b>AISLAMIENTO DE FOL&Iacute;CULOS </b></p >     <P     >El tejido de tiroides que se obtiene para el cultivo presenta fol&iacute;culos con epitelio plano de 8 &micro;m de espesor (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1A</a>). Adem&aacute;s, los tirocitos tienen exiguo RER, CG, escasos lisosomas y microvellosidades (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1B</a>), aspecto similar al epitelio de los fol&iacute;culos de una gl&aacute;ndula hipotiroidea (Many, 1982), al contrario al epitelio de 20 &micro;m de espesor en promedio, con abundante RER, CG y largas microvellosidades en los tirocitos de una gl&aacute;ndula normal o eutiroidea (Denef <I>et al., </I>1980; Nitsch y Wollman, 1980a; Nitsch y Wollman, 1980b; Karlsson <I>et al., </I>1982). </P >     <p>    <center><a name="fig1"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a4f1.jpg"></center></p>     <P     >Se realizaron ocho aislamientos y cultivos de los fol&iacute;culos de las gl&aacute;ndulas tiroides de cerdo, obteniendo los mismos resultados que se describen a continuaci&oacute;n. La digesti&oacute;n enzim&aacute;tica y mec&aacute;nica realizadas para la obtenci&oacute;n de fol&iacute;culos cerrados son muy controladas, evitando turbulencia al aspirar y expirar, de lo contrario se obtienen fol&iacute;culos abiertos. Se conoce que con una fuerte disociaci&oacute;n mec&aacute;nica de tiroides de rata se obtiene 20% de fol&iacute;culos cerrados, mientras que con una disociaci&oacute;n controlada, esta proporci&oacute;n aumenta a un 70% (Spinel, 1987). Esto permite obtener fol&iacute;culos cerrados de epitelio plano y algunos abiertos como lo reportado para la tiroides de rata (Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990) o de rat&oacute;n (Cabezas <I>et al., </I>2005) y humana (Orozco <I>et al., </I>1997), adem&aacute;s de agrupaciones celulares y c&eacute;lulas aisladas (Denef <I>et al., </I>1980; Nitsch y Wollman 1980a; Nitsch y Wollman, 1980b; Karlsson <I>et al., </I>1982). Inmediatamente despu&eacute;s de la disociaci&oacute;n, los fol&iacute;culos cerrados con su coloide presentan una cavidad hialina y si pierden el coloide muestran un contenido heterog&eacute;neo al observarlos en microscopio invertido (MI). La viabilidad de las c&eacute;lulas en los fol&iacute;culos es 100%, solamente se observan c&eacute;lulas no viables en la periferia de los fol&iacute;culos que corresponden a c&eacute;lulas endoteliales de los capilares. </P >     <P     >Se realiz&oacute; una pre-incubaci&oacute;n de 12 h, tiempo necesario para que los fol&iacute;culos abiertos se desorganicen y sean eliminados con el cambio del medio, adem&aacute;s permite que se resellen los fol&iacute;culos ligeramente abiertos (Denef <I>et al., </I>1980; Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990). El periodo de pre-incubaci&oacute;n permite que un 20% de fol&iacute;culos abiertos se cierren. Para que los fol&iacute;culos de rata se conserven en el cultivo de 12 d se debe iniciar con 80% o m&aacute;s de fol&iacute;culos cerrados despu&eacute;s de la pre-incubaci&oacute;n (Spinel, 1987; Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990). Efectivamente, si se inicia con 60% o menos de fol&iacute;culos abiertos, no se conservan m&aacute;s all&aacute; de 48 h en cultivo. </P >     <p    ><b>CULTIVO DE FOL&Iacute;CULOS </b></p >     <P    >Los fol&iacute;culos cultivados en ausencia de TSH conservan su arquitectura, en los primeros d&iacute;as de cultivo presentan el mismo aspecto del epitelio plano del tejido de origen. A partir del tercer d&iacute;a el epitelio deja de ser plano y aumenta observ&aacute;ndose al d&iacute;a 8 un epitelio c&uacute;bico t&iacute;pico de una tiroides normal, ya sea que presenten coloide hialino o no (<a href="#fig2">Fig. 2A</a>). La estructura folicular se mantiene durante el cultivo (3 d&iacute;as) si se inicia con fol&iacute;culos cerrados (Cabezas <I>et al., </I>2005) y no requieren soporte de elementos de la matriz extracelular (Fayet <I>et al., </I>1971; Ambesi-Impiombato <I>et al., </I>1980; Takasu <I>et al., </I>1992; Massart <I>et al., </I>1997; Eggo <I>et al., </I>2003) ni TSH para mantener la cavidad folicular, como lo descrito en la mayor&iacute;a de los cultivos de pseudofol&iacute;culos, o de fol&iacute;culos reconstruidos a partir de monocapas, o de estructuras similares llamadas fol&iacute;culos (Fayet <I>et al., </I>1971; Takasu <I>et al., </I>1992; Toda <I>et al., </I>1993; Curcio <I>et al., </I>1994; Mauchamp <I>et al., </I>1998; Pellerin <I>et al., </I>1999; Bernier-Valentin <I>et al., </I>2006) demostr&aacute;ndose que si desde el inicio del cultivo se tienen fol&iacute;culos cerrados estos conservan su morfolog&iacute;a con la correcta polaridad en cultivo de 8 d&iacute;as. Cuando los fol&iacute;culos no son cerrados la polaridad del tirocito se reinvierte en el 2 d&iacute;a con el aumento de suero en el medio (Herzog y Miller, 1981), esto no ocurre con los fol&iacute;culos cerrados de cerdo o rat&oacute;n a&uacute;n con 10% de suero (Cabezas <I>et al., </I>2005). En MI es muy dif&iacute;cil distinguir la cavidad de los fol&iacute;culos en presencia de TSH (<a href="#fig2">Fig. 2B</a>). Los fol&iacute;culos responden morfol&oacute;gicamente a la TSH como una gl&aacute;ndula <I>in vivo </I>(Werner y Ingbar, 1971; Gait&aacute;n, 1991) aumentando el espesor del epitelio y disminuyendo notablemente las cavidades foliculares como fue descrito a partir del sexto d&iacute;a en el cultivo de rata (Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990). </P >     <p>    <center><a name="fig2"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a4f2.jpg"></center></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P    >El incremento del espesor del epitelio de 8 &micro;m en el 0 d&iacute;a (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3A</a>) a 18 &micro;m en promedio a los 8 d&iacute;as (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3C</a>) sin TSH va acompa&ntilde;ado de modificaciones de la ultra-estructura de los tirocitos, se forman ves&iacute;culas de aspecto heterog&eacute;neo similar a lisosomas en la regi&oacute;n apical de los tirocitos desde el primer d&iacute;a (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3B</a>), similar a lo reportados en el cultivo de fol&iacute;culos de rata (Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990), aumentan las microvellosidades y su longitud, y se logra evidenciar RER (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3D</a>) comparado con los fol&iacute;culos del tejido inicial (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1B</a>). Todos estos cambios se deben posiblemente a la eliminaci&oacute;n de lo que induce <I>in vivo </I>a mantener una gl&aacute;ndula hipotiroidea, adem&aacute;s, puede verse favorecida por los nutrientes del medio COON descrito como el mejor para los cultivos de tejido tiroideo (Ambesi-Impiombato <I>et al., </I>1980), y al suero que tiene hormonas y factores en concentraciones desconocidas. Los fol&iacute;culos a partir del 4 d&iacute;a de cultivo son muy similares a los fol&iacute;culos de gl&aacute;ndulas eutiroides (Denef <I>et al., </I>1980). </P >     <p>    <center><a name="fig3"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a4f3.jpg"></center></p>     <P    >En ausencia de TSH, la polaridad celular persiste y las uniones celulares se conservan a nivel apical separando los dominios de membrana basolateral de la apical (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3D</a>) como <I>in vivo</I>, siendo una caracter&iacute;stica descrita por diferentes autores como rasgo importante de polaridad (Alberts <I>et al., </I>2002; Eggo <I>et al., </I>2003), los fol&iacute;culos de cerdo a lo largo del cultivo (8 d&iacute;as) presentan estas caracter&iacute;sticas demostrando su cierre completo y la separaci&oacute;n de la membrana apical de la basolateral como lo descrito tanto <I>in vivo </I>(Many, 1982) como <I>in vitro </I>para fol&iacute;culos reconstruidos con col&aacute;geno (Kusakabe <I>et al., </I>2006) o de fol&iacute;culos cerrados de rata donde adem&aacute;s se demuestra que es indispensable que sean cerrados para conservar la funci&oacute;n de captaci&oacute;n y organificaci&oacute;n del yoduro hasta 12 d&iacute;as en ausencia de TSH (Spinel, 1987) y las prote&iacute;nas que caracterizan los diferentes dominos de membrana (Bernier-Valentin <I>et al., </I>2006). El epitelio de los fol&iacute;culos cultivados con TSH (1 mU/ml) al inicio del cultivo (0 y 1 d&iacute;a) presentan un epitelio menos plano (<a href="#fig4">Fig. 4A</a>), pero el espesor de las c&eacute;lulas es mayor comparado con los fol&iacute;culos sin TSH y se evidencia una mayor agregaci&oacute;n de fol&iacute;culos. En el d&iacute;a 8, aunque en MI no se distinguen las cavidades, en MO se observan y los fol&iacute;culos presenta un epitelio de 30 &micro;m (<a href="#fig4">Fig. 4C</a>). Esto tambi&eacute;n ha sido descrito en cultivo de fol&iacute;culos de rata a partir del 9 d&iacute;a de cultivo con 0,1 mU/ml de TSH y del 6 d&iacute;a con 1 mU/ml, &uacute;nicamente por autorradiograf&iacute;a del yoduro radiactivo se pone en evidencia las cavidades de estos fol&iacute;culos (Spinel <I>et al., </I>1990). </P >     <p>    <center><a name="fig4"></a><img src="img/revistas/abc/v13n3/v13n3a4f4.jpg"></center></p>     <P     >Es evidente que el incremento en la altura del epitelio de los fol&iacute;culos de cerdo en presencia de TSH es respuesta de las c&eacute;lulas a la hormona y va acompa&ntilde;ado del abundante RER desde el primer d&iacute;a de cultivo (<a href="#fig4">Fig. 4B</a>) y d&iacute;a 8 presentan una ultraestructura similar a una gl&aacute;ndula hipertiroidea que responde al est&iacute;mulo de la TSH con un RER muy abundante alrededor del n&uacute;cleo (<a href="#fig4">Fig. 4D1</a>), el CG en la regi&oacute;n perinuclear, largas y abundantes microvellosidades y cavidades folicular muy estrechas (<a href="#fig4">Fig. 4D2</a>). En fol&iacute;culos humanos cultivados con p&eacute;ptidos sint&eacute;ticos derivados de la TSH se evidencia su uni&oacute;n en la membrana basal de los tirocitos (Orozco <I>et al., </I>1997), demostrando que el procedimiento de aislamiento no modifica los receptores de la TSH en la membrana basal de los tirocitos de los fol&iacute;culos. Ha sido descrito el aislamiento de fol&iacute;culos de cerdo (G&auml;rtner <I>et al., </I>1985) que responden a iodolactonas (Langer <I>et al., </I>2003), pero no describen si estos fol&iacute;culos se mantienen m&aacute;s de 24 h y si en cultivo son cerrados o abiertos. La principal particularidad del cultivo descrito es su sencillez. Puede ser aplicada para obtener fol&iacute;culos de patolog&iacute;as de tejido humano cuyo epitelio sea plano para su estudio <I>in vitro </I>en condiciones controladas y homologable a la patolog&iacute;a <I>in vivo</I>. En conclusi&oacute;n, los fol&iacute;culos deben aislarse cerrados, y as&iacute; en cultivo conservan la arquitectura folicular, la ultraestructura del tirocito y responden a la TSH en cultivo a largo plazo de manera similar a una gl&aacute;ndula tiroides <I>in vivo</I>.</P >     <p ><b>AGRADECIMIENTOS</b> </p>     <P     >Este trabajo fue realizado gracias al apoyo de: Colciencias (1101405 20161), Unidad de Investigaci&oacute;n Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogot&aacute; (8003029) y al programa ECOS-Nord/Colciencias/ICFES/ICETEX. Agradecemos al Departamento de Biolog&iacute;a de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, al Laboratorio de Biof&iacute;sica del Centro Internacional de F&iacute;sica. Muy especiales agradecimientos a Frigor&iacute;ficos Guadalupe; y a la <I>Unit&eacute; Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radioth&eacute;rapie Oncologique, Universit&eacute; de Nice Sophia-Ant&iacute;polis. </I>A Thierry Pourcher y Marcela Camacho muchas gracias por la asesor&iacute;a cient&iacute;fica. </P >     <p   align="left"  ><b>BIBLIOGRAF&Iacute;A</b> </p >     ]]></body>
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